Theoretical Substantiation of the Slip Index Approach to Fretting

A theoretical basis is presented for a previous fully empirical development of the unified approach to fretting that was based on a new similarity criterion termed slip index. It is shown that the slip index can be analytically derived from any friction loop geometry and hence, can be used for the characterization of any fretting system.     

1045钢在部分滑移区和滑移区内的高温微动磨损性能研究

从室温到400℃，对GCr15钢与1045钢组成的摩擦副进行了微动摩擦拭验。法向载荷变化范围为100—300N、位移幅值为15—60μm。通过摩擦动力学分析，结合显微观测，发现1045钢的高温微动行为与微动区域特性密切相关。在滑移区内，随着温度的升高，摩擦系数与磨损降低，但在部分滑移区内，温度对微动行为影响很小。     

微动图和能量的方法在微动研究中的应用

介绍了微动的两种研究方法：微动图和能量的方法。归纳了微动图的组成、分类、作法及其在减轻微动损伤方面的作用。讨论了能量的方法在微动摩擦学研究中的应用，包括微动磨损体积与摩擦过程中释放的总能量的关系及能量分布在解释微动实验现象中的成功运用。最后指出微动摩擦学的研究仍然面临巨大挑战。     

GCr15微动磨损转向往复滑动磨损特性的研究

对GCr15金属球和平面试块在300N的法向力作用下作了从微动磨损向往复滑动磨损转变的试验研究，对摩擦磨损过程中的磨损系数、摩擦力变化特性、磨痕的轮廓进行了分析研究。结果表明，在微动磨同往复滑动磨损转变前后，除磨损系数出现突变外，摩擦系数和磨痕的轮廓形貌也发生了比较大的变化，磨损转变过渡区的范围为70－100μm。     

润滑剂减缓微动磨损研究进展

综述了油、脂润滑减缓微动磨损的条件、作用机制,以及油、脂性能对微动磨损的影响等基础研究的进展.介绍了油、脂润滑减缓微动磨损的工业应用研究现状,以期为工业正确使用润滑油、脂降低微动磨损指明方向.     

Some Observations on Frictional Force During Fretting Fatigue

Frictional force behavior during fretting fatigue and its interdependence on other fretting variables are investigated. Both coefficient of static friction and the normalized frictional force (i.e., the ratio of frictional force and normal contact load) increase during the earlier part of a fretting fatigue test and then both reach to a stabilized value. The variation of temperature in the contact region and normalized frictional force with increasing cycle numbers and bulk stress show similar trend implying that normalized frictional force represents the average friction in the contact region during a fretting fatigue. An increase in bulk stress, relative slip, and hardness of pad material results in an increase of the normalized frictional force, while an increase in contact load, frequency and temperature decreases the normalized frictional force. The normalized frictional force is also affected by the contact geometry. On the other hand, coefficient of static friction increases with an increase in the hardness of mating material, temperature and roughness from shot-peening treatment, but is not affected by contact geometry and displacement rate. Further, the normalized frictional force is not affected by the contact geometry, roughness and applied bulk stress level when fretting fatigue test is conducted under slip controlled mode, however it increases with increasing applied relative slip and decreasing contact load in this case.     

钛合金在水介质中的微动磨损特性研究

在SRV实验机上对TC11钛合金在水中进行微动磨损研究，研究了载荷大小、振幅等对摩擦因数和磨损量的影响。结果表明，钛合金在水中微动的摩擦因数虽然随载荷或振幅的变化无规律可循，但随着振幅的减小却越来越稳定；其磨损量均随着载荷或振幅的增加而增加；小振幅时的磨损机制符合疲劳脱层理论，而大振幅时则主要是磨粒磨损机制。     

线接触条件下微动摩擦特性的研究

通过试验研究了线接触微动摩擦特性。研究表明：线接触微动摩擦因数变化与点接触形式相同；位移幅值在部分滑移区时，表面粗糙度对表面磨损有影响。磨痕分析表明，承载区域接触不均匀，存在虚接触区域，其大小与表面粗糙度有关，而接触区域没有不磨损的粘着区，不同于点接触形式。     

某大型柴油机连杆大头轴瓦微动磨损分析

通过使用AVL Excite PU软件和Abaqus软件的联合仿真,在大型V18柴油发电机上进行连杆大头轴瓦微动磨损分析,通过计算微动磨损指示参数(FIP)研究不同装配条件下轴瓦是否会产生微动磨损现象。结果表明:按照当前的装配条件,有可能会产生微动磨损,对于该大型发电机来讲小量级的轴瓦过盈量差别对于微动磨损的影响很小,并且如果螺栓预紧力施加小于设计所要求的力,产生微动磨损的可能性将增大。除此以外,本文对于连杆瓦座余高、连杆瓦座尺寸的上下偏差进行了不同的案例研究。     

ZM5镁合金微动磨损特性研究

采用高精度微动试验台研究了ZM5镁合金的微动磨损行为,法向载荷变化范围为50～200N、位移幅位为5～40μm。通过摩擦力-位移-循环次数变化分析,结合显微观测,结果表明:ZM5镁合金的微动磨损行为与微动区城特性密切相关。它的微动损伤形貌主要是磨损,在初期阶段的磨损机制主要是粘着和氧化,中后期是粘着、氧化和磨粒磨损共同作用的结果。     

高分子聚合物材料微动摩擦磨损行为

组合密封中塑料环的耐磨特性对其密封性能有重要作用,为优选合适对摩材料,研究超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)、聚四氟乙类(PTFE)+40%铜粉、PTFE+7%碳纤维、PTFE+7%碳纤维+5%MoS₂、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)5种高分子聚合物材料与QT500对摩的微动摩擦磨损性能。从中筛选出PTFE+7%碳纤维、UHMWPE 2种材料进行不同微动行程、润滑条件下的对比试验。结果表明：无论是在干摩擦还是油润滑条件下,UHMWPE材料的平均摩擦因数随着微动行程的增大而增加,PTFE+7%碳纤维材料达到稳定状态时摩擦因数随着循环次数的波动较小。综合试验结果,当微动行程小于等于0.2 mm时建议选用PTFE+7%碳纤维,微动行程大于0.2 mm时建议选用超高分子量聚乙烯材料。     

Fretting Wear Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel Modified by Low Temperature Gas Multi-component Thermo-chemical Treatment

The introduction of surface engineering is expected to be an effective strategy against fretting damage. A large number of studies show that the low gas multi-component (such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, etc) thermo-chemical treatment(LTGMTT) can overcome the brittleness of nitriding process, and upgrade the surface hardness and improve the wear resistance and fatigue properties of the work-pieces significantly. However, there are few reports on the anti-fretting properties of the LTGMTT modified layer up to now, which limits the applications of fretting. So this paper discusses the fretting wear behavior of modified layer on the surface of LZ50 (0.48%C) steel prepared by low temperature gas multi-component thermo-chemical treatment (LTGMTT) technology. The fretting wear tests of the modified layer flat specimens and its substrate (LZ50 steel) against 52100 steel balls with diameter of 40 mm are carried out under normal load of 150 N and displacement amplitudes varied from 2 μm to 40 μm. Characterization of the modified layer and dynamic analyses in combination with microscopic examinations were performed through the means of scanning electron microscope(SEM), optical microscope(OM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and surface profilometer. The experimental results showed that the modified layer with a total thickness of 60 μm was consisted of three parts, i.e., loose layer, compound layer and diffusion layer. Compared with the substrate, the range of the mixed fretting regime(MFR) of the LTGMTT modified layer diminished, and the slip regime(SR) of the modified layer shifted to the direction of smaller displacement amplitude. The coefficient of friction(COF) of the modified layer was lower than that of the substrate in the initial stage. For the modified layer, the damage in partial slip regime(PSR) was very slight. The fretting wear mechanism of the modified layer both in MFR and SR was abrasive wear and delamination. The modified layer presented better wear resistance than the substrate in PSR and MFR; however, in SR, the wear resistance of the modified layer decreased with the increase of the displacement amplitudes. The experimental results can provide some experimental bases for promoting industrial application of LTGMTT modified layer in anti-fretting wear.     

AZ91D镁合金微动磨损特性研究

采用液压高精度材料试验机考察了平面一球面接触的AZ91D镁合金摩擦副的微动磨损行为，分析了位移幅值、法向载荷和频率等参数对摩擦因数和磨损体积的影响，考察了不同实验条件下的磨斑形貌，并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明：AZ91D镁合金的微动区域可分为部分滑移区、混合区和滑移区3个区域，粘着磨损、疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损分别是3个区域的主要磨损机制；磨损体积随着位移幅值和法向载荷的增加而增大，但却随着频率的增大而减小。在微动部分滑移区和混合区，摩擦因数随着位移增大迅速增加；在微动滑移区，摩擦因数随法向载荷的增大而减小，而位移幅值和频率对摩擦因数的影响较小。     

25CrNi2MoV钢的微动磨损性能

采用微动摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦条件下对新型高速重载传动轴用25CrNi2MoV钢进行微动磨损试验,研究了不同载荷(50~200N)和频率(15~30Hz)下该钢的微动磨损性能。结果表明:在频率为20Hz条件下,当载荷由50N增至200N时,25CrNi2MoV钢的平均摩擦因数由0.766减至0.661,磨损体积由19.65×10^-3 mm^3增至75.83×10^-3 mm^3;在载荷为30N条件下,当频率由15Hz增至30Hz时,平均摩擦因数由0.790增至0.905,磨损体积由11.43×10^-3 mm^3增至23.88×10^-3 mm^3;在不同试验参数下,25CrNi2MoV钢磨损表面均出现了氧化和犁沟现象,磨损机制包含氧化磨损和磨粒磨损;在频率为20Hz条件下,载荷为50,100N时,25CrNi2MoV钢的磨损机制以黏着磨损为主,载荷为150,200N时,主要磨损机制为疲劳磨损;在载荷为30N条件下,频率为15~25Hz时,磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,当频率增至30Hz时,磨损机制以疲劳磨损为主。     

Influence of Deposition Positions on Fretting Behaviors of DLC Coating on Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract

The influence of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating positions—coated flat, coated cylinder, and self-mated coated surface tribopairs—on the fretting behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V were investigated using a fretting wear test rig with a cylinder-on-flat contact. The results indicated that, for tests without coating (Ti-6Al-4V–Ti-6Al-4V contact), the friction (Q_max/P) was high (0.8–1.2), wear volumes were large (0.08–0.1?mm³) under a large displacement amplitude of ±40 µm and small (close to 0) under a small displacement amplitude of ±20 µm, and the wear debris was composed of Ti-6Al-4V flakes and oxidized particles. For tests with the DLC coating, under low load conditions, the DLC coating was not removed or was only partially removed, Q_max/P was low (≤0.2), and the wear volumes were small. Under high load conditions, the coating was entirely removed, Q_max/P was high (0.6–0.8), and the wear volumes were similar to those in tests without coating. The wear debris was composed of DLC particles, Ti-6Al-4V flakes, and oxidized particles. The DLC coating was damaged more severely when deposited on a flat surface than when deposited on a cylindrical surface. The DLC coating was damaged more severely when sliding against a DLC-coated countersurface than when sliding against the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

核用TP316H钢在不同介质环境下的微动磨损性能

采用自制的液态钠环境微动磨损试验机,研究了核用TP316H传热管在不同环境 (室温大气、室温水、450 ℃大气、450 ℃液态钠)下的微动磨损性能。试验采用管/柱正交接触方式,试验结束后,采用超景深显微镜、三维光学显微镜、SEM和EDS对磨痕形貌、摩擦化学反应及磨损量进行了表征,对比分析了4种介质环境对TP316H的微动磨损的影响,发现TP316H合金管在450 ℃液态钠中的磨损率最大,在室温水中的磨损率最小。4种介质环境下的磨损机理不同,室温大气环境中的磨损主要是剥层和氧化磨损,随着温度升高,氧化磨损加重;室温水环境中的磨损以磨粒磨损为主;高温液态钠环境中的磨损为磨损和腐蚀的耦合协同作用。     

人体皮质骨/纯钛接触副径向微动损伤研究

对新鲜人股骨皮质骨对纯钛球(直径10mm)接触副,在12mm/min加载速度下,分别以最大法向载荷100,200,300,400N进行径向微动实验研究。在动力学特性分析的基础上,用激光共聚焦显微镜和扫描电镜观察皮质骨表面的磨痕形貌。结果显示:随着载荷的增加,股骨皮质骨表现出不同的界面变形行为,损伤随之加重,而且裂纹的产生存在一个临界载荷;裂纹在骨表面主要有4种生长方式,以沿粘合线生长最常见。讨论了减缓骨/种植体界面径向微动损伤的措施,表明降低界面应力和种植体表面改性有利于减缓骨/种植体界面径向微动损伤。     

TC4合金微动磨损过渡区摩擦行为

为研究TC4合金微动磨损过渡区摩擦行为特点,采用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机,对球/平面接触的GCr15钢球/合金TC4摩擦副在100 N法向载荷下进行微动磨损试验,得到TC4合金微动磨损过渡区的范围,分析不同状态下摩擦因数演变及磨痕表面形貌特点,研究磨损机制的变化。结果表明:微动状态下,摩擦因数在磨合阶段波动剧烈,达到稳定磨损阶段后趋于稳定,且稳定状态下的摩擦因数随着位移幅值的增加而增加;往复滑动状态下,不同位移幅值下的摩擦因数曲线近乎重合且波动剧烈;微动磨损过渡区的摩擦因数变化处于2种状态的转变阶段。微动状态下,磨痕表面轮廓线粗糙,损伤轻微,磨损机制以黏着磨损和疲劳剥层为主;往复滑动状态下,轮廓线更光滑且损伤严重,磨损机制以磨粒磨损及塑性变形为主;微动磨损过渡区轮廓线由粗糙变为光滑,磨损深度及宽度突增,磨损机制由黏着磨损转变为磨粒磨损。     

Reorientation of Randomly Oriented MoSx Coatings During Fretting Wear Tests

The reorientation of as-deposited randomly oriented sulphur-deficient MoS_x coatings during fretting wear tests has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope. The driving force for the reorientation seems to be the plastic deformation induced by the tangential friction force during fretting tests. The evolution from an as-deposited randomly orientation into a basal one occurs above a threshold normal load and fretting frequency. This reorientation results in a lowering of the coefficient of friction as well as in a high resistance to humidity, but unfortunately a high wear rate is noticed. The effect of normal load and fretting frequency on that reorientation process in MoS_x coatings is discussed.