盐酸丁咯地尔的合成研究

以4-氯丁酸甲酯为起始原料,与吡咯烷缩合反应后,经水解、酰化、傅克烷基化、成盐得到目标化合物盐酸丁咯地尔。目标化合物的结构经红外光谱、1H-NMR和MS确证。该合成方法具有原料易得,合成路线短,操作简单,生产成本低廉的优点,总收率由文献报道的70%提高到75.7%,更适合工业化生产。     

培他司订与丁咯地尔联合治疗椎基底动脉供血不足疗效观察

目的观察倍他司订与丁咯地尔联合治疗椎基底动脉供血不足的临床疗效。方法将椎基底动脉供血不足患者随机分为2组;治疗组以倍他司订注射液联合丁咯地尔注射液治疗,对照组以舒血宁注射液治疗。7d后观察疗效。结果治疗7d后治疗组总有效率94%,对照组总有效率77%,以上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论倍他司订注射液与丁咯地尔注射液联合治疗椎基底动脉供血不足疗效显著,起效快。     

由氯乙酸副产盐酸精制高纯盐酸

开发研究了氯乙酸副产盐酸的精制工艺及盐酸中有机杂质的紫外分光光度分析方法。副产盐酸经酸洗、吸收、蒸馏得高纯盐酸。中试结果表明 ,工艺合理 ,精制盐酸达到GB 32 0 - 93规定的工业用合成盐酸标准     

Cl_2在盐酸溶液中溶解性的研究

对Cl2在盐酸溶液中溶解性及其溶解行为进行了实验研究,分别考察了盐酸浓度和盐酸温度对Cl2溶解性的影响。结果表明,当盐酸浓度<0.5 mol/L时,Cl2在其中的溶解度随着盐酸浓度的增大而减小;当盐酸浓度>0.5 mol/L时,Cl2在其中的溶解度随着盐酸浓度的增大而增大;温度越高,Cl2在盐酸溶液中的溶解度越小。     

HPLC法测定黄连中盐酸小檗碱和盐酸药根碱

目的:建立黄连水提液中同时测定盐酸小檗碱和盐酸药根碱的高效液相色谱法。方法:加热回流法制备黄连药材水提液,反相高效液相色谱外标法同时测定盐酸小檗碱和盐酸药根碱的含量。结果:盐酸小檗碱和盐酸药根碱的的线性范围分别为:7.5~243.0μg/mL和0.78~34.2μg/mL,平均回收率分别为99.3%和100.1%供试。药材中盐酸小檗碱和盐酸药根碱的含量为21.3 mg/g和9.6 mg/g。结论:该方法能用于黄连药材中盐酸小檗碱和盐酸药根碱的含量测定。     

标准溶液配制

一、1N、0.5N及0.1N盐酸标准溶液的配制(1)配制 1N盐酸标准溶液:量取90毫升盐酸,注入1000毫升水中。 0.5N盐酸标准溶液:量取45毫升盐酸,注入1000毫升水中。 0.1N盐酸标准溶液:量取9毫升盐酸,     

异戊醇从氯化物-磷酸体系中萃取盐酸的动力学

采用上升液滴法研究异戊醇萃取盐酸的动力学,考察二相接触面积、水相中初始盐酸、磷酸浓度对盐酸萃取速率的影响,以比较磷酸和盐酸的萃取行为。实验结果表明,盐酸的初始正向萃取速率与二相界面积无关,随水相初始盐酸、磷酸浓度的增大而增大,异戊醇萃取盐酸可能属相内反应控制模式。水相中盐酸的存在促进磷酸的萃取,用较高浓度的工业盐酸分解开阳磷矿有利于湿法磷酸的分离和净化。经非线性最小二乘法回归实验数据,得出25℃时异戊醇萃取盐酸的动力学方程,其决定性指标为0.993 9,速率常数的相对标准偏差为7.69%。     

盐酸活化对凹凸棒土吸附盐酸四环素的影响

分别采用盐酸、KH550、十八烷基三甲基氯化铵和焙烧对凹凸棒土进行改性,以提高对盐酸四环素(TC)的吸附性能,分别考察了盐酸含量、温度、固液比和活化时间对盐酸处理后凹凸棒土吸附性能的影响.结果表明,盐酸活化处理凹凸棒土较其他的方法更为有效;在盐酸浓度为0.5 mol·L-1、吸附温度为40℃、凹凸棒土的质量与盐酸溶液体积比1 g∶8 mL、活化时间1h的优化条件下.盐酸活化土对TC的吸附量可达120.5 mg·g-1.     

盐酸尾气治理方法

介绍了盐酸储槽中盐酸挥发的氯化氢气体及生产盐酸时的氯化氢气体的治理方法。     

提高盐酸小檗碱溶解度的研究

采用不同溶剂对盐酸小檗碱进行重结晶,考察温度、时间对盐酸小檗碱重结晶的影响,得到提高盐酸小檗碱溶解度的最佳重结晶方法,通过粉末X衍射法对不同溶剂产生的盐酸小檗碱晶型进行分析,发现通过改变盐酸小檗碱的晶型可以提高其溶解度。     

安克锰锌在荔枝树上施用的残留代谢消解规律与安全性评价

安克锰锌是烯酰吗啉两个异构体和代森锰锌组成的多元混合制剂。试样经粉碎、溶剂浸泡提取、混合柱净化,用气相色谱测定烯酰吗啉和代森锰锌母体(CS2),液相色谱测定代谢物乙撑硫脲(ETU)。仪器最低检出量:烯酰吗啉为1.436×10-12g,代森锰锌母体1.326×10-10g,ETU2.5×10-10g,最低检出浓度依次为0.02、0.025、0.02mg/kg,方法回收率依次为86.4%～90.8%、89.2%～95.9%、89.10%～95.13%;标准偏差为0.53～4.34;变异系数为0.58%～4.62%。安克锰锌在果皮中的消解方程广西和广东分别为C=1.2719e-0.1975T和C=1.045e-0.1972T,半衰期(T/2)均为3.5d;土壤中分别为C=0.8734e-0.1187T和C=0.6171e-0.1146T,半衰期(T/2)=6d;最高剂量250倍、最多施3次,最短距收期7d,在果肉中均未检出,果皮和土壤中的残留仅分别为0.1385～0.1745mg/kg和0.3105～0.3415mg/kg,均低于欧共体规定代森锰锌MRL值0.5mg/kg。     

The annual cycle of Flehmen in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)

Flehmen is a stereotyped response of ungulates and other mammals to urine. In black-tailed deer, Flehmen occurs typically in males (rarely in females), and its frequency shows an annual cycle. Flehmen in response to female urine was most frequent in November, and to male urine in January. The response minimum to both types of urine occurred in May. Fifty-five to 100% of initial responses to female urine resulted in Flehmen. The deer responded more often to female urine, and the difference between the responses to female and male urine increased from May to November. A male's own urine released Flehmen more often than did urine of other males. The response intensity varied with the spatial orientation of the male to the urinating female, and responses were usually limited to distances of 15 m or less.     

我国炼油企业节水减排的技术与措施

分析了炼油企业节水减排的有效途径与措施。一是充分利用循环水和蒸汽凝结水,节约新鲜水;二是提高循环冷却水浓缩倍数,实现节水运行;三是重视污水处理与回用,减少污水排放;四是优化用水系统,提高用水效率;五是推行清洁工艺,从源头节水减排;六是依靠科学管理,落实节水工作。     

An algorithm for generating color scales for both categorical and ordinal coding

Previous research has shown multihue scales to be well‐suited to code categorical features and shown lightness scales to be well‐suited to code ordinal quantities. We introduce an algorithm, Motley, that produces color scales varying in both hue and lightness, intended to be effective for both categorical and ordinal coding, allowing users to determine both absolute and relative quantities efficiently and accurately. The algorithm first determines the lightnesses of scale colors to maximize perceived lightness differences and establish the lightness ordering, generating separate search spaces for each scale position. It then selects hues by heuristic search to maximize the discriminability of the scale. It produces scales that are ordered with respect to lightness but unordered with respect to hue and thus more discriminable than typical multihue lightness scales. In an experimental evaluation on human subjects, Motley's scales enabled accurate judgments of relative quantity, with response times superior to unordered multihue scales and comparable to ordered lightness scales, and enabled accuracy and speed of judgments of absolute quantity superior to lightness scales and comparable to multihue scales. Published 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Col Res Appl, 2010.     

Discriminative Response to Animal, But Not Plant, Chemicals by an Insectivorous, Actively Foraging Lizard, Scincella lateralis, and Differential Response to Surface and Internal Prey Cues

Responses by the insectivorous, actively foraging scincid lizard, Scincella lateralis, to chemical cues from a plant food favored by herbivorous lizards, its ability to discriminate prey chemicals from control substances, and its relative response to internal and surface prey chemicals were studied experimentally. We presented chemical cues to the lizards on cotton swabs and recorded their tongue-flicks and biting attacks on the swabs. The lizards exhibited significantly greater tongue-flick rates and biting frequencies to prey surface cues than to plant surface chemicals from romaine lettuce, diluted cologne (pungency control), and deionized water. Responses to the plant stimuli did not differ from those to the two control stimuli, in contrast with strong responses to the same plant cues by herbivores. This finding provides the first information suggesting that chemosensory response may be adapted to diet, with responsiveness to plant stimuli evolving de novo in herbivores. Biting and tongue-flicking responses were significantly greater to cricket chemicals than to all other stimuli, among which there were no differences. Thus, the lizards are capable of prey chemical discrimination, which may be ubiquitous among actively foraging lizards. The lizards exhibited more frequent biting and higher tongue-flick rates to internal than surface prey chemicals. Although different methods of stimulus preparation are appropriate for different purposes, we conclude that prey surface chemicals available to foraging lizards are most desirable for studies bearing on location and identification of prey.     

Plant Volatiles Mediate Host-Finding Behavior of the Apple Leafcurling Midge

The behavioral responses of apple leafcurling midge,Dasineura mali Kieffer, mated females to foliage from host and nonhost trees were investigated in a wind tunnel. When released downwind of apple or pear foliage, females exposed to apple were more likely to exhibit upwind flight and to approach and land on foliage. On apple foliage, landings were concentrated on buds and immature leaves. Probability of taking flight and latency to flight did not differ for females exposed to apple and pear. When foliage was placed behind screens to obscure plant visual stimuli, females again distinguished between apple and pear, with more of the females exposed to apple odors flying upwind and landing. Females exposed to pear odors were more likely to fly upwind, approach, and land than females exposed to clean air. Odors from immature apple foliage triggered orientation responses in a larger percentage of females than odors from mature apple foliage. A dichloromethane extract of immature apple foliage also triggered orientation responses.     

绿色环保意识的趋向

随着消费者环保意识的提高,人们除了认清绿色环保能对社会和全世界起到巨大的促进作用,还认为绿色环保能够直接、积极地反映其社会地位,在某种程度上反映出消费者自己的绿色环保意识。介绍了消费者对"绿色化"的认识,对"绿色产品"的期望以及生产厂家对"绿色原料"的认证和对"可持续发展"所做的贡献。     

5种新型杀菌剂对4种鱼的急性毒性及安全性评价

为评价5种新型杀菌剂的环境安全性,采用半静态法测定了其对4种鱼的急性毒性。结果表明,氟醚菌酰胺对斑马鱼、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)均大于100 mg/L,对青鳉的LC_(50)(96 h)为35.25 mg/L,其急性毒性均为低毒;氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼、青鳉、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为1.49、0.56、0.35、1.04 mg/L,其对斑马鱼和凤尾鲫急性毒性为中毒,对青鳉和稀有鮈鲫为高毒;苯噻菌胺对斑马鱼、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)均大于100 mg/L,对青锵的LC_(50)(96 h)为88.23mg/L,其急性毒性均为低毒;嘧菌酯对斑马鱼、青鳉、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为106.80、0.44、85.96、4.61 mg/L,其对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫急性毒性为低毒,对青鳉急性毒性为高毒,对凤尾鲫为中毒;醚菌酯对斑马鱼、青鳝、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为0.77、0.66、0.51、0.81 mg/L,其对4种鱼急性毒性均为高毒。明确这些药剂的环境安全性对指导其科学使用,保护环境生物均有较大意义。     

Impact of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment on energy consumption during drying,grinding, and pelletization of corn stover

Pretreatment and densification of biomass can increase the viability of bioenergy production by providing a feedstock that is readily hydrolyzed and able to be transported over greater distances. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX?) is one such method targeted for use at distributed depots to create a value-added and densified feedstock for bioenergy use. However, the pretreatment process results in a high-moisture material that must be dried, further size reduced, and pelletized, all of which are energy-intensive processes. This work quantifies the energy consumption required to dry, grind, and densify AFEX-pretreated corn stover compared to non-pretreated stover and explores the potential of reduced drying as a means to conserve energy. The purpose of this work is to understand whether material property changes resulting from AFEX pretreatment influence the material performance in downstream formatting operations. Material properties, heat balance equations, and a rotary drum dryer model were used to model a commercial-scale rotary drum dryer for AFEX-pretreated corn stover, showing the potential to reduce dryer energy consumption by up to 36% compared to non-pretreated corn stover. Laboratory-measured grinding and pelleting energies were both very sensitive to material moisture content. Overall, the total energy required for drying, grinding, and pelleting amounts to a savings of up to 23 kWh/dry Mg for the AFEX-pretreated material when dried to a low moisture content, equating to up to 0.61 $/Mg savings for gas and electricity. Grinding and pelleting of high-moisture AFEX-pretreated stover was shown to be more costlier than the savings collected through reduced drying. Although the energy and cost savings shown here are modest, the results help to highlight operational challenges and opportunities for continued improvement.     

Long-term residual value of North Carolina and Queensland rock phosphates compared with triple superphosphate

The effectiveness of large single applications of North Carolina reactive rock phosphate, Queensland non-reactive rock phosphate, and Calciphos, were compared to the effectiveness of superphosphate in field experiments in south-western Australia for up to 11 years after application. As measured using plant yield, superphosphate was the most effective fertilizer in the year of application, and relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of the superphosphate residues declined to be about 15 to 65% as effective in the year after application, and 5 to 20% as effective 9 to 10 years after application. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, all the rock phosphates were 10 to 30% as effective in the year of application, and the residues remained 2 to 20% as effective in the 10 years after application. The bicarbonate soil test reagent predicted a more gradual decrease in effectiveness of superphosphate of up to 70% 10 years after application. For rock phosphate, the reagent predicted effectiveness to be always lower than for superphosphate, being initially 2 to 11% as effective in the year after application, and from 10% to equally as effective 10 years later. Therefore rock phosphates are unlikely to be economic alternatives to superphosphate in the short or long term on most lateritic soils in south-western Australia.