Survey of integrated‐circuit‐oscillator phase‐noise analysis

This tutorial distills the salient phase‐noise analysis concepts and key equations developed over the last 75 years relevant to integrated circuit oscillators. Oscillator phase and amplitude fluctuations have been studied since at least 1938 when Berstein solved the Fokker–Planck equations for the phase/amplitude distributions of a resonant oscillator. The principal contribution of this work is the organized, unified presentation of eclectic phase‐noise analysis techniques, facilitating their application to integrated circuit oscillator design. Furthermore, we demonstrate that all these methods boil down to obtaining three things: (1) noise modulation function; (2) noise transfer function; and (3) current‐controlled oscillator gain. For each method, this paper provides a short background explanation of the technique, a step‐by‐step procedure of how to apply the method to hand calculation/computer simulation, and a worked example to demonstrate how to analyze a practical oscillator circuit with that method. This survey article chiefly deals with phase‐noise analysis methods, so to restrict its scope, we limit our discussion to the following: (1) analyzing integrated circuit metal–oxide–semiconductor/bipolar junction transistor‐based LC, delay, and ring oscillator topologies; (2) considering a few oscillator harmonics in our analysis; (3) analyzing thermal/flicker intrinsic device‐noise sources rather than environmental/parametric noise/wander; (4) providing mainly qualitative amplitude‐noise discussions; and (5) omitting measurement methods/phase‐noise reduction techniques. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mixed‐mode analysis of the sensitivity of a radiofrequency oscillator disturbed by parasitic signals

The first step of this work is to study the susceptibility of a radiofrequency oscillator to deterministic disturbance sources. A Colpitts oscillator, working around a 4 GHz frequency, contains a heterojunction bipolar transistor with a silicon–germanium base as an active device. A mixed‐mode analysis is involved, applying a microscopic drift diffusion model to the device, whereas the rest of the circuit used is governed by Kirchhoff's laws. We assume that this tool is very relevant to grasp the influence of intrinsic or extrinsic noisy sources of the oscillator. Our first simulation raw results motivate us to discuss, and perhaps extend, via some analytical models, the so‐called impulse sensitivity function model. In this paper, we try to develop quantitative predictions about the phase noise of such oscillators, and to give some new tracks on this field. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

实验室导叶数字控制装置

本文介绍了用于水力机械传动模试验的导叶数字控制装置，它由步进电机，步进电机控制器，步液马达，液压柜等组成。文中详细介绍了数字电路中的脉冲分配器，环形多谐振荡器的工作原理。该装置能方便地实现导叶的两段直线关闭规律，并能灵活地调节两段直线关闭规律的关闭速度和关闭时间，为在实验室研究导叶的最佳关闭规律提供了一个有效的试验手段。     

基于混沌理论的蓄电池内阻检测的研究

研究了一种运用混沌振子来检测蓄电池内阻的方法。运用混沌振子检测系统对初始值敏感,而对噪声具有很强抑制作用的原理,结合交流法测量蓄电池内阻的原理,实现蓄电池内阻在线检测,可以忽略抗干扰电路的设计,简化测量电路。实验证明了利用本系统进行蓄电池检测是可行的。     

一种单片高稳振荡器芯片设计

针对传统Pierce振荡器改进了振荡器的起振电路结构,采用负阻起振理论基于0.35μm CMOS工艺设计了一种单片高稳振荡器芯片。芯片主要包含起振电路、缓冲器电路、驱动电路、使能电路及分频器电路,输出频率范围为4 MHz^30 MHz可调,应用cohesion及Hspice软件完成了电路设计与仿真,使用Cadence软件进行了芯片的版图设计,LVS验证后完成了芯片的后仿真工作,仿真结果表明在设定的6种晶体参数下,电路在800μs时完成了起振且在tt、ff、ss 3种模式下输出平稳,该芯片能适用于无线收发信机中。     

QMEMS晶振的MEMS器件真空度测量方法研究

QMEMS晶振是一种采用MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical system)加工技术充分发挥石英(Quartz)晶体材质特性制造出的高性能、高集成度的新型石英晶振。利用QMEMS晶振体积小、性能稳定的特点,提出将QMEMS晶振作为传感器内置于MEMS器件管壳内部,对MEMS器件腔体内部真空度进行实时监测的方法。在对石英晶振测量真空原理进行分析的基础上,研究了QMEMS晶振的结构和管壳开口方法,设计了一套基于QMEMS晶振气压传感器的真空度测量系统,实现了对真空度的测量,并对系统进行了标定。试验表明,该真空计可实现1~30kPa压强范围的测量,测量精度约为5%,能满足MEMS器件实时真空度测量要求。     

Suppression of overtone oscillation and low‐current operation using novel‐design scheme for quartz crystal oscillators

A novel design is proposed for a low‐frequency quartz crystal oscillator circuit. Negative resistance in a low‐frequency CMOS‐inverter quartz oscillator was reviewed for the fundamental mode at 32 kHz and the overtone oscillation at 200 kHz. Suppression of the overtone oscillation, appropriate gain, and drive current reduction are realized by adding only three circuit components. Experimental results and an estimate of the absolute value of the negative resistance are presented for the conventional Colpitts circuit and two types of the quartz crystal oscillator circuit. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

单相有源逆变蓄电池放电装置主电路元器件参数设计

提出了采用双级变换电路的方法,研制出一种新型的单相有源逆变蓄电池回馈放电装置。主要介绍了直流变换电路主电路参数的设计方法,对从事蓄电池放电技术研究的工程技术人员具有较高的参考价值。     

Cascode结构微波混沌振荡器的设计

提出了一种应用于宽带混沌信号发生器的Cascode结构微波混沌振荡器。利用微波晶体管BFG520对混沌振荡电路进行了设计和验证,通过在振荡电路与输出端口之间增加射极跟随器实现输出隔离并降低负载牵引的影响。基于晶体管Gummel Poon模型对电路进行了PSpice仿真,结果证明新结构在很宽的参数变化范围内具有混沌特性。数值计算和实验测试结果表明：相比经典Colpitts混沌振荡器,新结构的李亚谱诺夫指数的维度提升了20%,达到2.5;测试频谱的基本频率提升了33%,达到1.41 GHz。     

电子式互感器合并单元同步时钟模块的设计

利用全球定位系统（Global Positioning System,GPS）时钟信号和晶振时钟信号精度互补的特点,提出了一种利用GPS时钟同步晶振时钟的新方法。采用除法电路和余数分摊的策略进行误差校正,使采样脉冲均匀准确,进一步减小各合并单元提供的采样脉冲之间的同步误差,同时在GPS时钟丢失时能减小积累误差,保持更长时间的同步。软件仿真和硬件实验均证明此方法的有效性。     

Chaotic oscillator configuration using a frequency dependent negative resistor

A chaotic oscillator configuration employing a frequency‐dependent negative resistor (FDNR) as the only active element is proposed. The configuration relies on a simple two‐terminal passive device; namely a general purpose signal diode, to provide the necessary non‐linearity. The structure requires no floating elements and is independent of any circuit specific realization of the FDNR. Experimental results, PSpice simulations and numerical simulations of the derived mathematical models are included. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical forecasting algorithm on circuit level gain transformation due to negative bias temperature instability for the microwave frequency spectrum

Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) is a critical reliability issue for CMOS technology, as this directly impacts the CMOS circuit performance parameters causing system failure. Moreover, NBTI behavior for radio frequency (RF) signals needs more understanding. On the device level, there has been much research on the relation between NBTI and RF. Many of those works contradict each other on the question of RF dependency with NBTI. Hence, the behavior of NBTI must be analyzed at the circuit level using a prediction technique. In this article, we analyzed the circuit level impact of NBTI for microwave frequency and developed a gain transformation technique for RF circuits in the microwave frequency range. To do this, we employed a 65 nm conventional ring oscillator as an RF block and carried out an aging simulation on it. A compatibility analysis was performed on low and high bandwidth microwave signals. The implemented statistical technique can determine the actual operable frequency range, so that the RF circuit can perform with minimal NBTI effect.     

Solid-State Proportional Temperature Controller

A new proportional temperature control circuit that uses a unique thermistor oscillator as the temperature sensing element is discussed. A series connected positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor form an electrothermal relaxation oscillator. The environmental temperatures which the thermistors experience determine the amplitude and frequency of the oscillator. Coupling the oscillator with a thyristor and using the temperature dependence of the oscillator, proportional temperature control can be achieved.     

车载雷达用恒温石英晶体振荡器设计

根据车载雷达的需要，利用AT切石英晶体谐振器从主振电路、辐度放大电路、波形变换电路、自动增益电路和压控电路等诸多因素综合考虑，设计了车载雷达用的小型单层恒温高稳晶振，具有良好的老化特性和高可靠性。     

Four‐segment oscillator circuit for piezoelectric sensing devices

Novel circuit design is proposed for a low‐frequency quartz crystal oscillator circuit that consists of four segments. The characteristics of the negative resistance in a low‐frequency Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)‐inverter quartz oscillator were reviewed for the two modes of SC (stress‐compensated) cut mode and the overtone of low‐frequency mode; separation of two modes and suppression of overtone oscillation were demonstrated successfully. Experimental results and an estimate of the absolute value of the negative resistance are presented for the four‐segment oscillator circuit and the conventional Colpitts circuit and two new types of oscillator circuits. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

First harmonic analysis: a circuit theory point of view

The first harmonic method is usually applied to nonlinear system analysis, being particularly adequate for the study of oscillations. As shown in this paper, oscillators analysis can be performed by using only basic concepts of circuit theory. The nonlinearities present in the oscillator electric circuits are approximated, via the first harmonic method, by resistance or source-controlled equivalent circuit elements, and the resulting linear circuits are entirely analyzed via conventional circuit theory. As a result, the analysis of electric oscillators and the first harmonic method are introduced in a comprehensible electric circuit context     

Three-port oscillator design with PUFF

The principle of a very simple microwave oscillator circuit is explained using h-parameters with a first order MOSFET transistor model. A design procedure for the realization of this oscillator in microstrip (Euroboard, f=750 MHz) is presented in a step by step approach using the Caltech simulation and layout program PUFF     

A highly sensitive thermosensing CMOS Circuit Based on self-biasing circuit technique

A thermosensing CMOS circuit that changes its internal voltage steeply at a critical temperature was developed. The circuit is based on a self-biasing circuit technique and uses the temperature-sensitive characteristics of MOSFETs operating in the subthreshold region. To develop this sensor device, a method to analyze self-biasing circuits, which is different from a conventional one, was employed. This method is useful for understanding the self-biasing circuit operation. A temperature sensor device makes use of a MOSFET resistor's transition from a strong inversion to a weak-inversion or subthreshold operation. The temperature at which the transition occurs can be set to a desired value by adjusting the parameters of MOSFETs in the circuit. The sensor LSI can be made using a standard CMOS process and can be used as over-temperature and over-current protectors for LSI circuits. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

用于旋转变压器的新型正弦波振荡源技术研究

精密伺服系统中需要高精度、大驱动能力的正弦波振荡源为大负载旋转变压器提供激磁信号,为了满足精密伺服系统对于高精度振荡源的设计需求,基于可编程振荡器AD2S99实现了一种新型的适用于旋转变压器的正弦波振荡源,主要介绍了硬件电路的工作原理,对电路进行了PSPICE仿真和实际编码系统测试。测试结果证明,该设计满足大负载旋转变压器的驱动要求,可用于代替价格昂贵、供货周期长的国外专用振荡源芯片;且成本低、电路结构简单、实用性强。     

Truly random number generators based on non‐autonomous continuous‐time chaos

A novel non‐autonomous continuous‐time chaotic oscillator suitable for high‐frequency integrated circuit realization is presented. Simulation and experimental results, verifying the circuit feasibility, are given. Two methods for using this oscillator as the core of a random number generator are also proposed. Numerical binary data obtained according to the proposed methods pass the four basic tests of FIPS‐140‐2, while experimental data pass the full NIST‐800‐22 random number test suite. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.