夹层结构复合材料的吸波隐身技术研究进展

综述目前国内外夹层结构复合材料吸波隐身技术的特点、主要研究方向以及应用情况,包括蜂窝夹层结构和泡沫塑料夹层结构。介绍蜂窝夹层结构的吸波隐身技术的研究进展,指出影响蜂窝夹层结构吸波性能的主要影响因素,包括蜂窝本身的规格尺寸以及浸渍胶液体系等。分析聚氨酯和聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)两种常用的泡沫夹芯吸波复合材料的吸波性能和力学性能,指出具有高力学性能、高耐热性的吸波性PMI泡沫塑料泡沫夹层结构是吸波隐身夹层结构技术未来的主要研究方向。     

结构/隐身一体化宽频聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺吸波泡沫的制备与性能

由于泡沫夹芯型结构复合材料具有轻质、宽频、高效、兼容等优点，是雷达吸波材料的理想选择。新型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫因具有良好的力学性能、热变形温度和化学稳定性，受到高性能夹层结构复合材料领域的广泛关注。为了使聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺（PMI）泡沫具有吸波功能，在制备PMI泡沫的过程中需要加入吸波剂，但是吸波剂通常密度较大、易沉淀。若没有在制备方法中使用防沉淀技术或均匀分散技术，吸波剂在聚合过程中会出现严重沉降，吸波剂难以发挥最大功效，且泡沫原有的力学性能降低严重。因此，文中通过对聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺吸波泡沫制备工艺的改进，系统研究了增黏剂、交联剂及吸波剂含量对泡沫结构与性能的影响，通过二氧化硅增黏工艺，使吸波剂在泡沫中分散均匀，成功制备了力学性能及吸波性能优异的吸波泡沫，高温压缩强度到达0.7 MPa以上，并且可在2～18 GHz实现全频吸收，获得了具有结构/隐身一体化宽频聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺吸波泡沫的制备方法。     

CB/ABS连续导电介质吸波性能研究

通过热压方法制备了炭黑(CB)/ 丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)连续导电介质吸波平板,研究了炭黑含量和厚度对CB/ABS连续导电介质介电常数和吸波效能的影响.结果表明炭黑/ABS连续导电介质的介电常数和介电损耗角正切随炭黑含量的增加而增大;在炭黑含量达到20%(质量分数)时,复合平板的吸收峰值达到最佳,对应于其体积电阻率为105Ω·cm;复合平板的厚度增加有助于改善其吸波性能.修正的Rayleigh混合有效介电常数和广义反射率计算公式计算导电介质吸波性能有很好的实用性.     

结构吸波复合材料透波层的研究

采用弓形法测试反射率,研究透波层的厚度、材质对结构吸波复合材料电磁性能的影响。结果显示,在4~18GHz范围内,厚度对其吸波性能具有显著影响,厚度分别为0.25、0.50和1.25mm的透波层,其结构吸波复合材料的最大吸收峰分别为-37.03,-33.45和-33.22dB;随厚度的增加,吸收峰的位置随向低频段显著漂移,-10dB的有效吸收带宽也显著变窄,分别为11.5,11和6.5GHz;与厚度相比,材质对结构吸波复合材料电磁性能影响较小。     

蜂窝状三维整体机织结构型吸波复合材料的设计、制备与性能

为了解决蜂窝夹层结构材料的开裂和分层问题,以玄武岩纤维长丝纱和碳纤维长丝纱为原料,在普通织机上,经合理设计,织造了顶层为透波层、中间层为吸波层和底面为反射层的蜂窝状三维整体机织结构型吸波织物;其次,以蜂窝状三维整体机织结构型吸波织物为增强体,双酚A型环氧树脂为基体,羰基铁粉(CIP)和炭黑(CB)为吸波剂,采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)成型工艺,制备了不同结构参数的蜂窝状三维整体机织结构型吸波复合材料;最后,采用矢量网络分析仪和万能试验机分别对蜂窝状三维整体机织结构型吸波复合材料的吸波性能和力学性能进行研究。研究表明,其有良好的整体性能,兼具吸波和承载能力。     

碳/氧化铝/二氧化硅涂层的介电和吸波性能研究

研究了炭黑或碳纤维填充氧化铝/二氧化硅吸波涂层在X波段范围的介电和吸波性能. 结果表明: 吸波涂层的复介电常数随着炭黑或碳纤维含量的增加而增大. 当吸收剂含量相同时, 填充碳纤维的吸波涂层比填充炭黑的吸波涂层具有更大的复介电常数. 当吸收剂含量大于5wt%时, 吸波涂层的介电常数在低频急剧增加, 且随频率增大而减少, 出现频散效应. 反射率测试结果表明: 吸波涂层的最大吸收峰随涂层厚度的增大向低频移动, 当涂层中炭黑含量为2wt%、厚度为1.8 mm时, 吸波涂层在9.2~12.4 GHz范围内反射率小于-10 dB, 具有较好的吸波效果.     

空心粉煤灰对铁氧体-炭黑/水泥基复合材料吸波性能的影响

通过改变空心粉煤灰微珠、铁氧体、炭黑的配比,分析了影响混凝土电磁吸收效能的主要因素,并探讨了空心粉煤灰微珠、铁氧体和炭黑的加入对水泥基复合材料电磁吸收性能的影响机制。结果表明:8~18GHz频率范围内,空心粉煤灰微珠是影响水泥基复合材料吸波性能的最主要因素,最佳水平组合为20wt%铁氧体、20wt%粉煤灰、10vol%炭黑,-10dB吸收带宽可达10GHz且明显优于无粉煤灰样品,其机制在于空心粉煤灰微珠的掺入同时改善了材料表面透射性能和介电损耗。     

磁性吸收剂掺杂半导体颗粒的吸波性能分析

为有效提高吸波材料的吸波性能,本文研究了铁氧体掺杂半导体颗粒的吸波性能。利用等效电磁参数模型,在保证阻抗匹配的基础上,确定了添加半导体颗粒的体积分数和最优电导率。通过计算材料的反射率、阻抗匹配特性和衰减系数,结果表明,利用介电常数较小的半导体颗粒掺杂磁介质型铁氧体微波吸收剂,能够降低材料复介电常数的实部并且提高虚部,可以很好地改善吸波材料对电磁波的衰减能力,并且在提高吸波性能的同时,保持材料对于空气较好的阻抗匹配特性。     

加载高介电薄层的宽带频率选择表面吸波材料设计与制备研究

设计仿真并实验验证了一种加载高介电薄层的宽带频率选择表面吸波材料,该吸波材料由FR4介质板、电阻损耗型频率选择表面、聚氨酯泡沫和金属背板组成。仿真结果表明,该吸波材料对入射电磁波在3.6~24GHz频段范围内具有90%以上的吸收效果,且具有极化无关和宽入射角的吸收特性。加载高介电薄层的频率选择表面吸波材料的相对带宽能够达到带宽极限的58.0%,较未加载高介电薄层的优化带宽增加了11.0%,证明了加载高介电薄层有利于从结构上改善材料的吸收带宽。同时,通过Smith圆图从阻抗匹配的角度进一步分析论证了加载高介电薄层有利于在更宽的频段范围内提升吸波材料与空气的阻抗匹配程度,从而实现宽带强吸收。该吸波材料电磁结构与夹层复合材料的力学结构非常类似,便于实现吸波与力学性能的兼容,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

结构吸波泡沫及其夹层结构隐身材料的研究现状

本文综述了传统粉体、导电纤维、复合吸收剂、纳米材料改性以及蜂窝-泡沫复合体等几类结构吸波泡沫材料及其夹层结构隐身复合材料方面的研究现状和进展,并对结构吸波泡沫材料的未来发展进行了展望.     

夹层结构复合材料低速冲击试验与分析

设计了聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫、 交联聚氯乙烯(X-PVC)泡沫、 NOMEX蜂窝、 缝合PMI以及开槽PMI泡沫等形式的玻璃布面板夹层结构复合材料, 研究了芯材种类和厚度、 面板玻璃布层数以及缝合和开槽等因素对夹层结构低速冲击性能的影响。结果表明, PMI泡沫芯较X-PVC泡沫芯和NOMEX蜂窝芯具有更高的冲击破坏载荷和吸收能量。随着泡沫密度及面板厚度的增加, 夹层结构复合材料的冲击破坏载荷和破坏吸收能量增大。合理的缝合和开槽, 能够增加PMI泡沫夹层结构的强度、 刚度及界面性能, 提高冲击承载能力。     

湿热环境对PMI泡沫夹芯复合材料性能的影响

采用聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺（PMI）泡沫、碳纤维增强环氧树脂（EW220/5258）复合材料面板制备了PMI泡沫夹芯复合材料,研究了PMI泡沫夹芯复合材料、EW220/5258复合材料面板及PMI泡沫芯材的吸湿特性,并讨论了湿热对PMI泡沫夹芯复合材料的压缩性能及介电性能的影响。结果发现：PMI泡沫夹芯复合材料的饱和吸湿时间...     

Fabrication and electromagnetic characteristics of electromagnetic wave absorbing sandwich structures

The radar absorbing structures (RAS) having sandwich structures in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) frequencies were designed and fabricated. We added conductive fillers such as carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) to composite prepregs and polyurethane foams so as to efficiently increase the absorbing capacity of RAS. In order to improve the mechanical stiffness of RAS, we adopted the sandwich structures made of composite face sheets and foam cores. Glass fabric/epoxy composites containing conductive carbon black and carbon fabric/epoxy composites were used for the face sheets. Polyurethane foams containing MWNT were used as the core material. Their permittivity in the X-band was measured using the transmission line technique. The reflection loss characteristics for multi-layered sandwich structures were calculated using the theory of transmission and reflection in a multi-layered medium. Three kinds of specimens were fabricated and their reflection losses in the X-band were measured using the free space technique. Experimental results were in good agreement with simulated ones in 10-dB absorbing bandwidth.     

Radar absorbing sandwich construction composed of CNT,PMI foam and carbon/epoxy composite

RAS (radar absorbing structure) is effective for both load bearing and EM (electromagnetic) wave absorbing capability of the stealth technology. Although the RAS is usually designed to absorb the EM waves in broadband range of wave frequencies, it may be more effective to absorb the EM waves in certain frequency range as a narrow band stop filter for the specific applications.     

纳米二氧化锰散射截面对炭黑电磁性能的影响

为了改善单一吸收剂对电磁波的吸收性能并有效拓宽吸收频段,采用纳米二氧化锰掺杂炭黑制备了一种新型的复合吸收剂,并对吸收剂的TEM颗粒形貌,介电特性和微波吸收性能进行了研究.结果表明:炭黑属于电阻型损耗介质,主要呈球形多孔状;二氧化锰属于介电损耗介质,其特殊的条形片状结构增加了电磁波在基体内的散射截面和反射次数,从而增大了复合吸收剂的消光截面,改善了炭黑的微波吸收性能.     

Confining Tiny MoO2 Clusters into Reduced Graphene Oxide for Highly Efficient Low Frequency Microwave Absorption

Herein, a supermolecular‐scale cage‐confinement pyrolysis strategy is proposed to build two dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbents, in which MoO₂ nanoparticles are sandwiched uniformly between porous carbon shells and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Both sandwich structures are derived from hybrid hydrogels doped by two different crosslinkers (with/without oxygen bridge), which can precisely confine Mo source (e.g., PMo₁₂). Without adding magnetic components, both absorbents exhibit excellent low frequency absorption performance in combination with electrically tunable ability and enhanced reflection loss value, which is superior over other relative 2D dielectric absorbers and satisfies the requirements of portable electronics. Notably, introducing oxygen bridges in the crosslinker generates a more stable confining configuration, which in turn renders its corresponding derivative exhibiting an extra multifrequency electromagnetic wave absorption trait. The intrinsic electromagnetic wave adjustment mechanism of the ternary hybrid absorbent is also explored. The result reveals that the elevated electromagnetic wave absorbing property is attributed to moderate attenuation constant and glorious impendence matching. The cage‐confinement pyrolysis route to fabricate 2D MoO₂‐based dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbents opens a new path for the design of electromagnetic wave absorbents used in multi/low frequency.     

碳泡沫吸波性能的研究

制备了具有三维网络结构的泡沫碳材料并研究了其吸波性能。结果表明：碳泡沫的电导率随着其热解温度的提高而增加。碳泡沫的电导率对其吸波性能有重要影响。随着电导率从0．02S／cm提高到1．03S／cm，碳泡沫对入射电磁波从透波为主转变为反射为主，吸波性能先逐渐变好，然后又逐渐变差。对于1.0mm网孔尺寸、30％体积分数和15mm厚度的碳泡沫来说，电导率为0．46S／cm时具有最佳的吸波性能，在4～15GHz整个频段上的反射率均在-6dB以下，体现了宽频带的吸收特征。碳泡沫的网孔尺寸、体积分数和厚度均对其吸波性能有一定影响。     

多壁碳纳米管复合材料在8 mm波段的吸波性能

将相同厚度不同碳纳米管含量, 以及不同厚度相同碳纳米管含量的多壁碳纳米管加入玻璃纤维增强复合材料中, 并研究了其在26. 5～40. 0 GHz 频段的吸波性能。结果发现, 多壁碳纳米管具有吸波性能, 而且吸波性能随着多壁碳纳米管含量的增加而提高。多壁碳纳米管/ 玻璃纤维/ 环氧树脂复合材料层板在26. 5～40. 0 GHz频段表现出较好的吸收效果, 其吸波性在于碳纳米管本身具有吸波性能, 此外还与吸波材料的谐振吸波原理有关。通过对该复合材料的电磁参数的测定并计算, 证明实验结果与吸波原理相符合。      

Investigation on the broadband electromagnetic wave absorption properties and mechanism of Co<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>-nanosheets/reduced-graphene-oxide composite

A cobaltosic-oxide-nanosheets/reduced-graphene-oxide composite (CoNSs@RGO) was successfully prepared as a light-weight broadband electromagnetic wave absorber.The effects of the sample thickness and amount of composite added to paraffin samples on the absorption properties were thoroughly investigated.Due to the nanosheet-like structure of Co3O4,the surface-to-volume ratio of the wave absorption material was very high,resulting in a large enhancement in the absorption properties.The maximum refection loss of the CoNSs@RGO composite was-45.15 dB for a thickness of 3.6 mm,and the best absorption bandwidth with a reflection loss below-10 dB was 7.14 GHz with a thickness of 2.9 mm.In addition,the peaks of microwave absorption shifted towards the low frequency region with increasing thickness of the absorbing coatings.The mechanism of electromagnetic wave absorption was attributed to impedance matching of CoNSs@RGO as well as the dielectric relaxation and polarization of RGO.Compared to previously reported absorbing materials,CoNSs@RGO showed better performance as a lightweight and highly efficient absorbing material for application in the high frequency band.     

Composite sandwich constructions for absorbing the electromagnetic waves

RAS (radar absorbing structures) is a key component for weapon systems such as aircrafts, warships, and missiles to achieve both the stealth performance by absorbing EM (Electromagnetic) waves incident on and load bearing capability. In this work, the RAS was fabricated as sandwich constructions composed of nanocomposite, carbon fabric/epoxy composite, and PVC foam. The nanocomposite composed of E-glass fabric, epoxy resin, and CNT (carbon nanotube) was adhesively bonded to the outside of the sandwich construction in order to absorb EM waves. The carbon fabric/epoxy composite had the dual roles as the reflection layer of incident EM waves and load bearing face material of sandwich constructions. Using the fabricated sandwich constructions, the EM absorbing characteristics were measured by the free space measurement system and the bonding characteristics between nanocomposites and carbon fabric/epoxy composites also were investigated.