基于红外激光干涉仪的非球面面形测试技术研究

本文提出了一种基于红外激光干涉仪检测非球面面形的新方法,分为3个步骤:首先,利用红外激光干涉仪测量分析出非球面与标准球面之间的波像差;然后,根据非球面方程得出非球面与标准球面之间波像差的理论值;最后通过计算得出非球面的面形偏差。为验证这一方法的正确性和可靠性,采用ZYGO可见光干涉仪,使用补偿镜法测量了同一块抛物面反射镜的面形误差。结果表明,两种测量方法结果吻合。本新方法方便快捷,具有较强的通用性,可以用于非球面在加工过程中的面形测试。     

基于激光轮廓仪的非接触式钢轨廓形检测系统

传统钢轨廓形几何尺寸测量多以手工测量为主,基于激光轮廓仪的高精度廓形检测系统的应用可解决手工测量效率低、误差大的问题。新补充利用中值滤波法对激光轮廓仪采集到的廓形数据进行预处理;通过坐标平移和坐标旋转将坐标系归一化;然后通过二次拟合选择合适的特征点对廓形拼接匹配。经现场测试,钢轨廓形尺寸的重复测量误差小于0.1 mm,绝对测量精度最高可达0.014 mm,满足国家标准对钢轨廓形检测精度的需要,说明该方法有效提高了钢轨的检测效率。     

非球面面形测量技术

非球面技术广泛使用于相机、手机、DVD、通信、天文、军事系统等诸多领域中,非球面镜头具有成像质量高、体积小、重量轻的特点。在非球面技术中,非常关键的一项就是非球面面形的测量。最早用于非球面测量的是接触探针法,经过长期的发展,其测量技术已日臻成熟,但难以兼顾高精度和高效率的要求。非接触式测量方法虽然也发展了近40年,先后出现了许多不同的测量方案,但依然存在难以实现高精度、高效率的问题。随着非球面制造技术的不断进步,人们对快速高效、高精度的非球面测量技术的需求日益迫切。根据不同的测量原理对各种测量技术进行了介绍和比较,指出其优缺点,进而对未来的非球面面形测量技术发展方向进行了预测。     

用于检测三次位相板的新型零位补偿器的设计

三次位相的波前编码位相板是一种非旋转对称光学元件。对于其面形及整个元件的检测,虽然目前通用的方式还是采用轮廓仪的接触式测量,但采用非接触式的干涉测量,具有快速、简洁、可避免待测元件的面形不受损伤等优点。非接触式的测量方法,可以采用计算全息图进行零位补偿,但计算全息图的制作价格相对较高。我们根据三次位相波前编码板的面形特点,得到一种新型的零位补偿方式,并给出了设计实例,并进行了实验验证,该补偿器全部由球面镜组成,易于加工,且成本较低。     

提高轮廓仪对大曲率半径表面形貌测量精度的研究

结合超精密制造技术,讨论了轮廓仪测量大曲率半径表面形貌存在的精度缺陷。提出了利用NIKONAutocollimator 6D自准直仪辅助Form Talysurf PGI 1250A以提高轮廓仪测量精度的改进方法。当自准直仪的光轴与样品顶点的法线共轴时,旋转样品其顶点的法线方向不变,因此自准直仪的反射像位置也不会变,并且自准直仪有很高的精度,从而可将其用于寻找顶点。基于相关参数对提高轮廓仪测量精度进行了理论计算和Zemax模拟。搭建实验装置对不同曲率半径的样品进行测量,与改进前实验结果进行对比,证明了轮廓仪测量精度提高到原来的2～4倍,适用于测量大曲率半径表面形貌,验证了改进方法的合理性和有效性。     

猫眼波前定位虚实结合干涉非球面参数误差测量 (特邀)

非球面广泛应用于光学系统中。表征非球面的基本参数包括顶点曲率半径、圆锥系数以及高阶非球面系数,它们贯穿了非球面的设计、制造、检测、装调过程。对非球面参数的高精度测量是加工和装调的前提。提出了一种基于虚实结合干涉仪的部分补偿非球面参数误差测量系统。在该系统中,采用部分补偿干涉法测量剩余波前,复用干涉仪利用轴向扫描透镜的猫眼波前定位法测量补偿镜与被测镜之间的间距,采用虚实结合迭代算法进行参数误差求解。该系统仅需在部分补偿干涉光路中引入会聚透镜,装调简单,测量精度高。通过一个四次非球面参数误差测量实验验证了该方法的有效性和精度。     

非球面Null Lens补偿检测中采用激光跟踪仪测量几何参数方法研究

随着非球面反射镜口径和顶点曲率半径的增大,传统的非球面几何参数测量不能满足要求。为实现非球面几何参数的高精度测量,针对广泛应用的补偿器检测非球面光路,开展了几何参数分析和测量方法研究。将二次常数和顶点曲率半径的理论近似误差关系与Zemax仿真进行对比验证,确定了测量需求及数据复核方法;阐述了采用激光跟踪仪测量几何参数的基本原理,说明了特征转换过程及建模、数据处理方法。测量实验结果表明,对2 m量级的测量光路,顶点曲率半径的重复性测量精度±0.039 mm,二次常数的重复性精度±2.05×10-5,离轴量的重复性精度±0.055 mm。说明采用该方法能够有效实现非球面参数的测量,并具有很高的重复性测量精度,适合大口径、长曲率半径非球面的几何参数测量。该方法绝对检测精度需要进一步分析。     

一种超精密非球面在位测量方法

高面形精度非球面加工,离不开面形测量和误差补偿加工。离线测量容易导致工件装夹误差,并带来非加工时间增加。为解决这一问题,采用一种利用接触式的微小测头与激光干涉位移测量计相结合的在位形状测量装置,直接对磨削后的工件表面进行在位形状误差测量。介绍了该在位测量方法的原理及非球面测量过程,探讨了回转对称轴在半径方向的误差与测头倾角误差对测量误差的影响,并进行了补偿加工实验。对加工后的微小非球面进行了在位测量,并与超精密离线测量系统测量结果进行了比较。     

部分补偿数字莫尔移相干涉的回程误差消除

为了实现非球面面形误差的高精度测量,研究了基于部分补偿原理的数字莫尔移相干涉技术中回程误差的消除方法。通过建立实际干涉仪和建模理想干涉仪,并运用数字莫尔移相干涉技术,获得实际干涉仪像面与被测非球面面形误差相关的波前;分析了该测量系统的误差,提出采用逆向优化法消除大面形误差时的回程误差实现被测非球面的面形误差检测。实验结果表明:与轮廓仪结果比对,面形误差较小时二分之一法重构面形误差,峰谷值和均方根值分别优于/20,面形误差较大时运用逆向优化法消除回程误差,重构的非球面面形误差峰谷值和均方根值偏差均优于/5。基于逆向优化法的部分补偿数字莫尔移相干涉非球面检测,有效消除了大面形误差时的回程误差,可实现高精度的面形误差重构检测。     

异形口径离轴非球面光学加工与测试技术

针对离轴非球面制造的难点,研究分析了碳化硅非球面尤其是异形离轴非球面加工和检测的各项关键技术。首先利用加工中心DMG 对离轴非球面进行了铣磨和表面成形,然后运用实验室自行研制的非球面加工中心FSGJ-2 对离轴非球面进行了研磨和抛光,最后利用离子束对其进行了精抛光,并分别利用三坐标测量仪和激光跟踪仪对非球面进行面形轮廓测定和光学参数及几何量的精确控制。结合工程实践对一口径为600 mm270 mm 的类八角形离轴碳化硅非球面反射镜进行了超精加工与检测,并专门设计研制了光学补偿检测装置,对其进行了零位补偿干涉测量,其最终面形PV值为0.219 ,RMS 值为0.018 。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks