植物油脂肪酸甲酯-生物柴油作替代燃料的意义

植物油脂肪酸甲酯-生物柴油以其优越理化性能迅速成为清洁代用燃料之一。对国内外生物柴油的生产方法、酯交换工艺、酯交换反应催化剂及生产应用状况作了论述。发展生物柴油产业对解决我国柴汽油供需平衡及其依赖进口、农业和生态等等问题有重要的影响意义,提出了该产业的发展对策以及对该产业的展望。     

超临界流体制备生物柴油的研究进展

着重论述了国内外超临界流体在制备生物柴油方面的研究进展.制备生物柴油的超临界流体技术是利用动植物油脂与超临界流体反应生产脂肪酸甲酯的新工艺.与传统的催化反应技术相比,超临界流体生产技术具有时间短,提纯过程简单,脂肪酸甲酯产率高,对环境友好无污染等特点.     

生物燃料生产和技术发展趋势

重点阐述车用燃料乙醇和生物柴油的国内外生产和应用现状,以及技术发展趋势.指出人们在积极探寻清洁汽、柴油燃料生产新工艺的同时,也在努力开发和利用矿物替代燃料,其中经济性好、对大气污染小的乙醇和生物柴油备受青睐.燃料级乙醇和生物柴油生产正在向低成本方向发展.     

生物柴油原料资源开发及深加工技术研究进展

生物柴油（脂肪酸甲酯）是一种绿色清洁的再生能源。我国生物柴油产业发展速度很快,但受原料价格高及产品多元化程度低等因素的影响,生物柴油价格高,产业缺乏竞争力。开发多样化的原料资源,进行产品深加工,对于生物柴油产业的发展具有重要的意义。本文综述了国内外生物柴油原料开发利用进展,介绍了国外生物柴油原料资源分布、资源特点及不同原料生物柴油的特点。简述了我国生物柴油原料资源现状及发展策略。介绍了生物柴油深加工技术研究进展,重点阐述了在制备第二代生物柴油、生物降解润滑油基础油、脂肪醇、烷醇酰胺、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐及绿色增塑剂等方面的研究进展及面临的问题,指出开发高效催化剂是发展生物柴油深加工技术的关键。     

酶法生产生物柴油的技术

脂肪酸甲酯作为不产生黑烟的柴油燃料引人注目。在欧洲这种生物柴油的使用已成常规 ,一般是用植物油碱催化醇解的化学法制造的。大阪市立工业研究所研究解决了用发酵法生产生物柴油的技术问题 ,开发成功使用固定化脂酶连续生产生物油的技术 ,其生产成本可与化学法相匹敌 ,且不需像化学法那样进行废液处理 ,其生产可能实现零排放。植物油与甲醇进行酯交换制造的脂肪酸甲酯被称为生物柴油 (亦称作生物燃料 ) ,可以在不改装其发动机的情况下用作柴油机卡车的燃料。柴油机卡车存在排放黑烟、氧化氮、氧化硫的问题。使用生物柴油就没有这些问题。…     

生物燃料生产和技术发展趋势(上)

人们在积极探寻清洁汽、柴油燃料生产新工艺的同时,也在努力开发和利用矿物替代燃料,其中经济性好,对大气污染小的乙醇和生物柴油备受青睬。燃料级乙醇和生物柴油生产正在向低成本方向发展。重点阐述车用燃料乙醇和生物柴油的国内外生产和应用现状以及技术发展趋势。     

生物柴油生产新工艺的研究

生物柴油是一种对环境友好、可再生的生物质燃料,它的应用可以减少人类对矿物燃料的依赖,而且可以大大减少对环境的污染.利用油皂脚制备了生物柴油,开发了"一步法酯化"新工艺.分析检测和应用试验,结果表明生物柴油的各项性能指标基本达到了商用柴油的标准.     

生物燃料生产和技术发展趋势(下)

人们在积极探寻清洁汽、柴油燃料生产新工艺的同时,也在努力开发和利用矿物替代燃料,其中经挤性好、对大气污染小的乙醇和生物柴油备受青睐。燃料级乙醇和生物柴油生产正在向低成本方向发展。重点阐述车用燃料乙醇和生物柴油的国内外生产和应用现状以及技术发展趋势。     

多产生物柴油不副产甘油的新工艺

正据美国《化学工程》2015年10月报道,生物柴油是用植物油脂三酸甘油酯通过酯交换反应生产的脂肪酸甲酯(FAME),该工艺在消耗用化石燃料得到甲醇的同时副产纯度不高的粗甘油。虽然近几年经过努力已使大量副产品粗甘油得到利用,但主要是粗甘油精制以后用于生产医药和化妆品,或转化为其他大宗化工产品如丙二醇、环氧氯丙烷和     

后石油时代与生物质液体燃料

进入后石油时代后,生物质液体燃料燃料乙醇和生物柴油受到关注。利用秸秆代替粮食生产燃料乙醇是解决乙醇原料的根本出路,美国正在研究以小麦和大麦秸秆生产燃料乙醇的可行性,我国河南天冠集团已拥有了多项用秸秆生产乙醇的关键技术。标准系列化是我国生物柴油产业做大的关键。     

Optimization of biodiesel production from edible and non-edible vegetable oils

The non-edible vegetable oils such as Jatropha curcas and Pongamia glabra (karanja) and edible oils such as corn and canola were found to be good viable sources for producing biodiesel. Biodiesel production from different edible and non-edible vegetable oils was compared in order to optimize the biodiesel production process. The analysis of different oil properties, fuel properties and process parameter optimization of non-edible and edible vegetable oils were investigated in detail. A two-step and single-step transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid (FFA) non-edible oils and edible vegetable oils, respectively. This process gives yields of about 90-95% for J. curcas, 80-85% for P. glabra, 80-95% for canola, and 85-96% for corn using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were compared with ASTM standards for biodiesel.     

Ozonized vegetable oil as pour point depressant for neat biodiesel

The use of ozonized vegetable oils as pour point depressant for neat biodiesel was evaluated. Ozonized vegetable oils (1-1.5% by weight) were effective in reducing the pour point of biodiesel prepared from sunflower oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil to −24, −12 and −30 °C, respectively. Cloud point however remained unaffected. In the case of palm oil biodiesel, significant reduction was observed in cloud point but not in pour point. Statistical analyses showed that neat biodiesel and biodiesel treated with ozonized vegetable oils showed no significant difference in other properties including density and viscosity. Although ozonized vegetable oils increase the flash point of biodiesel, the values are still within the limits set by the standards in the US and Europe. Lowest reduction in pour point was observed in cases where the biodiesel and the ozonized samples were prepared from the same vegetable oil. Hence, a correlation may exist between the nature of the biodiesel and ozonized oil. Microscopic analysis at low temperature revealed that ozonized vegetable oil impede agglomeration of biodiesel into network of solidified material giving crystals with sizes around 10 μm.     

The production of biodiesel from vegetable oils by ethanolysis: Current state and perspectives

At present, the homogeneous base-catalyzed methanolysis reaction of vegetable oils is a most often used process for the industrial biodiesel production. The toxicity of methanol, the risk of the methanol vapor explosion and the possibility of the ethanol production from biorenewable resources have contributed to the development of a vegetable oil ethanolysis process for the biodiesel production. In the reaction of vegetable oils and ethanol in the presence of a catalyst, completely agricultural fuels consisted of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are obtained having physico-chemical properties similar to those of the appropriate methyl esters and diesel fuel. The ethanolysis reaction of various oily feedstocks has been widely studied to optimize the reaction conditions and to develop new catalytic systems and processes based on chemical and biological catalysts, as well as the development of non-catalytic processes. Most researches investigate the application of homogeneous base catalysts. This paper studies the review of vegetable oil ethanolysis investigations for the biodiesel production done so far. The goals of the paper are to present the development of FAEE synthesis by catalytic and non-catalytic processes, their advantages and disadvantages, the influence of some operating and reaction conditions on the process rate and ethyl esters yield, the kinetics models describing the ethanolysis process rate, the process optimization and the possibilities for improving the FAEE synthesis process.     

酵母油脂及用于生物柴油制备研究进展

油脂酵母具有高产油能力,并且所积累油脂的主要成分与植物油脂相似,可作为生物柴油制备的原料。本文对影响酵母油脂合成的关键酶、基因、碳源以及酵母油脂在生物柴油制备中的研究进展进行了综述,认为ATP∶柠檬酸裂解酶和苹果酸酶是酵母油脂合成代谢途径中的关键酶,另外,LRO1、DGA1和ARE基因也被认为同油脂合成有着紧密联系。对酵母油脂用于生物柴油生产的前景进行了展望：利用廉价碳源如甘油、能源作物以及木质纤维素水解液等培养酵母,可有效降低生产成本。在不同催化方法下,酵母油脂均可用于制备生物柴油,这对进一步研究生物柴油的生产应用有着重要意义。     

Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: A review

An ever increasing demand of fuels has been a challenge for today’s scientific workers. The fossil fuel resources are dwindling day by day. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future. Biodiesel is an environmentally viable fuel. Out of the four ways viz. direct use and blending, micro-emulsions, thermal cracking and transesterification, most commonly used method is transesterification of vegetable oils, fats, waste oils, etc. Latest aspects of development of biodiesel have been discussed in this work. Yield of biodiesel is affected by molar ratio, moisture and water content, reaction temperature, stirring, specific gravity, etc. Biodegradability, kinetics involved in the process of biodiesel production, and its stability have been critically reviewed. Emissions and performance of biodiesel has also been reported.     

Quantification of free and esterified steryl glucosides in vegetable oils and biodiesel

Steryl glucosides (SG) are minor components that dramatically modify the low temperature performance of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as biodiesel. SG are naturally present in vegetable oils but they may also be the result of the transesterification of esterified steryl glucosides (ESG). These are present in vegetable oils at a level of a few hundred milligrams per kilogram, depending on the nature of the feedstock. We developed an analytical method to quantify SG and ESG in vegetable oils and in FAME. The purification of SG and ESG was performed by liquid chromatography on silica gel, and the analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives was achieved by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. The filterability of biodiesel is affected when the SG content is higher than 20 mg/kg. Therefore, the sensitivity of this new method is adapted for this purpose since the quantification limit is 10 mg/kg of SG and ESG. The recoveries are acceptable, between 75% and 90% depending on the species and content, and the reproducibility relative standard deviation, evaluated at 10%, is comparable to other studies.     

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil—A Case Study of Hong Kong

Fossil fuel shortage is a major challenge worldwide. Therefore, research is currently underway to investigate potential renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is one of the major renewable energy sources that can be obtained from oils and fats by transesterification. However, biodiesel obtained from vegetable oils as feedstock is expensive. Thus, an alternative and inexpensive feedstock such as waste cooking oil (WCO) can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. In this project, techno-economic analyses were performed on the biodiesel production in Hong Kong using WCO as a feedstock. Three different catalysts such as acid, base, and lipase were evaluated for the biodiesel production from WCO. These economic analyses were then compared to determine the most cost-effective method for the biodiesel production. The internal rate of return (IRR) sensitivity analyses on the WCO price and biodiesel price variation are performed. Acid was found to be the most cost-effective catalyst for the biodiesel production; whereas, lipase was the most expensive catalyst for biodiesel production. In the IRR sensitivity analyses, the acid catalyst can also acquire acceptable IRR despite the variation of the WCO and biodiesel prices.     

Trends in industrial usage for vegetable oils — symposium overview

Vegetable oils are firmly established components of many industrial products and contribute a small but important share to the oleochemical and chemical industries-about 2% of total organic chemicals produced. The oleochemical industry is a mature one with low profit margins and in need of novel products and product applications, the development of which will require both basic and applied research. Several symposium participants identify areas that could add significantly to existing markets for unmodified vegetable oils, such as a diluent or enhancing agent in the application of pesticides and as an energy or heat source. Others show that considerable potential exists for new chemicals and modified vegetable oils and unique chemicals derived therefrom in value-added products such as coatings, polymers, lubricant additives or food additives, sometimes involving unique oils other than the traditional commodity mix. Without doubt, this is a time for the oleochemicals industry to invest in the future with nontraditional approaches to research and development. The oleochemical industry can and should expand its horizons, but with the realization that vegetable oils will have a lesser role compared to that of other renewable resources, such as wood and agricultural residues.     

Pilot plant studies of biodiesel production using Brassica carinata as raw material

In recent years, the development of alternative fuels from renewable resources, like biomass, has received considerable attention. Biodiesel is defined as fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters from vegetable oils, when it is used as fuel in diesel engines and heating systems.

In this context, the cultivation of Brassica carinata as oilseed crop for biodiesel production in the south of Europe (Spain and Italy) and north of Africa has gained special interest, since it allows the use of set-aside lands, giving higher yields per hectare than the traditional Spanish crops.

Methyl or ethyl esters are the product of transesterification of vegetable oils with alcohol (methanol/ethanol) using an alkaline catalyst. In addition, the process yields glycerol, which has large applications in the pharmaceutical, food and plastics industries.

In the present work, the process of biodiesel production for pilot plant using B. Carinata oil as raw materials with methanol and using potassium hydroxide as catalyst has been studied.

The biodiesel quality meets European specifications defined by pr EN 14214:2002 (E). The obtained results have been used for industrial scale up of the process.     

生物柴油的制备技术研究进展

生物柴油作为一种可再生的绿色环保燃料,主要是由动植物油脂经过酯交换反应生成。文章概述了国内外制备生物柴油方法,重点介绍了酸、碱、酶催化及超临界工艺方法的研究进展,并对我国生物柴油产业化发展前景进行了展望。