不锈钢外板对 2219 铝合金拼焊板胀形性能的影响

目的现有2219铝合金板材宽度不能满足大型复杂曲面件整体流体高压成形需要,仍需采用焊接方法制备成形坯料,焊缝的存在导致铝合金拼焊板整体性能不均匀,影响成形性能及壁厚分布。方法提出2219铝合金拼焊板的双层板流体高压成形方法,采用1.8 mm厚铝合金拼焊板作为内层板,1mm厚不锈钢板作为外层板,进行双层板胀形实验研究。对比分析了单层板与双层板条件下2219铝合金拼焊板的成形极限、应变及壁厚分布。结果外层板的存在能够使板材的极限成形高度和极限应变增加,同时使壁厚分布更加均匀。结论双层板之间存在界面摩擦,可以提高内层拼焊板的成形极限、改善壁厚分布。     

复杂曲面件多向加载液压成形技术

为了满足航天、航空、汽车等领域对深腔复杂曲面板材零件的迫切需求,研发了多向加载液压成形新技术。介绍了该技术原理、变形规律和典型成形件,分析了多向加载液压成形液压加载方式对变形均匀性、起皱行为、成形极限和应力变化的影响规律。研究表明,该技术在提高成形极限和成形精度,改善壁厚分布和变形均匀性,减少成形道次等方面,具有十分广阔的应用潜力。     

方盒件拉深法兰区不均匀流动的模拟分析

盒形件及一些复杂形状的零件在拉深成形时,由于其形状的非轴对称性,变形沿变形区的周边分布是不均匀的,往往会造成各种形式的缺陷.利用开发的动力显式弹塑性有限元程序FEMStamping模拟了NUMISHEET'93国际会议的标准考题之一方盒形件的拉深成形过程,分析了摩擦系数、压边力和凹模圆角半径等工艺参数及毛坯形状与尺寸对法兰变形区材料不均匀流动的影响规律,给出了改善方盒形件成形质量的一些工艺措施.     

变形程度对曲面扁壳类汽车覆盖件刚度的影响研究

为进一步研究变形程度对曲面扁壳类覆盖件刚度的影响规律,并为提高和改善汽车覆盖件的刚度提供理论依据,建立了能够代表汽车覆盖件曲面特点的柱面扁壳、双曲扁壳件和球面扁壳试验模型.通过分析零件胀拉成形过程特点,得出零件变形程度与成形件特征之间的关系:板厚及成形件的回弹对刚度的影响较为显著,板厚越大、回弹越小,板材的刚度越好;由胀拉成形深度增加而引起的回弹量减少及变形程度增加而导致的试件成形均匀性的提高对刚度提高的贡献大于厚度减薄的影响.     

5A06 铝合金板材超塑气胀成形数值模拟

目的改善5A06铝合金板材超塑性气胀成形件壁厚分布。方法采用MARC有限元分析方法,对商业供货态5A06-O铝合金板材(原始厚度为2 mm)的超塑性成形进行数值模拟分析。结果优化后的反吹预减薄变形,使杯形件最终壁厚分布大大改善,最薄处壁厚从单纯正吹胀形时的0.65 mm提高到了0.94 mm,壁厚均匀性指数达到0.079。结论合理的反胀形模具可以增加最小壁厚,达到提高壁厚均匀性的目的。     

工艺参数对薄壁件多道次旋压变形均匀性的影响

目的研究成形工艺参数对薄壁件多道次旋压变形均匀性的影响。方法采用试验的方法,研究了双轮数控旋压成形铝合金薄壁件过程中,旋压间隙δ、进给率f和旋轮圆角半径R等关键工艺参数,对制件表面质量和壁厚均匀性的影响。结果 3个工艺参数都对制件表面质量和壁厚均匀性有影响。结论减小旋压间隙δ、采用较大的主轴转速S和较小的进给率f可提高零件的表面质量和尺寸精度。改善零件壁厚分布的均匀化程度,适当提高旋轮圆角半径R,也能使变形的均匀化程度提高。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的蠕变时效行为研究

目的 研究2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的蠕变变形行为、力学性能及其微观组织演变规律,探明焊接态铝合金材料的蠕变变形与强化机制,为超大型高筋薄壁构件板坯搅拌摩擦拼焊+蠕变时效形性一体化制造提供理论与技术支撑。方法 通过蠕变时效实验和室温性能测试,研究了有焊缝和无焊缝材料的蠕变时效行为与力学性能演变,结合应力指数、激活能计算和透射电镜表征,分析了焊缝对2219铝合金蠕变时效特性的影响。结果 与母材相比,有焊缝铝合金整体蠕变量更低,但前期短时蠕变速率高而后期长时变形速率低,变形机制由母材的扩散蠕变转为位错攀移;有焊缝材料蠕变时效后抗拉强度增加量相对更少,屈服强度增加量基本相同,表现为加工硬化能力降低。同时,焊核区晶粒细小、晶内析出大量弥散的GPⅡ区、θʹʹ和θʹ相,且晶界附近出现无沉淀析出带,热影响区和热机影响区析出相长大,但热机影响区析出相开始出现粗化。结论 在蠕变时效过程中,搅拌摩擦焊后的2219铝合金复杂的微观组织演变会提高材料的蠕变变形和强度提升敏感性,上述发现为优化搅拌摩擦焊与蠕变时效成形工艺参数匹配提供了基础。     

深冷变形对2219铝合金环件晶粒组织及性能的影响

针对2219铝合金环件在传统高温变形工艺过程中存在的晶粒组织粗大问题,本研究提出一种环件深冷变形新工艺。借助金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、拉伸测试等分析手段研究了深冷变形及传统高温变形工艺对2219铝合金环件晶粒组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:深冷变形以高密度位错形式累积大量存储能,有助于在后续固溶及轧制过程中通过再结晶细化晶粒。晶粒的细化使得应力在合金内部的分布更均匀,裂纹扩展路径也更加曲折,沿晶断裂成为其主要断裂机制。相比480℃高温变形工艺,样品在液氮条件下进行深冷变形并结合热处理,可明显提升其综合力学性能,其抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率平均提高了20 MPa、22 MPa、3.0%,同时各向异性也明显降低。     

喷砂强化对铝合金薄壁框架件形状的影响及应用

铝合金薄壁框架件铣削加工后会有不同程度的变形,表面喷砂强化既可以提高构件的机械性能,也可以对铣削加工后构件的变形进行矫正,这对构件的变形控制和形状稳定性都具有积极作用.本文针对薄壁件形状特点(壁厚2 mm),分别对构件底部和薄壁进行喷砂处理,并通过X-ray表面应力测试、表面硬度和变形测试,对喷砂后构件的变形状况进行分析.研究发现,改变喷砂粒度、空气压力和表面全喷覆次数,对材料表面应力进行调节,可使铣削加工后构件的变形得以调整,一定条件下,其变形矫直率达85%以上.分析认为,薄壁件形状特点与初始内应力水平使得表面应力在薄壁框架件变形中发挥了主要作用.因而,可以在不同位置采用差异化喷砂工艺,对材料表面应力分布进行针对性调节,使喷砂件的形变达到预期要求,最终通过喷砂表面强化实现对薄壁构件变形的调控.     

毛坯开槽方式中零件加工变形的演变机理与控制方法

广泛用作飞机薄壁整体结构件毛坯的铝合金厚板,在制造过程中出现的塑性变形不均匀性将导致残余应力的产生。高速铣削过程中残余应力的释放将引起飞机薄壁整体结构件的加工变形,这严重影响加工质量。因此,建立了毛坯释放变形后零件铣削的有限元仿真方法,挠度解析法的计算结果和实验测量的数据均验证了有限元仿真值无论是在趋势上还是变形量上均高度吻合。利用有限元方法揭示了开槽方式对毛坯释放变形的影响规律,分析了零件加工变形与毛坯释放变形之间的关系。结果表明:毛坯释放多大变形量,零件就能减小多大的变形量。在建立毛坯释放变形预测模型的基础上,提出了开槽方式的遗传算法优化方法,随机测试集表明神经网络的预测精度高达95%左右,而三框件在最佳开槽方式下能减小34.5%的变形。     

铝合金双曲率薄壁件电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺方案设计与开发

目的 针对铝合金双曲率薄壁件传统拉伸成形工艺成形均匀性差的问题,提出一种采用电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形的高精度成形工艺。方法 设计电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺方案,基于有限元仿真软件LS-DYNA R13.0,建立拉伸成形和电磁成形有限元模型。通过数值仿真研究线圈移动路径和放电电压组合对成形质量的影响以及薄壁件的整体贴模成形过程和等效塑性应变。结果 与单程放电相比,双程放电能够大幅度提高板材变形均匀性。与以中间值电压连续放电以及先大电压后小电压的放电电压组合相比,在先小电压后大电压的放电电压组合下,板材的成形质量更高。选择线圈双程顺序移动路径和7 kV-10 kV放电电压组合,通过10次拉伸和9层54次放电,得到了减薄率仅为3%的贴模性良好的双曲率薄壁件。变形量基本呈现随着放电层数的增加而不断降低的趋势。电磁放电仅扩展更大的塑性应变区域,不改变已贴模区板材的塑性应变值。结论 与拉伸成形相比,电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺有效提高了板材的塑性变形程度并极大控制了回弹的发生。     

考虑夹持影响的铝合金板拉伸模拟及试验

为了优化铝合金预拉伸板拉伸过程中的工艺参数,对7075铝合金板淬火过程进行直接热力耦合数值模拟,在获得淬火残余应力分布规律的基础上开展考虑夹钳制约作用时铝合金拉伸过程数值模拟,研究了不同拉伸率时其残余应力消除效果,得出在夹钳制约作用下铝合金板材拉伸后变形3个区域--夹持区、过渡区和均匀区.采用盲孔法对夹持作用下铝合金板...     

Formability of AA 2219-O sheet under quasi-static,electromagnetic dynamic,and mechanical dynamic tensile loadings

The mechanism by which electromagnetic forming(EMF)enhances the formability of metals is unclear owing to the coupling effect of multi-physics fields.In the present work,the associated formability improvement mechanisms were qualitatively categorized and illustrated.This was realized by com-paring the formability of fully annealed 2219 aluminum alloy(AA 2219-O)sheet under quasi-static(QS),electromagnetic dynamic(EM),and mechanical dynamic(MD)tensile loadings.It was found that the forming limit of AA 2219-O sheet under EM tensile loading was significantly(45.4％)higher than that under QS tensile loading,and was marginally(3.7％-4.3％)higher than that under MD tensile loading.In addition,the forming limit of AA 2219-O sheet demonstrated a negative dependency on the strain rate within the range of the dynamic tensile tests conducted.The deformation conditions common to EM and MD tensile loadings were responsible for the significant formability improvement compared with QS tensile loading.In particular,the inertial effect was dominant.The different deformation conditions that distinguish EM tensile loading from MD tensile loading resulted in the marginal improvement in formability.This was caused by the absence of a sustaining contact force at the later deformation stage and the lower strain rate.The body force exerted little influence on the formability improvement,and the thermal effect under the two dynamic tensile loadings was negligible.     

双曲度蒙皮纵向拉形过程模拟技术研究

目的双曲度蒙皮主要通过可实现曲夹钳的纵向拉形方法成形,通过研究双曲率蒙皮纵拉过程模拟技术,对拉形机夹钳加载轨迹进行优化。方法主要针对蒙皮纵向拉形模拟中,板料在拉形机夹钳中的装夹和夹钳加载轨迹的设计等关键技术问题进行研究,给出了合理的处理方法,建立了相应的模型。结果应用有限元仿真软件进行仿真验证,并通过改变拉伸量和补拉量,对成形模拟结果进行了对比,优化了夹钳轨迹。结论通过拉形加载优化,提高了蒙皮零件贴模度,保证了蒙皮外形精度的要求。     

铝合金汽车顶盖充液成形的数值模拟

目的研究铝合金汽车顶盖拉延工序的充液成形工艺。方法基于有限元分析软件Dynaform,利用带局部刚性凹模整形的被动式充液成形工艺,通过建立有限元分析模型,优化成形过程中的关键工艺参数,分析变形规律并进行质量控制。结果成形过程中的液室压力加载路径、压边力、拉延筋,以及坯料形状等工艺参数对成形影响较大。液室压力不宜过早加载。液室压力过大或压边力过小不利于顶部产生充分塑性变形。压边力过大极易造成顶盖圆角处的破裂。结论该成形工艺可行,且数值模拟的准确性及适用性较高,采用该成形工艺可得到表面质量良好,未出现起皱、破裂缺陷的合格零件。     

Effect of reverse dome stretching on dome height and forming limits of sheet materials

Reverse bending and stretching of sheet materials is often employed in press forming of complex automotive components. In this work, hemispherical dome stretching tests were followed by reverse dome tests on automotive aluminum sheet specimens to assess the influence of the strain and shape on dome height at neck formation and limit strains. The above test scheme offers a means of subjecting the sheet material to reverse bending and stretching and thereby changing its strain path during the process. The results indicate significant improvements in dome height as a function of pre-strain (or initial dome height) compared to the simple dome stretching process. The forming limit strains, on the other hand, are lowered. The reason is attributed to the redistribution of strain (more uniform deformation) through the punch/specimen contact during the reverse bending and stretching process.     

矩形盒拉深变压边力加载规律及预测

目的解决板料拉深过程中出现拉裂、起皱、拉深不充分等缺陷的问题。方法利用专业分析板料成形的软件Dynaform,研究分析了非轴对称件矩形盒,在几种典型的变压边力下的拉深成形性能,获得了成形效果较好的加载模式,进而利用仿真软件Dynaform获取了样本数据。结果建立了矩形盒拉深成形变压边力网络模型并对其学习训练,最后对神经网络预测结果及仿真结果所得到的变压边力加载曲线进行多项式拟合,获取了最佳压边力控制曲线。结论在板料拉深过程中,通过控制压边力的大小,能够较好地发挥材料的流动性,改善制件的最终成形效果。     

Evaluation of springback under the effect of holding force and die radius in a stretch bending test

In this work, we evaluate springback using U-form stretch bending tests. Tests are carried out on aluminum alloy test pieces using an experimental set up made in our laboratory. This apparatus can be mounted on a tensile testing machine and gives the possibility to vary several parameters. We show the role played by certain factors such as die radius of curvature, blank holding force (BHF) and stretching depth. Springback and sliding at extremities are strongly influenced by these technological and geometrical parameters. In this work we also show the gradual decrease of springback with the increase of stretching depth. The radius of curvature of the die can remarkably influence the two stages of springback.     

Analytical modelling for sheet thermoforming of knitted fabric reinforced PMC

Knitted fabrics are known for their excellent stretching and draping properties due to their curved fabric architecture. In recent years knitted fabrics have been used as reinforcement network for polymer sheet thermo-processing. This paper describes a method for evaluating the product height, product profile and strain distribution of a flat polymer matrix sheet, reinforced with knitted fabric, undergoing the sheet thermoforming process. The availability of a knitted fabric reinforced PMC to stretch is proposed to be equal to the least ratio of curved loop length to its projected length. The product profile is then obtained from the availability of the material to stretch and the tool geometry involved. Finally a mapping scheme is proposed to evaluate the severity of deformation in terms of strain distribution. A reasonably good agreement is observed between the model and experimental results. An understanding of the severity of deformation distribution would shed light on the location of highest degree of deformation as well as its magnitude and should therefore assist the product designer in dealing with the thermoforming process of this new material.