冷轧纯钛带分层缺陷分析

利用宏观观察、金相、显微硬度测试等方法,对冷轧纯钛带分层缺陷进行了总结分析。分析结果表明,冷轧纯钛带分层缺陷,是由铸锭真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)过程中形成的中心缩孔缩松、气孔及硬α相缺陷引起的。     

冷轧钛带卷黑点缺陷分析及控制

利用扫描电镜对冷轧钛带卷退火后黑点进行了分析,分析表明:冷轧钛带卷黑点主要是由于,轧制时乳化液中含有固体小颗粒残留在卷材表面压坑处,脱脂时未脱干净退火后形成。针对性制定了控制措施,采用控制措施后冷轧带卷退火后黑点比率显著降低。     

EB锭焊管用TA2冷轧钛带制备技术研究

TA2薄壁钛焊管具有比强度高、耐腐蚀、生产效率高、换热效果好等优点,被广泛应用于核电、化工、海水淡化等领域。本研究采用短流程、低成本电子束冷床熔炼炉EB扁锭制备焊管用TA2冷轧钛带卷,并对其组织性能进行分析。结果表明:采用EB锭制备的TA2冷轧钛带卷横向强度低、伸长率及表面硬度高,可有效避免焊管弯曲成型过程中表面划伤、磨痕等成型缺陷,满足薄壁焊管使用需求。      

S355J2钢板表面裂纹分析

针对南钢中厚板卷厂生产的S355J2钢板表面出现裂纹缺陷,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪进行了分析。结果表明,裂纹具有沿钢板纵向延伸且深度很小的规律性,裂纹产生的原因主要是Nb元素的碳氮化物表面偏聚所致,通过进行微钛处理成分设计并结合优化连铸工艺,可有效改善S355J2钢板表面裂纹问题。     

焊接钛管焊缝开裂原因分析

某焊接钛管在冷轧时于焊缝处开裂,通过化学成分分析、金相检验、断口形貌分析以及能谱分析等方法对其开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于钛管在焊接时存在不规范操作,使得钛管焊缝处混入杂质元素,并与空气中的氧元素发生反应生成氧化物或碳氧化合物;这些化合物成为焊缝中的大颗粒夹杂物,从而导致钛管焊缝在冷轧时局部区域发生开裂。     

TA1无缝管冷轧裂纹分析

通过宏观检查、金相分析、显微硬度测量、扫描电镜观察,分析了TA1无缝管在冷轧过程中出现较严重裂纹的原因。分析表明,在纯钛管裂纹附近区域夹杂的不连续颗粒状的硬α相是导致管材在冷轧过程中开裂的主要原因。     

酸洗-冷轧联合机组闪光焊接头断带原因分析

采用宏观分析、力学性能测试、金相检验和断口分析等手段对某酸洗-冷轧机组闪光焊低碳Stb35L钢薄板接头在冷轧过程中频繁出现断带的原因进行了分析。结果表明:闪光焊接头发生开裂和断带的主要原因是其热轧原料钢板的头尾板形较差,而闪光焊前又未对其进行校平或剪切,从而导致接头局部出现焊缝搭接错边现象;在冷轧过程中,焊缝搭接处产生折叠和缺口裂纹,裂纹不断扩展最终导致断带;另焊缝中存在未挤压干净的链状氧化物是导致接头开裂和断带的另一个原因。     

冷轧镀锌板表面缺陷分析

采用宏、微观检验、扫描电镜观察和能谱分析等方法对冷轧和镀锌钢板表面缺陷进行分析。结果表明：夹层状和短细线状表面缺陷属于夹杂类缺陷,长细线状表面缺陷则源于板坯纵向裂纹。产生表面夹杂和裂纹缺陷的主要原因与钢液质量和连铸坯质量有关。     

医用TC4ELI钛合金板材缺陷分析

某医用TC4ELI钛合金板材在进行低倍检查时发现其存在贯穿的亮带缺陷,通过金相检验、扫描电镜分析、能谱分析和硬度测试,对缺陷种类和形成原因进行了分析。结果表明:该缺陷为富钛+间隙元素偏析缺陷,是由钛合金铸锭生产过程中海绵钛粒度不均匀、中间合金混料分布不均匀导致的;建议通过控制原料和熔炼工艺来减少或消除该缺陷。     

65Mn钢卷断裂分析

65Mn钢卷在冷轧前剥壳时产生断裂。通过化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜和能谱分析对断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：断裂是由于钢卷心部存在硬组织偏析带和较多MnS夹杂所致。     

304不锈钢冷却管束加工缺陷产生原因分析

通过化学成分分析、金相检验和断口分析等方法检测分析了在某一批次加工304不锈钢冷却管束过程中产生缺陷的原因。结果表明:缺陷主要有清理焊缝后出现的凹坑和焊后出现的裂纹两种;由于材料中存在微量氧和锡等有害元素以及分布不均的铜和铈元素,导致在管子焊接过程中,钨极氩弧焊接过程中熔池中产生氧化物熔渣,有的残留在焊缝金属表面被去除后产生凹坑;焊管在弯曲过程中,由于Cu-Sn合金产生铜脆而在钢管的受拉应力的一侧产生局部裂纹。因此,这些缺陷是由此批次不锈钢的纯净度较差引起的。     

Electromagnetic crack detection in ferritic steel

The detection and sizing of fatigue cracks in ferritic materials, especially in offshore structures, is of major importance. This paper describes an eddy current system to detect such cracks, operating in an offshore environment with a search probe to electronic instrument separation of up to 600 m. An analysis of the various factors influencing the search coil behavior is given in terms of a mutually coupled primary and secondary electrical circuit; the component values of which are influenced by the coil design, induced electrical currents in the material, and any defects it contains. It is further shown that, with proper coil parameters, the phase variation in the phase angle of the coil complex impedance can be kept almost constant compared with the rapid variation occurring during lift-off. This behavior can be exploited in the instrumentation to give a clear vector display indication of the crack presence on less than ideal surfaces.     

Influence of sharp microstructural gradients on the fatigue crack growth resistance of α+β and near-α titanium alloys

The present study focuses on the effect of microstructural gradients on the fatigue crack growth resistance of Ti‐6Al‐4V and Ti‐6242 titanium alloys. Sharp microstructural gradients from fine‐grained bimodal to coarse‐grained lamellar microstructures were obtained by heat treating only a portion of fine‐grained plates in the β single‐phase field using a high‐frequency induction coil. For fatigue crack growth from a bimodal into a lamellar microstructure, it was found that the initial crack extension past the microstructural transition within the lamellar microstructure shows the same crack growth resistance as the reference bimodal microstructure. Similarly, for fatigue crack growth from a lamellar into a bimodal microstructure, the initial crack extension past the microstructural transition within the bimodal microstructure shows same crack growth resistance as the reference lamellar microstructure. Based on detailed crack front profile investigations using optical light and scanning electron microscopy as well as heat tinting procedures, these findings can be mainly attributed to the effect of the crack front geometry.     

钛/铝异种合金脉冲激光焊接接头裂纹产生机理

目的 对0.8 mm厚的Ti6Al4V钛合金和2 mm厚的AA6060铝合金薄板进行脉冲激光焊接,分析异种轻合金激光焊接裂纹产生的机理及界面结合机理。方法 采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱以及显微硬度计等微观表征分析方法,对焊接接头的形貌特征、成分以及显微硬度进行分析,探索焊接接头处裂纹产生的原因。结果 钛/铝脉冲激光焊接性较差,接头存在严重的裂纹缺陷,裂纹多集中在焊缝与铝母材交界处以及焊缝中心区域位置,主要以热裂纹为主;接头焊缝可能存在大量的Ti-Al金属间化合物以及少量未熔的钛,其界面层主要成分推测为层状TiAl和外层锯齿状的TiAl3;接头整个焊缝区域的平均显微硬度为HV0.1420,其硬度水平远远高于焊缝两侧铝合金母材,也高出钛合金母材很多。结论 钛铝金属间化合物使钛铝焊接接头焊缝区脆性增大,另外接头焊缝区存在较大的组织应力、热应力、拉压应力、拘束应力等复杂应力,致使焊缝内存在较严重的裂纹缺陷。     

Effects of CTE-induced residual stresses around hard alpha particles on fatigue crack growth in Ti–6Al–4V

The presence of hard alpha (HA) anomalies in titanium alloys represents a significant potential degradation to gas turbine component performance. Although HA defects in titanium alloys are rare, when they are present, they can crack and ultimately result in failure. In static fracture and fatigue test specimens, embedded HA defects had significantly higher fracture strengths than anticipated. The objective of this work was to determine if residual stresses caused by thermal expansion mismatch during material fabrication were the cause of the observed behaviour. The residual stress fields in and around surface and embedded HA particles in Ti–6Al–4V (Ti–6–4) were determined using an elasticity solution and measured coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) data. The calculated stress distributions serve as the foundation for comparisons of the local stress and the fracture strength, the stress intensity factor K and the crack growth threshold ΔK_th, with the experimentally determined fatigue lives. The analytical results indicated that CTE‐induced residual stress around HA particles can contribute to the fatigue strength of Ti–6–4 by delaying microcracking of HA anomalies and reducing the driving force (effective ΔK) of the fatigue crack. Based on the analysis results, the differences between the surface and subsurface results as well as the difference between predicted and measured fatigue lives could be largely attributed to the residual stress effects caused by the mismatch of the particle and matrix properties.     

超细晶纯钛疲劳裂纹的扩展行为

对纯钛进行2道次室温等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)、等径弯曲通道变形加旋锻复合变形(ECAP+RS)并在旋锻后在300℃和400℃退火1 h,制备出4种具有不同组织的超细晶纯钛。对这4种超细晶纯钛进行疲劳裂纹扩展实验并观察分析超细晶纯钛的显微组织和疲劳断口的形貌,研究了裂纹的扩展行为。结果表明：显微组织对超细晶纯钛的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值和近门槛区有显著的影响;超细晶纯钛的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值随着塑性变形量的增大而增大,随着旋锻后退火温度的提高而降低;疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线因超细晶纯钛晶粒尺寸和强度的影响出现转折,转折前ECAP+RS复合变形纯钛的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力比ECAP变形强,且随着退火温度的提高而降低;转折后4种超细晶纯钛的疲劳裂纹扩展速率相差较小,呈现出相反的结果。疲劳裂纹扩展寿命中转折前近门槛区裂纹扩展寿命占绝大部分,因而转折前的门槛值与近门槛区的扩展速率对抗裂纹扩展能力更为重要。     

铸造、锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金损伤容限行为对比研究

目的 研究影响铸造、锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金的损伤容限行为差异的主要因素。方法 分别从裂纹尖端塑性变形行为、二次裂纹及断口表面粗糙度3个方面对比,分析造成3种成形方法制备的TC4钛合金的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展速率差异的原因。结果 铸造TC4钛合金断裂韧性优于锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金,主要是因为新产生的裂纹面积大,消耗更多断裂能量。铸造TC4钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率低于锻造、粉末冶金TC4钛合金,其主要原因为曲折的裂纹路径和断面粗糙度诱发裂纹闭合效应以及长而深的二次裂纹。结论 3种成形方法制备TC4钛合金损伤容限行为差异的主要原因是断裂形成了不同裂纹路径形貌。     

钛合金冶金缺陷实例分析

对在工程实践中遇到的部分钛合金冶金缺陷实例进行了总结分析,并提出了相应的预防解决措施。实例分析结果表明：钛合金冶金缺陷形式主要有硬a缺陷、夹杂物、偏析、孔洞等。这些冶金缺陷主要是在钛合金的真空自耗熔炼过程中形成并遗传下的,且基本上可以通过提高原材料品质和改进熔炼工艺加以控制或消除。     

钛合金Ti6Al4V螺钉断裂原因分析

针对钛合金Ti6Al4V螺钉在装配过程中发生断裂的问题,分别采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、扫描电镜与金相检验的方法,进行了化学成分分析、断口分析、表面形貌观察与显微组织分析。结果表明：螺钉的化学成分符合要求;螺钉先发生脆性开裂,后发生韧性断裂;螺钉的螺纹表面存在麻点、缺口与伤痕等缺陷。螺纹表面的麻点、缺口与伤痕等缺陷是因为螺纹在滚压成形的过程中由于磨具和材料润滑不好,发生了粘连和嵌入而形成的。其中根部表面形成的一处严重伤痕在螺纹受力过程中产生应力集中,形成裂纹源并断裂。     

Inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching of titanium thin films using a Cl2/Ar gas

Inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching of titanium thin films patterned with a photoresist using Cl₂/Ar gas was examined. The etch rates of the titanium thin films increased with increasing the Cl₂ concentration but the etch profiles varied. In addition, the effects of the coil rf power, dc-bias voltage and gas pressure on the etch rate and etch profile were investigated. The etch rate increased with increasing coil rf power, dc-bias voltage and gas pressure. The degree of anisotropy in the etched titanium films improved with increasing coil rf power and dc-bias voltage and decreasing gas pressure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the formation of titanium compounds during etching, indicating that Ti films etching proceeds by a reactive ion etching mechanism.