Theoretical Substantiation of the Slip Index Approach to Fretting

A theoretical basis is presented for a previous fully empirical development of the unified approach to fretting that was based on a new similarity criterion termed slip index. It is shown that the slip index can be analytically derived from any friction loop geometry and hence, can be used for the characterization of any fretting system.     

1045钢在部分滑移区和滑移区内的高温微动磨损性能研究

从室温到400℃，对GCr15钢与1045钢组成的摩擦副进行了微动摩擦拭验。法向载荷变化范围为100—300N、位移幅值为15—60μm。通过摩擦动力学分析，结合显微观测，发现1045钢的高温微动行为与微动区域特性密切相关。在滑移区内，随着温度的升高，摩擦系数与磨损降低，但在部分滑移区内，温度对微动行为影响很小。     

微动图和能量的方法在微动研究中的应用

介绍了微动的两种研究方法：微动图和能量的方法。归纳了微动图的组成、分类、作法及其在减轻微动损伤方面的作用。讨论了能量的方法在微动摩擦学研究中的应用，包括微动磨损体积与摩擦过程中释放的总能量的关系及能量分布在解释微动实验现象中的成功运用。最后指出微动摩擦学的研究仍然面临巨大挑战。     

润滑剂减缓微动磨损研究进展

综述了油、脂润滑减缓微动磨损的条件、作用机制,以及油、脂性能对微动磨损的影响等基础研究的进展.介绍了油、脂润滑减缓微动磨损的工业应用研究现状,以期为工业正确使用润滑油、脂降低微动磨损指明方向.     

GCr15微动磨损转向往复滑动磨损特性的研究

对GCr15金属球和平面试块在300N的法向力作用下作了从微动磨损向往复滑动磨损转变的试验研究，对摩擦磨损过程中的磨损系数、摩擦力变化特性、磨痕的轮廓进行了分析研究。结果表明，在微动磨同往复滑动磨损转变前后，除磨损系数出现突变外，摩擦系数和磨痕的轮廓形貌也发生了比较大的变化，磨损转变过渡区的范围为70－100μm。     

钛合金在水介质中的微动磨损特性研究

在SRV实验机上对TC11钛合金在水中进行微动磨损研究，研究了载荷大小、振幅等对摩擦因数和磨损量的影响。结果表明，钛合金在水中微动的摩擦因数虽然随载荷或振幅的变化无规律可循，但随着振幅的减小却越来越稳定；其磨损量均随着载荷或振幅的增加而增加；小振幅时的磨损机制符合疲劳脱层理论，而大振幅时则主要是磨粒磨损机制。     

Some Observations on Frictional Force During Fretting Fatigue

Frictional force behavior during fretting fatigue and its interdependence on other fretting variables are investigated. Both coefficient of static friction and the normalized frictional force (i.e., the ratio of frictional force and normal contact load) increase during the earlier part of a fretting fatigue test and then both reach to a stabilized value. The variation of temperature in the contact region and normalized frictional force with increasing cycle numbers and bulk stress show similar trend implying that normalized frictional force represents the average friction in the contact region during a fretting fatigue. An increase in bulk stress, relative slip, and hardness of pad material results in an increase of the normalized frictional force, while an increase in contact load, frequency and temperature decreases the normalized frictional force. The normalized frictional force is also affected by the contact geometry. On the other hand, coefficient of static friction increases with an increase in the hardness of mating material, temperature and roughness from shot-peening treatment, but is not affected by contact geometry and displacement rate. Further, the normalized frictional force is not affected by the contact geometry, roughness and applied bulk stress level when fretting fatigue test is conducted under slip controlled mode, however it increases with increasing applied relative slip and decreasing contact load in this case.     

线接触条件下微动摩擦特性的研究

通过试验研究了线接触微动摩擦特性。研究表明：线接触微动摩擦因数变化与点接触形式相同；位移幅值在部分滑移区时，表面粗糙度对表面磨损有影响。磨痕分析表明，承载区域接触不均匀，存在虚接触区域，其大小与表面粗糙度有关，而接触区域没有不磨损的粘着区，不同于点接触形式。     

某大型柴油机连杆大头轴瓦微动磨损分析

通过使用AVL Excite PU软件和Abaqus软件的联合仿真,在大型V18柴油发电机上进行连杆大头轴瓦微动磨损分析,通过计算微动磨损指示参数(FIP)研究不同装配条件下轴瓦是否会产生微动磨损现象。结果表明:按照当前的装配条件,有可能会产生微动磨损,对于该大型发电机来讲小量级的轴瓦过盈量差别对于微动磨损的影响很小,并且如果螺栓预紧力施加小于设计所要求的力,产生微动磨损的可能性将增大。除此以外,本文对于连杆瓦座余高、连杆瓦座尺寸的上下偏差进行了不同的案例研究。     

ZM5镁合金微动磨损特性研究

采用高精度微动试验台研究了ZM5镁合金的微动磨损行为,法向载荷变化范围为50～200N、位移幅位为5～40μm。通过摩擦力-位移-循环次数变化分析,结合显微观测,结果表明:ZM5镁合金的微动磨损行为与微动区城特性密切相关。它的微动损伤形貌主要是磨损,在初期阶段的磨损机制主要是粘着和氧化,中后期是粘着、氧化和磨粒磨损共同作用的结果。     

Fretting Wear Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel Modified by Low Temperature Gas Multi-component Thermo-chemical Treatment

The introduction of surface engineering is expected to be an effective strategy against fretting damage. A large number of studies show that the low gas multi-component (such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, etc) thermo-chemical treatment(LTGMTT) can overcome the brittleness of nitriding process, and upgrade the surface hardness and improve the wear resistance and fatigue properties of the work-pieces significantly. However, there are few reports on the anti-fretting properties of the LTGMTT modified layer up to now, which limits the applications of fretting. So this paper discusses the fretting wear behavior of modified layer on the surface of LZ50 (0.48%C) steel prepared by low temperature gas multi-component thermo-chemical treatment (LTGMTT) technology. The fretting wear tests of the modified layer flat specimens and its substrate (LZ50 steel) against 52100 steel balls with diameter of 40 mm are carried out under normal load of 150 N and displacement amplitudes varied from 2 μm to 40 μm. Characterization of the modified layer and dynamic analyses in combination with microscopic examinations were performed through the means of scanning electron microscope(SEM), optical microscope(OM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and surface profilometer. The experimental results showed that the modified layer with a total thickness of 60 μm was consisted of three parts, i.e., loose layer, compound layer and diffusion layer. Compared with the substrate, the range of the mixed fretting regime(MFR) of the LTGMTT modified layer diminished, and the slip regime(SR) of the modified layer shifted to the direction of smaller displacement amplitude. The coefficient of friction(COF) of the modified layer was lower than that of the substrate in the initial stage. For the modified layer, the damage in partial slip regime(PSR) was very slight. The fretting wear mechanism of the modified layer both in MFR and SR was abrasive wear and delamination. The modified layer presented better wear resistance than the substrate in PSR and MFR; however, in SR, the wear resistance of the modified layer decreased with the increase of the displacement amplitudes. The experimental results can provide some experimental bases for promoting industrial application of LTGMTT modified layer in anti-fretting wear.     

AZ91D镁合金微动磨损特性研究

采用液压高精度材料试验机考察了平面一球面接触的AZ91D镁合金摩擦副的微动磨损行为，分析了位移幅值、法向载荷和频率等参数对摩擦因数和磨损体积的影响，考察了不同实验条件下的磨斑形貌，并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明：AZ91D镁合金的微动区域可分为部分滑移区、混合区和滑移区3个区域，粘着磨损、疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损分别是3个区域的主要磨损机制；磨损体积随着位移幅值和法向载荷的增加而增大，但却随着频率的增大而减小。在微动部分滑移区和混合区，摩擦因数随着位移增大迅速增加；在微动滑移区，摩擦因数随法向载荷的增大而减小，而位移幅值和频率对摩擦因数的影响较小。     

25CrNi2MoV钢的微动磨损性能

采用微动摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦条件下对新型高速重载传动轴用25CrNi2MoV钢进行微动磨损试验,研究了不同载荷(50~200N)和频率(15~30Hz)下该钢的微动磨损性能。结果表明:在频率为20Hz条件下,当载荷由50N增至200N时,25CrNi2MoV钢的平均摩擦因数由0.766减至0.661,磨损体积由19.65×10^-3 mm^3增至75.83×10^-3 mm^3;在载荷为30N条件下,当频率由15Hz增至30Hz时,平均摩擦因数由0.790增至0.905,磨损体积由11.43×10^-3 mm^3增至23.88×10^-3 mm^3;在不同试验参数下,25CrNi2MoV钢磨损表面均出现了氧化和犁沟现象,磨损机制包含氧化磨损和磨粒磨损;在频率为20Hz条件下,载荷为50,100N时,25CrNi2MoV钢的磨损机制以黏着磨损为主,载荷为150,200N时,主要磨损机制为疲劳磨损;在载荷为30N条件下,频率为15~25Hz时,磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,当频率增至30Hz时,磨损机制以疲劳磨损为主。     

Influence of Deposition Positions on Fretting Behaviors of DLC Coating on Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract

The influence of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating positions—coated flat, coated cylinder, and self-mated coated surface tribopairs—on the fretting behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V were investigated using a fretting wear test rig with a cylinder-on-flat contact. The results indicated that, for tests without coating (Ti-6Al-4V–Ti-6Al-4V contact), the friction (Q_max/P) was high (0.8–1.2), wear volumes were large (0.08–0.1?mm³) under a large displacement amplitude of ±40 µm and small (close to 0) under a small displacement amplitude of ±20 µm, and the wear debris was composed of Ti-6Al-4V flakes and oxidized particles. For tests with the DLC coating, under low load conditions, the DLC coating was not removed or was only partially removed, Q_max/P was low (≤0.2), and the wear volumes were small. Under high load conditions, the coating was entirely removed, Q_max/P was high (0.6–0.8), and the wear volumes were similar to those in tests without coating. The wear debris was composed of DLC particles, Ti-6Al-4V flakes, and oxidized particles. The DLC coating was damaged more severely when deposited on a flat surface than when deposited on a cylindrical surface. The DLC coating was damaged more severely when sliding against a DLC-coated countersurface than when sliding against the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

人体皮质骨/纯钛接触副径向微动损伤研究

对新鲜人股骨皮质骨对纯钛球(直径10mm)接触副,在12mm/min加载速度下,分别以最大法向载荷100,200,300,400N进行径向微动实验研究。在动力学特性分析的基础上,用激光共聚焦显微镜和扫描电镜观察皮质骨表面的磨痕形貌。结果显示:随着载荷的增加,股骨皮质骨表现出不同的界面变形行为,损伤随之加重,而且裂纹的产生存在一个临界载荷;裂纹在骨表面主要有4种生长方式,以沿粘合线生长最常见。讨论了减缓骨/种植体界面径向微动损伤的措施,表明降低界面应力和种植体表面改性有利于减缓骨/种植体界面径向微动损伤。     

Reorientation of Randomly Oriented MoSx Coatings During Fretting Wear Tests

The reorientation of as-deposited randomly oriented sulphur-deficient MoS_x coatings during fretting wear tests has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope. The driving force for the reorientation seems to be the plastic deformation induced by the tangential friction force during fretting tests. The evolution from an as-deposited randomly orientation into a basal one occurs above a threshold normal load and fretting frequency. This reorientation results in a lowering of the coefficient of friction as well as in a high resistance to humidity, but unfortunately a high wear rate is noticed. The effect of normal load and fretting frequency on that reorientation process in MoS_x coatings is discussed.     

有机钼复合润滑剂在高温微动和滑动条件下的摩擦磨损行为

以矿物基650SN油作为基础油,采用复配技术制备了有机钼复合润滑剂。利用SRV微动磨损试验机和T-11滑动磨损试验机考察了该复合剂的高温摩擦学行为,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对其润滑下的磨痕表面形貌和表面膜的元素组成进行了分析,探讨了复合剂的减摩润滑机制。结果表明:有机钼复合剂具有良好的高温微动和滑动摩擦学行为,与基础油相比,复合剂能够使钢-钢摩擦副在高温微动和滑动过程中的摩擦因数降低28%和43%,抵抗微动和滑动磨损的能力分别提高53%和54%。这是由于有机钼复合剂通过分解、吸附和摩擦化学反应,在摩擦副金属表面形成了含磷酸盐的沉积膜和含FeS、MoS2的化学反应膜共同组成的复合边界润滑膜,从而表现出优良的减摩润滑效果。     

Contact size effect on fretting wear behaviour: application to an AISI 52100/AISI 52100 interface

Fretting situations are becoming increasingly important for industrial applications. Fretting wear is defined as a small oscillatory displacement between two contacting bodies. The interface is damaged by debris generation and its ejection from the contact area. In this work, investigations on AISI 52100 steel self‐mated contacts with a ball on flat configuration under dry conditions have been carried out. Fretting tests at a constant maximum Hertzian pressure of 1.1 GPa for different ball diameters have been performed to cover a huge range of contact sizes. A specific experimental procedure is considered to discriminate between the relative impact of the sliding amplitude and the contact size effect. It is shown that a single parameter cannot capture the total interface behaviour. Indeed, an asymptotic decrease in the friction coefficient and wear rate versus the contact size is observed. The increase in the contact area accentuates the implication of third body in the interface. The larger the contact size, the more difficult the debris ejection, the higher the third‐body accommodation, and the lower the coefficient of friction and wear rates. A simple power function is introduced to formalise friction and wear behaviours. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of Organic Friction Modifier on Liquid Slip: A New Mechanism of Organic Friction Modifier Action

Recent work using a number of experimental techniques has shown that simple Newtonian liquids can slip against very smooth, lyophobic surfaces. Most previous work has examined lyophobic surfaces produced by forming self-assembled monolayers on smooth substrates. However it has also been shown that octadecanoic (stearic) acid solution in hydrocarbon can promote slip of the liquid against smooth surfaces. This raises the intriguing possibility that one mechanism of action of organic friction modifier additives may be to promote slip in hydrodynamic contacts and thus reduce friction. To test this conjecture, experiments have been carried using a low-load, hydrodynamic friction tester in which a glass cylinder is loaded against a very smooth sapphire flat which has been previously immersed in stearic acid solution. The contact is supplied with a solution of stearic acid in hexadecane and the glass cylinder is rotated at a speed sufficient to generate a full hydrodynamic film. It is found that this system gives significantly lower friction than when using hexadecane alone or when the sapphire is slightly roughened. The results are consistent with the occurrence of liquid slip at the sapphire surface.