超声振动辅助抛光材料去除机理研究

超声振动辅助抛光是一种特种精密加工方法，其材料去除过程包含机械、物理、化学等多种因素，研究材料去除机理具有重要意义。对超声流场及超声流场作用下单颗磨粒对工件表面冲击作用进行仿真，分析超声流场作用下抛光过程的材料去除机理。仿真分析表明，在超声作用下，流场产生极强的横向剪切流，横向剪切流携裹着磨粒对工件表面产生冲击作用，从而实现材料去除。材料去除量与磨粒冲击角有关，磨粒冲击角越大，材料去除量越大。随着抛光的进行，工件表面逐渐趋于平整，磨粒冲击角也随之减小，逐渐趋于0°,此时不再有材料去除，工件抛光完成。     

基于ABAQUS的单个颗粒与加工面碰撞对固液两相流加工的影响研究

针对固液两相流加工过程中磨粒如何影响加工效果的问题,提出了磨粒与工件之间的摩擦状况是直接影响抛光过程与抛光质量的重要因素的假设。根据实际加工的实验材料数据,利用ABAQUS非线性有限元分析软件,研究了单磨粒对工件表面的接触作用与材料去除的关系;然后搭建了固液两相流实验平台,对试验钢条进行了软性磨粒流加工。实验结果表明,加工表面的磨损分布比较均匀,表面的粗糙度明显降低,体现了固液两相流加工的有效性。研究结果表明,实际加工中加工表面在受到水平切削力和竖直挤压力共同作用下,产生了塑性变形继而发生切削磨损,最终提高了加工表面的抛光效果,达到了镜面级加工效果的目的,同时通过使用ABAQUS软件可从微观直接说明固液两相流无工具精密加工机理。     

基于CFD-DEM耦合的面约束软性磨粒流加工特性研究

软性磨粒流加工能有效解决复杂结构曲面的抛光问题。基于该技术特点,针对硬脆性材料加工存在的技术问题,提出一种面约束软性磨粒流加工方法,即通过在工件表面设置窄缝约束流道,利用多向磨粒流注入法,在流道中形成高速涡旋磨粒流抛光工件。同时,针对传统磨粒流建模无法描述磨粒-壁面碰撞行为的不足,提出一种基于计算流体力学与离散元法耦合的磨粒流建模方法(Computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method,CFD-DEM),并通过该方法得到了磨粒-壁面碰撞分布及工件表面材料去除分布,在此基础上研究了面约束软性磨粒流加工的均匀性。结果表明:入口直径是影响磨粒-壁面碰撞均匀性的关键因素,随着直径的增大,碰撞分布存在最优值;当磨粒流处于不同的流态时,流体黏度对材料去除的作用原理不同,低黏度流体下材料去除均匀性有明显提升。最后搭建试验平台,通过对比试验验证了建模方法及抛光方法的有效性,试验结果显示,面约束软性磨粒流抛光方法能够使得单晶硅表面粗糙度从506.71 nm降低到10.17 nm。     

磨料流微去除力学分析与可控因素影响

研究了磨料流抛光中磨粒微去除力学建模方法以及可控因素影响抛光效果的问题。以力为纽带,提出磨粒去除工件表面微凸材料的动力来源于三个方面--介质作用力、磨粒挤压载荷和磨粒冲击载荷。利用建立的力学模型,分析了磨料流加工的内在因素,其中可控因素包括：加工温度、加工压力、活塞的移动速度、磨料黏度、磨粒物理性质（如尺寸、硬度）等;研究了各可控影响因素与工件表面抛光质量及效率的关系;量化了可控因素的大小对磨粒作用在工件表面的力的影响程度;将磨粒作用在工件表面的力合成并分解为与活塞运动方向相同的轴向力和垂直于工件壁面的切向力,指出微去除效果随轴向力与径向力的比值改变而发生变化,设计出简易的测量轴向力和径向力的方案。用试验验证了所建模型和可控因素对抛光效果影响,以及工件表面的加工纹理方向直接影响工件表面粗糙度的减小率和材料去除率的正确性。     

旋转式超声波加工机理的有限元分析

利用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了单颗磨粒旋转冲击玻璃工件的模型,计算模拟出工件受冲击的材料去除过程,分析了材料去除机理。模拟结果表明:冲击瞬间,裂纹交汇,接触区材料大片剥落;冲击过程中,工件表面裂纹开叉扩展,内部裂纹发展成亚表面层裂,磨粒持续压溃材料;切削力小,随着切削深度的增加,切削力变大。利用有限元软件LSDYNA对金刚石磨粒冲击玻璃材料的过程进行数值模拟,计算冲击过程的形变和切削力,研究工件表面和内部裂纹的产生与扩展过程,分析材料去除机理。     

轴向功率超声珩磨力学模型的建立及仿真

功率超声珩磨技术在发动机缸套的精密加工中能够得到较好的表面质量,其中珩磨力的大小与超声振动特点有关,是影响工件材料去除、磨削热及表面质量的重要因素之一。基于超声珩磨材料去除机理,考虑了油石表面磨粒分布规律,建立了包括材料切屑变形和磨粒与工件摩擦两种情况的超声珩磨力学模型。由力学模型仿真结果可知:功率超声珩磨磨削力与加工参数及加工过程中材料物理变化均有关,特别是材料应变率效应更加明显;在相同加工条件下,超声珩磨磨削力比普通珩磨平均降低50%以上,并且法向力与切向力比值增大,有利于材料的去除;超声振动能够减小磨粒与工件的平均动态摩擦系数,从而减小平均切向摩擦力大小,有利于提高工件表面质量;珩磨深度较主轴转速对珩磨力影响更大,当主轴转速高于620 r/min时,珩磨力开始逐渐减小。     

碳化硅研抛过程中表面损伤的仿真与实验研究

碳化硅在研抛加工过程中极易产生表面损伤,从而影响工件表面质量和疲劳性能。基于硬脆材料的研抛去除机理,建立有限元仿真模型,模拟单颗粒研抛过程,分析了工件材料的去除过程,以及不同工艺参数对表面应力分布和表面去除形貌的影响。通过计算机控制精密研抛工艺对碳化硅进行研抛试验,进一步分析了各工艺参数下表面形貌的变化,结果表明,较小的主轴转速、较大的磨粒尺寸和研抛深度对工件表面破碎损伤严重,而进给速度对工件表面去除效果的影响不明显,不同工艺参数对表面损伤影响变化趋势与模拟分析结果吻合较好。研究结果对于选择合理的研抛工艺参数以获得良好的表面质量具有重要意义。     

气-液-固三相磨粒流光整加工及其工艺参数优化

考虑用流体抛光法加工大尺度工件存在效率低下问题,本文提出了一种气-液-固三相磨粒流抛光方法。该方法在约束流场中引入微纳米气泡,利用气泡在溃灭时释放的能量加速驱动磨粒运动,从而有效提升抛光效率。实验显示:在加工过程中,离心泵的发热会导致流体黏度下降,进而影响工件近壁面的湍动能和动压力的大小及分布,而加工工件近壁面的湍动能和动压力会对表面纹理的均匀性和材料的去除效率有重要影响。针对上述实验结果,文中基于对磨粒流抛光机理的研究,提出一种通过改变入口流速来补偿温升带来的湍动能和动压力变化的方法,实验求得了抛光流体温度从20℃到60℃之间的9个均等点对应的最优入口流速值。实验表明,相对未加入气泡时,该抛光方法的加工效率得到提高,而调速补偿明显提升了工件表面加工质量。     

软固结磨粒群内部磨粒拓扑结构对材料去除的影响

针对软固结磨粒气压砂轮光整加工新方法,研究气压砂轮软固结磨粒群的内部磨粒拓扑结构对被加工材料去除率的影响规律。建立气压砂轮材料去除机理模型,分析软固结磨粒群在单压缩载荷下内部细观组构参量及力链网络的演化过程,研究了软固结磨粒群的宏观力学特征与细观结构演化之间的关系,数值模拟了具有不同拓扑结构的磨粒层与工件接触区域内的应力分布规律。将软固结磨粒气压砂轮用于激光强化自由曲面光整加工实验,得到了磨粒目数及体积配比对材料去除量及表面粗糙度的影响规律,试验结果表明,软固结磨粒气压砂轮可用于激光强化表面的光整加工并获得良好的加工效果。     

强约束喷嘴内部流场的数值模拟与实验研究

针对磨料射流抛光硬脆材料工件曲面中的射流束发散与冲击损伤的问题,提出了强约束磨粒射流抛光新方法。为验证该方法的可行性和有效性,设计了一种新的抛光工具头。基于欧拉-欧拉多相流模型和标准k-ε湍流模型,利用FLUENT软件对喷嘴内部磨粒流进行了数值仿真,计算得到抛光工具头内部的磨粒流速度和压力分布。在仿真的基础之上,根据硬脆材料工件曲面的加工特点搭建抛光加工实验平台,确定加工参数并进行实验。仿真和加工实验结果表明:抛光工具头的结构设计能有效提高磨粒流的出口速度,并且减小磨粒流的压力损失;出口处的速度以平行于工件表面的剪切速度为主;明显降低了工件表面的法向冲击损伤,提高了工件表面质量。     

Sclerometric characterization of nearly brittle materials

The abrasion of nearly brittle materials can be considered as a multipoint scratching and indenting process. Knowledge of flow morphologies around the abrasive protuberances, the determination of the energy dissipated during single-contact scratching experiments and the estimation of the forces acting on the abrasive particles are therefore essential for a better understanding of the wear and finishing processes based on abrasion phenomena.Experiments using linear and pendular sclerometers were conducted on various materials such as glass, ceramics, metals and polymers. The results described in the present paper show the effects of the geometry, the speed and the rheology on the abrasive process. The forces induced and the morphologies of the scratches are studied. The behaviour of the abrasive contact is in particular very nicely described by a critical transition from ductile to brittle abrasion which is analysed in detail for soda-lime glass. This transition is itself correlated with the dynamic hardness and the dynamic toughness of the tested materials. The results have a bearing on the prediction of the behaviour of nearly brittle materials when used as bulk materials or surface coatings in tribological applications dealing with abrasive wear.     

Modeling of Abrasive Wear in a Piston Ring and Engine Cylinder Bore System©

Engine-related improvements such as more efficient engine components, improved engine oils, and high-performance coating materials, need to be verified in terms of their effects on the tribological performance of the piston ring/cylinder bore system. The main purpose of this research is to develop an abrasive wear model for the piston ring/cylinder bore system during steady-state operation by considering the effects of temperature, load, oil degradation, surface roughness, and material properties. The model can be used either in theoretical modeling or integrated with finite element analysis. Based on a laboratory simulator, a three-body abrasive wear model has been developed to model the wear progression of the piston ring/cylinder bore system during steady state operation. The proposed novel abrasive wear model addresses the effects of temperature, load, oil degradation, surface roughness, and material properties. The feasibility of the proposed model is illustrated by a numerical example.     

磨屑对润滑油摩擦性能的影响

通过实验和模拟研究磨粒对润滑油摩擦性能的影响。首先通过微纳米压/划痕试验测量含磨屑润滑油的摩擦因数。同时,建立边界润滑体系模型,采用分子动力学方法模拟含磨屑润滑油膜在不同载荷下沿膜厚方向的压缩率和密度分布;对体系的上下固体壁面施加方向相反的剪切速度,计算出壁面原子的应力、摩擦力、正压力和摩擦因数;分析不同粒径磨屑的动态行为特征;通过减少润滑油分子数量,探究乏油工况下含磨屑润滑体系的摩擦性能。结果表明,润滑体系摩擦因数的模拟值与试验值一致;磨屑的存在会降低油膜的压缩率,同时在高载下磨屑的存在会对油膜的分层产生破坏,影响磨屑附近的密度分布;含小粒径磨屑的润滑体系的摩擦因数比含大粒径磨屑的润滑体系的小,表明磨粒聚集长大现象会恶化润滑油的润滑性能;磨屑在剪切过程中同时存在滚动和滑动,含小粒径磨屑的润滑体系剪切过程中表现出波动幅度更大的角速度;随着载荷的增大,磨屑角速度减小,波动幅度降低;在乏油工况下,磨屑会在剪切过程中出现变形破碎现象。     

A Physics-Based Predictive Model for Number of Contact Grains and Grain Depth of Cut in Honing

Honing is a material removal process widely used in manufacturing of engine cylinders, compressors, valves, bearings, and hydraulic cylinders. The surface topography generated by honing has a profound effect on the tribological performance of the honed surface, since the cross-hatch pattern on the workpiece surface can be used to retain oil or grease to ensure proper lubrication and minimize wear. The number of contact grains and the grain depth of cut are important indicators of interactions between the tool and workpiece in the honing process. They are helpful in understanding chip formation, tool wear, and optimization of the cross-hatch pattern to improve the tribological performance of the honed surface. This article presents a physics-based model for predicting the number of contact grains and the grain depth of cut in honing. It describes the model development and studies the influences of abrasive grain size, abrasive concentration, nominal contact area, yield strength of workpiece material, and static load on the number of contact grains and the maximum grain depth of cut. Results from pilot experiments are used to verify the model.     

椭圆内腔表面磨粒流均匀化光整加工研究

针对磨粒流加工中椭圆孔腔表面加工质量因表面曲率半径变化而不一致的问题,提出通过置入相似模芯实现磨粒流均匀化光整加工的新方法。运用非牛顿流体的幂律方程,建立了磨粒流加工的微元体动力模型,分析磨粒流加工中表面剪切应力分布不均的影响因素,而后通过COMSOL软件进行了数值计算与模拟仿真论证;最后,开展实验研究,对椭圆孔腔壁面压力及表面粗糙度等进行相关数据测量。研究结果显示：置入相似模芯后,椭圆流道的长、短轴方向剪切应力的理论值误差由置入模芯前的9.87%降为0.39%,长、短轴方向剪切应力分布趋于一致;椭圆流道的轴向、径向平均压力差仅为0.03 MPa、0.11 MPa,且表面粗糙度(Ra)差值由置入芯轴前的0.212μm下降为0.005 μm,加工压力与表面粗糙度的变化趋势均趋于一致。置入相似模芯的方法改善了磨粒流加工中剪切应力分布不均的状况,为椭圆孔的高质量精密加工提供了重要参考依据。     

固液两相磨粒流研抛工艺优化及质量影响

为研究磨粒流对异形腔孔内壁表面以及微小孔的研抛去毛刺等的作用效果,探讨了研抛过程中磨粒流各工艺参数与加工质量间的作用关系。以共轨管这种非直线管为研究对象,对磨粒流抛光共轨管过程进行数值模拟研究,探索各工艺参数对磨粒流研抛的影响。数值模拟结果表明:控制碳化硅体积分数可以改变磨粒流研抛过程中的粘温特性,从而可以控制磨粒流的研抛质量。然后采用正交方法设计实验方案,实验过程中,采集抛光过程中温度和粘度的变化数据,分析磨粒流研抛中粘温特性对磨粒流研抛质量的影响。试验与数值模拟结果表明,在磨粒流研抛共轨管过程中SiC的体积分数比出口压力的极差秩大,磨粒流研抛确实可有效改善工件表面质量。而且本文还进一步得出在本试验条件下,磨粒流研抛共轨管的最佳工艺参数:出口压力为5 MPa,SiC体积分数为0.25%,SiC目数为80,同时获得了表面粗糙度与体积分数的回归方程,可用于指导磨粒流实际研抛生产工作。     

An erosion-based model for abrasive waterjet turning of ductile materials

This paper presents an attempt to model the abrasive waterjet (AWJ) turning process considering material removal from the circumference of a rotating cylindrical specimen. The methodology involves the use of Finnie's theory of erosion to estimate the volume of material removed by the impacting abrasive particles. The proposed model considers the impact of jet at an angle to the workpiece surface to account for the curvature of the workpiece. Unlike earlier works, this model considers the continuous change in local impact angle caused by the change in workpiece diameter. The flow stress of the workpiece material is determined using a novel experiment involving the same abrasive and workpiece materials. The adequacy of the proposed model is examined through AWJ turning tests under various process parameter combinations. The final diameters predicted by the model are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Effect of Spot Continual Induction Hardening on the Tribological Performance of Grey Cast Iron with Curved Surface

In order to investigate the effect of a spot continual induction hardening (SCIH) process on the tribological performance of grey cast iron with a curved surface, dry sliding wear tests were performed under different loads. The curved surface structure of the workpiece and feed velocity of the inductor were considered important influence factors. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the phases, compositions, and morphologies of grey cast iron after the SCIH process and tribological tests. The results showed that the wear mechanism of grey cast iron was always adhesive and abrasive wear at different loads when the workpiece was not strengthened. In the case of partial strengthening, the wear mechanism changed from adhesive and abrasive wear to fatigue–exfoliative wear with increasing load. Oxidative wear always appeared as the dominant wear mechanism when the workpiece was completely strengthened. The wear resistance of the concave surface was always larger than that of the convex surface under the same feed velocity of the inductor. Relatively low feed velocity of the inductor in the SCIH process can optimize the wear resistance of grey cast iron with a curved surface.     

Modeling surface roughness for polishing process based on abrasive cutting and probability theory

The surface roughness is a variable used to describe the quality of polished surface. This article presents a surface roughness model based on abrasive cutting and probability theory, which considers the effects of abrasive grain shape, grit and distribution feature, pressure on surface roughness. The abrasive grain protrusion heights are thought to close to Gaussian distribution, and then the relationship between the indentation depth and the pressure based on Hertz contact theory is obtained. Surface roughness prediction model is established by calculating indentation depth of the abrasive grains on workpiece surface. The maximum surface profile height (R_y) is approximately equal to the maximum indentation depth of the abrasive grain. The arithmetic average surface roughness (R_a) is equal to the average indentation depth of the abrasive grain. The effects of process parameters such as pressure and grit on R_y and R_a were simulated and analyzed in detail.     

Fe-Cr-Ni耐磨涂层的摩擦性能及作用机理

研究了φ2mm粉芯丝材电弧喷涂Fe-Cr-Ni耐磨涂层的摩擦性能,分析了其结构特征和摩擦作用机理。结果表明:Fe-Cr-Ni耐磨涂层具有优良的抗磨减摩性能,对摩试环磨损表面形成转移膜。其磨损机制主要是磨料磨损和分层磨损。