在线混凝处理微污染水源水的中试研究

采用在线混凝一超滤膜处理工艺对微污染水进行中试试验.试验结果表明,将常规处理作为超滤膜的预处理,膜压差增加,无法保持稳定的运行.将在线混凝作为超滤膜的预处理时,膜压差增加缓慢.在线混凝能有效地控制膜污染.试验还表明,当聚合硫酸铁投加质量浓度为30 mg/L时,膜出水的CODMn<3 mg/L,满足最新的饮用水水质标准.对化学清洗液分析发现,在在线混凝-膜联用工艺的情况下,污染膜的主要有机物为亲水性组分.     

在线混凝改善粉末活性炭-超滤工艺效能研究

通过在线投加混凝及粉末活性炭(PAC)处理,研究二者对超滤(UF)进水中有机物相对分子质量分布、亲疏水性的影响,考察在线混凝改善PAC-UF工艺对有机物去除效率和膜污染效能的影响及机理。结果表明,在线混凝和PAC对去除不同相对分子质量的有机物上存在协同互补作用,当PAC投加量仅为20 mg/L时,在线混凝+PACUF工艺的UV_(254)和DOC去除率为93.6%和69.7%。在线混凝和PAC对原水中亲水性有机物的去除效果较差,去除率小于40%,但是亲水性有机物组分的存在对膜污染的影响几乎可以忽略。当PAC投加仅为20 mg/L时,过滤周期末端膜比通量为0.86。在线混凝可以有效的改善PAC-UF工艺的有机物去除效果和膜污染程度,并可以显著的减低投炭量,利于实际工程运行。     

不同强化混凝技术超滤工艺处理滦河水对比试验研究

通过小试与中试相结合,考察了用小试混凝沉淀技术代替中试混凝超滤工艺判断混凝剂最佳投药量的可行性,对比研究了经聚合氯化铝(PAC)、FeCl3、硫酸铝(AS)3种混凝剂预处理超滤后在除浊、除有机物、膜污染控制等方面的效能。结果表明,浊度的去除效果与混凝剂的种类和投加量无关,有机物的去除效果由高到低为PAC(45.5%)>FeCl3(42.4%)>AS(35.5%),膜污染程度(ΔTMP)由高到低为AS(42.72kPa)>FeCl3(39.68 kPa)>PAC(21.01kPa),综合比较采用PAC混凝预处理效果最佳,对水厂实际运行具有一定指导意义。     

对比COD与CODMn分析大分子有机物在給水处理系统中的去除与转化关系

本文通过分析COD与CODMn差值的变化研究大分子有机物在饮用水深度处理工艺中的去除与转化关系.试验结果表明：常规混凝沉淀对大分子有机物有很好的处理效果;臭氧预氧化虽然有助于提高混凝效果,降低浊度,同时也因大分子被氧化为小分子,使混凝沉淀及砂滤对有机物的去除率下降.     

钢铁废水溶解性有机物解析及其对反渗透膜的污染行为

针对钢铁废水深度处理工艺中超滤-反渗透处理单元反渗透膜元件有机污染问题,采用大孔吸附树脂分离法,将反渗透进水中的溶解性有机物进行分离,得到分别含疏水碱性有机物、疏水酸性有机物、疏水中性有机物和亲水性有机物的4个组分,对其进行组成分析并探究其对反渗透膜的污染行为。其中,亲水性有机物含量最高、疏水中性有机物含量最低。与亲水性有机物相比,疏水性有机物分子中含有更丰富的芳香结构或其他共轭结构,疏水酸性有机物芳香化程度最高。疏水中性有机物与膜表面疏水-疏水相互作用导致其易于在膜表面吸附,造成的通量衰减率最高,且水力清洗通量恢复率最低。含亲水性有机物组分造成的通量衰减率仅次于疏水中性有机物组分,因其有机物浓度较高、含亲水性有机物亲水性基团与膜表面氢键作用易于导致膜污染,而膜表面水力剪切作用有利于降低亲水性有机物污染层厚度和透水阻力。因此,疏水中性有机物和亲水性有机物是造成膜污染主要的溶解性有机物。可通过优化反渗透系统进水预处理工艺,强化去除疏水中性有机物和亲水性有机物,有望更高效地减轻反渗透膜污染。     

浸没式超滤工艺在给水处理中的应用研究

采用浸没式超滤系统取代传统工艺中的砂滤系统处理西江原水,对比了新工艺(混凝沉淀+浸没式超滤工艺)与传统工艺(混凝沉淀+砂滤工艺)的出水水质,考察了浸没式超滤系统的对COD、氨氮、浊度和颗粒物的去除,研究了试验期间系统跨膜压力(TMP)变化,最后考察了化学清洗对膜污染的控制。结果表明,混凝沉淀+浸没式超滤工艺出水CODMn和氨氮含量略高于混凝沉淀+砂滤工艺,但均达到了GB 5749-2006和CJ 94-2005要求;对浊度处理效果优于混凝沉淀+砂滤工艺;系统运行48 d,TMP从16 kPa升高到34.5 kPa;采用HCl和NaClO进行化学清洗,可有效控制膜污染。     

电镀废水处理及回用工程实例

采用混凝沉淀+水解酸化+膜生物反应器(MBR)+过滤+反渗透(RO)组合工艺,对某电镀企业生产废水进行深度处理和回用。首先通过混凝沉淀、生化和过滤去除重金属、有机物和悬浮物,然后利用RO系统去除剩余的有机物和盐分。实际运行结果表明,RO淡水水质可满足企业生产工艺用水水质要求,RO浓水水质达到了《电镀污染物排放标准》(GB 21900—2008)表2中的新建企业水污染物排放限值。     

臭氧+混凝沉淀处理微污染水试验研究

研究臭氧 混凝沉淀处理低温微污染水的净水效果.采用静态试验,改变臭氧投加量,接触氧化时间等参数,分别对比了CODMn、浊度和色度的去除效果.臭氧投加量为3 mg·L-1接触氧化时间为15 min时,沉淀后出水的高锰酸盐指数、浊度、色度比直接采用聚合氯化铝混凝的去除率分别提高了5.4%、20.3%和20.1%.对于低温微污染水源水,臭氧 混凝沉淀工艺能有效地去除有机物、浊度、色度,使处理后水质达到饮用水水质标准.     

混凝和超滤膜联用处理淮河水的中试试验

本研究采用混凝和超滤膜联用的处理工艺对淮河水进行了中试试验。试验结果表明，膜处理的浊度和CODMn均优于同期的自来水，对处理过程进行的有机物分子量分布的测定分析表明，膜能去除小分子量的非UV254类的有机物。试验期间，膜压差没有上升，表明所采用的预处理是成功的。     

浸没式超滤膜组合工艺处理饮用水的中试研究

通过中试实验研究了混凝沉淀-超滤、混凝沉淀-砂滤-超滤和混凝沉淀-升流式曝气生物活性炭-超滤三种工艺处理饮用水的净水效果及对膜污染影响情况。结果表明,3种工艺的浊度和颗粒数去除率均能达到99%以上且不受原水水质影响,都能去除水中大多数的微生物和浮游动物,说明超滤膜组合工艺能有效的保证出水的生物安全性。超滤膜本身对水中溶解性有机物和氨氮的去除效果较差,相对于混凝沉淀-超滤工艺,选用混凝沉淀-砂滤-超滤工艺和混凝沉淀-升流式曝气生物活性炭-超滤工艺对COD_(Mn)、UV_(254)及氨氮的去除率分别提高了21.2%、18.2%、28.6%和40.8%、63.7%、59.2%,且这两种工艺的过滤阻力也远小于混凝沉淀-超滤工艺的过滤阻力。     

Foulants analyses for NF membranes with different feed waters: coagulation/sedimentation and sand filtration treated waters

Two different NF membranes were operated to remove natural organic matter (NOM) originating from Dongbok Lake in Korea. Coagulation/sedimentation and sand filtration treated waters as membrane feed waters were used. The tested NF membranes were autopsied to compare the fouling propensity from different feed waters using pure water and a NaOH solution. Organic/inorganic foulants onto membrane surface were analyzed in terms of molecular weight (MW) distribution, structure, and IR analysis, and fouled membranes were also characterized in terms of pore size distribution, surface charge, and SEM–EDS analysis. Polysaccharides and/or N-acetyl aminosugar groups with MW ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 g/mol were identified using HP-SEC and IR analysis. Inorganic foulants (i.e., Si and Al) were also fouled onto the membrane surface and/or pores, and it is effectively removed by caustic cleaning, not pure water. Caustic cleaning was proven to be effective to remove both fouled NF membranes as a basis of flux recovery, and it could efficiently desorb the hydrophobic NOM constituents or protein-like substances from the relatively hydrophilic and less negatively charged NF membranes.     

某电厂凝结水精处理混床下布水板损坏分析

某电厂2×1 000 MW新建机组,凝结水100%通过精处理,精处理再生方式为高塔法。在调试过程中发现,1#机组凝结水精处理系统1#混床下布水板损坏,针对该问题,进行了原因分析及比较,并最终予以解决。诱发该问题的原因相对较隐蔽,因此问题的分析及解决具有一定的借鉴意义。     

EDTA低温清洗工艺在1000MW燃煤机组中的应用

在1 000 MW燃煤机组的锅炉化学清洗中,传统工艺均采用EDTA点火清洗法.将EDTA低温清洗工艺首次应用于国华宁海电厂1 000 MW燃煤机组中,该工艺清洗效果优良,同时可以节省大量的燃油和除盐水,可以加快基建机组的建设工期,是一种值得在1 000MW机组中推广的新型清洗工艺.     

天津临港海域海水中溶解性有机物相对分子质量分布特性

采用超滤膜法研究天津临港海域海水中有机物相对分子质量分布特性,对比检测了超滤膜滤过液和浓缩液的化学需氧量（CODMn）和245nm处的紫外吸光度（UV24）,应用气相色谱/质谱联用仪（GC-MS）定性检测小分子有机物种类.结果表明,海水中溶解性有机物以小分子有机物为主体,相对分子质量小于1kDal的小分子有机物占总有机物的51.73％,而大于100k的有机物仅为总有机物的10.18％.根据GC-MS解谱,共确定出四十余种有机物,以烃类、醇类、酯类和芳香族化合物为主,且多为人工合成有机物.     

新建1000MW火电机组补给水系统可行性研究

通过对国华徐州电厂现有锅炉补给水处理系统的产水量标定、产水水质测定、设备状态评估以及经济性评价,全面论证了将它用于现有2×220MW机组和新建2×1000MW机组的可行性,并提出了设备改造和系统优化方案。     

Polyurethane pervaporation membranes

Polyurethane membranes were prepared by the reaction of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate with hydroxy-terminated oligomers. Oligomers were either liquid polybutadiene (MW 3000) or propylene oxide-based polyethers (MW 420 and 4800). The prepared membranes were used in pervaporation of binary mixtures of water/ethanol, water/dioxane and ethanol/toluene, respectively. Polyurethanes with linking segments formed predominantly by high-molecular-weight oligomers (MW 3000 or 4800) were rubbery materials, while hard glassy membranes were obtained if the linking segments comprised high amounts of a polyether with MW 420. In pervaporation, all glassy membranes preferably transported small molecules of the feed mixture. In case a rubbery membrane was used in pervaporation in the presence of one feed component with a high affinity to the linking segments, the membrane preferentially transported this component.     

Control of residual organic matter to reduce bacterial regrowth potential for wastewater reuse

Several problems have been reported about accumulated microorganisms in reclaimed water distribution systems. This paper presents the results of residual organic matter (OM) removal and apparent bacterial regrowth potential of treated wastewater obtained from laboratory-scale experiments using advanced biological treatments: two immobilization processes in series and a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process. Furthermore, a nanofiltration (NF) membrane process was applied to effluents of both advanced biological treatments. The immobilization process removed large molecular weight (MW) fractions >5,000 since immobilized microorganisms had sufficiently acclimated. The NF membrane was more effective in rejecting large MW fractions in the effluents of the immobilization and the MBR treatments. But it was difficult to reject small MW fractions <1,000 by NF. Neutral hydrophilic fraction of DOC was reduced by both advanced biological processes, and it can be thought that the microorganisms in the advanced processes could decompose and grow on some part of the neutral hydrophilic fraction. Quantity of attached microorganisms in the second immobilization reactor was significantly reduced compared to that in the first immobilization reactor. This suggests that apparent bacterial regrowth potential is controlled by the accumulation of effective microorganisms in the first reactor.     

水中残留有机物分子量分布特征和对膜性能的影响

本试验分析了城市二级处理水的残留有机物分子量分布特征及对超滤膜过滤透水性能的影响，并利用混凝法，活性炭吸附，臭氧-活性炭吸附进行了处理。研究结果表明：（1）城市污水厂二级出水中溶解态有机物主要集中在〈2k分子量区间上；（2）混凝处理后，高分子量有机物低分子化效果明显；PAC吸附能有效去除小分子量有机物；臭氧-PAC联用，大分子量有机物和小分子量有机物所占比例均有所下降，表明臭氧氧化与PAC吸附联用在去除有机物方面具有很好的互补性；（3）分子量分布对原水的透水通量影响较大；选择混凝、PAC或臭氧-PAC等作为膜法处理的预处理单元，对城市污水再生处理具有重要价值。     

Preparation and characterization of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes for concentrating waste tuna broth

Three sets of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared containing the following proportions (w/w) of polysulfone and dimethylacetamide: 14.5/85.5, 15.0/85.0 and 15.5/84.5. The membranes were characterized in terms of water flux, molecular weight (MW) cut-off, fouling, average pore size and ratio of pore surface area to membrane area. Membrane water flux was found to decrease as the polysulfone concentration or membrane thickness was increased. Scanning electron microscopy showed an asymmetric pore structure and indicated that the variation in water flux between membrane sets were probably due to differences in the number of pores per unit membrane area and not to differences in pore diameter. The MW cut-off for all the membranes was found to be close to 66 kD. The permeate flux for standard proteins decreased with increasing protein MW. A decrease in water flux was also observed after the UF runs; this could be explained by membrane fouling.

Defatted waste tuna broth, which was obtained from a fish canning plant as steam condensate after autoclaving fresh tuna, was ultrafiltered using the prepared membranes. The rejection coefficient for either protein or carbohydrate solute of the tuna broth was approximately 54.5% while solute recovery was about 90%. The ultrafiltered broth had negligible turbidity and odor.