扩散过滤燃烧火焰特性

扩散过滤燃烧是新的燃烧技术,具有扩散燃烧和预混过滤燃烧的某些特性。通过二维双温模型,使用单步总包反应,数值研究氮气稀释的甲烷和氧气同轴同平板扩散过滤燃烧特性。模型中考虑热弥散和组分弥散效应。研究小球直径、气体混合物速度和甲烷质量分数对火焰高度和火焰形态的影响。结果表明,与预混过滤燃烧不同,气体和固体高温区存在于燃烧器的不同位置;而在高温区域之外,气体和多孔介质固体的温差很小。当填充床小球直径从6.66 mm减小到2.02 mm,火焰高度从0.048 m增大到0.12 m。增大混合物速度,甲烷的质量分数导致火焰变宽,火焰高度增大。数值模型的有效性得到了实验验证。     

微型定容燃烧腔内C2~C4烷烃/空气火焰传播

在直径35 mm、高度2 mm光学可视的定容燃烧腔内,实验研究了常温常压静止乙烷/空气、丙烷/空气和正丁烷/空气预混气在燃烧腔中心由电火花点燃后向外传播的火焰传播特性。结果表明：3种燃料空气混合气可形成火焰传播的当量比范围不同,范围由大到小排序为乙烷>丙烷>正丁烷;3种燃料均存在由光滑火焰面向褶皱火焰面转变的传播形态;在微型定容燃烧腔内,3种燃料的火焰传播速度均低于常规尺度下定容燃烧弹内火焰传播速度,且火焰传播速度随半径增加而减小;随着当量比增加,火焰锋面容易出现褶皱和断裂现象,在高当量比情况下,火焰传播会出现短暂停滞。     

微型定容燃烧腔内C_2～C_4烷烃/空气火焰传播

在直径35 mm、高度2 mm光学可视的定容燃烧腔内,实验研究了常温常压静止乙烷/空气、丙烷/空气和正丁烷/空气预混气在燃烧腔中心由电火花点燃后向外传播的火焰传播特性。结果表明:3种燃料空气混合气可形成火焰传播的当量比范围不同,范围由大到小排序为乙烷丙烷正丁烷;3种燃料均存在由光滑火焰面向褶皱火焰面转变的传播形态;在微型定容燃烧腔内,3种燃料的火焰传播速度均低于常规尺度下定容燃烧弹内火焰传播速度,且火焰传播速度随半径增加而减小;随着当量比增加,火焰锋面容易出现褶皱和断裂现象,在高当量比情况下,火焰传播会出现短暂停滞。     

多孔介质内低热值乙烯燃烧的污染物排放特性试验研究

近年来低热值气体的利用慢慢进入大众视野。为了加大对低热值气体的利用,实现低热值气体的清洁排放,自行搭建了多孔介质实验台,探究乙烯在自由堆积氧化铝小球中的预混燃烧的污染物排放规律。在改变当量比、流速以及空隙率等工况下进行乙烯的燃烧并对出口烟气进行数据采集,分析在不同工况时的污染物排放情况以及乙烯转换率。实验结果表明多孔介质燃烧技术是一种可以高效清洁处理热值气体的燃烧方式,在较好的实验工况下CO的排放可以降低至125~187 mg/m³,NO的排放与当量比有关,和流速以及空隙率关系不大,整个实验过程中的NO出口浓度低于16 mg/m³。稳定燃烧情况下乙烯的转化率在80%～90%之间。实验结果对于高效清洁地处理低热值气体具有一定指导意义。     

层流预混火焰传播特性概述

理论研究层流预混火焰的传播可以更好地理解燃烧过程 ,为实际应用时有效地控制燃烧过程提供理论依据。本文对层流预混火焰特性及层流火焰传播速度进行归纳 ,对有化学反应和可压缩的层流边界层进行简单的理论分析 ,介绍了层流火焰传播的火焰焰锋结构及与层流火焰传播速度有关的预混气体物理化学参数的关系。     

多孔介质内低热值乙烯燃烧的污染物排放特性试验研究

近年来低热值气体的利用慢慢进入大众视野。为了加大对低热值气体的利用,实现低热值气体的清洁排放,自行搭建了多孔介质实验台,探究乙烯在自由堆积氧化铝小球中的预混燃烧的污染物排放规律。在改变当量比、流速以及空隙率等工况下进行乙烯的燃烧并对出口烟气进行数据采集,分析在不同工况时的污染物排放情况以及乙烯转换率。实验结果表明多孔介质燃烧技术是一种可以高效清洁处理热值气体的燃烧方式,在较好的实验工况下CO的排放可以降低至125～187 mg/m~3,NO的排放与当量比有关,和流速以及空隙率关系不大,整个实验过程中的NO出口浓度低于16 mg/m~3。稳定燃烧情况下乙烯的转化率在80%～90%之间。实验结果对于高效清洁地处理低热值气体具有一定指导意义。     

生物质气化焦油裂解用颗粒催化剂的再生性能

为开发适用于生物质气化焦油裂解的多孔白云石颗粒催化剂,以乙酸为生物质气化焦油的模型化合物,讨论了积炭对多孔白云石颗粒催化能力以及再生性能的影响。结果表明,在积炭率0～4.4%时,多孔白云石颗粒的催化能力随积炭率呈线性下降。当积炭率从0增加到4.4%时,颗粒的孔隙率从0.74 cm³·g^-1减小到0.48 cm³·g^-1,乙酸裂解率从99.3%降至32.3%。采用900 ℃和2 h焙烧法对积炭多孔白云石颗粒进行再生处理后,多孔白云石颗粒的强度基本不变,孔隙率增至0.55 cm³·g^-1。在再生多孔白云石颗粒上,乙酸裂解率达到99.5%。多孔白云石颗粒催化剂具有良好的再生性。     

高浓度丙酮VOCs高温预热近极限贫燃预混火焰特性的数值分析

为进一步对一种丙酮挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）焚烧炉进行设计优化和运行参数调节,本文对其在不同的燃料当量比、预热温度下的火焰特性进行了数值模拟,分析了其绝热火焰温度、着火延迟时间、火焰传播速度和一维火焰产物分布特性。研究结果表明：典型当量比（约0.113）下的绝热火焰温度为850~900℃,属于中低温燃烧,绝热火焰温度随预热温度和当量比（0.06~0.4）的升高均线性升高。预热温度和化学当量比对着火延迟时间的影响十分敏感。在其典型贫燃条件下,层流火焰传播速度随预热温度升高呈指数函数关系增大,随化学当量比增大而缓慢升高,且其层流火焰传播速度不超过150cm/s。反应过程首先发生丙酮的分解和部分氧化,并持续时间较长,仅当混合物的温度升高一定程度后才发生较剧烈的CO氧化。     

稀薄燃气多孔介质燃烧二维火焰数值模拟

对稀薄低热值气体在多孔介质燃烧中的二维火焰温度分布进行了数值模拟。在一定工况参数下,考察了多孔介质二维火焰峰面和温度分布特性,以及火焰峰面传播过程。详细分析了当量比、燃气流速、及壁面热损失等工况参数对燃烧火焰和高温峰值的影响。结果表明,在火焰传播过程中,火焰峰面形状逐渐变化,导致高温区域分布逐渐改变;随着当量比增加,近壁面处的火焰峰面倾斜程度逐渐减少,火焰峰面逐渐向上游传播,火焰峰面形状由梯形分布逐渐转变成两侧向下倾斜的直线分布;燃气流速对火焰峰面形状和位置的影响与当量比相反;壁面热损失引起火焰峰面倾斜,对火焰位置影响较小。     

多孔介质内H2S超绝热燃烧制氢的数值模拟

为探索H₂S在多孔介质内超绝热燃烧裂解制硫制氢的机理,采用计算流体力学(CFD)与CHEMKIN相结合的方法,使用标准k-ε湍流模型和一个17组分、57步复杂化学反应机理,模拟了H₂S在直径为3 mm的Al₂O₃圆球堆积成的多孔介质内的燃烧,模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合.模拟结果显示：多孔介质内H₂S的燃烧温度超过了绝热燃烧温度,为H₂S的裂解制硫制氢提供高温环境,富燃条件下H₂S部分地裂解生成单质硫和氢气.另外,对采用的复杂化学反应机理是否适用于多孔介质内H₂S燃烧时各向异性火焰的模拟作了有意义的探索.     

Filtration combustion characteristics of low calorific gas in SiC foams

This study investigated the combustion characteristics of low calorific gas in silicon carbide (SiC) foam. The temperature distribution, reaction zone, maximum temperature, and combustion wave propagation velocity were analysed at different inlet velocities, equivalence ratios of premixed gases, and pore densities. The temperature distribution near the reaction zone was determined by a time-based method. Super-adiabatic combustion was obtained in porous media under different conditions. The experimental results showed that higher temperatures were obtained in SiC foams of 30 pores per inch (PPI) than those measured for foam of 20 PPI. Increased equivalence ratio of premixed gases and pore density led to a thicker reaction zone and a higher preheating efficiency in the preheating zone. The combustion wave propagation velocity, which was less than 2 mm/s under these experimental conditions, was increased with increased inlet velocity and decreased equivalence ratio of premixed gases. The combustion wave propagation in foams of 20 PPI had the lowest velocity because of the good match of convection and radiation.     

Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for the combustion of methane in a fluidized bed reactor

The applicability of a catalyst based on copper dispersed on γ-Al₂O₃ spheres (1 mm diameter) for fluidized bed catalytic combustion of methane has been assessed. Catalyst properties have been determined by physico-chemical characterization techniques and fixed bed activity tests revealing the presence of a surface CuAl₂O₄ spinel phase, still active and stable in methane combustion after repeated thermal ageing treatments at 800 °C. Methane catalytic combustion experiments have been performed in a 100 mm premixed fluidized bed reactor under lean conditions (0.15–3% inlet methane concentration), showing that complete CH₄ conversion can be attained below 700 °C in a fluidized bed of 1 mm solids with a gas superficial velocity about twice the incipient fluidization velocity.     

基于详细反应机理的富燃多孔燃烧制氢的计算流体力学模拟

Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） combined with detailed chemical kinetics was employed to model the filtration combustion of a mixture of methane/air in a packed bed of uniform 3 mm diameter alumina spherical particles. The standard k-ε turbulence model and a methane oxidation mechanism with 23 species and 39 elemental reactions were used. Various equivalence ratios （1.47, 1.88, 2.12 and 2.35） were studied. The numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental data. For ultra-rich mixtures, the combustion temperature exceeds the adiabatic value by hundreds of centigrade degrees. Syngas （hydrogen and carbon monoxide） can be obtained up to a mole fraction of 23%. The numerical results also showed that the combination of CFD with detailed chemical kinetics gives good performance for modeling the pseudo-homogeneous flames of methane in porous media.     

Investigation of the effects of several porosity variation profiles on performance and pollutants emission of the porous media burners

This paper presents results of numerical investigation on the effect of using variable porosity porous media burner on its performance and pollutant emission. A two‐dimensional axisymmetric model for premixed methane/air combustion in porous media has been developed. This code solves the continuity, Navier Stokes, solid and gas energies, and chemical species transport equations using the finite volume method. The pressure and velocity have been coupled with the SIMPLE algorithm. In this paper, the results of applying two different profiles of porosity instead of constant porosity for two zones of burner have been presented. The results showed that by applying porosity variation along the burner, the peak temperature can be decreased about 4.5%, and subsequently, the amount of exhaust pollutants such as NO_x can also be decreased while increase in pressure losses along the burner is negligible. In addition, the effects of excess air ratio, volumetric heat transfer coefficient, inlet velocity, chemical kinetics, conductivity coefficient, and wall temperature on the porous media burners with variation of porosity are investigated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氨气/甲烷贫预混旋转湍流火焰稳定性及NO生成

为了研究氨气/甲烷掺混燃气在贫预混旋转湍流状态下的火焰稳定性及NO的排放特性,设计建造了一个可视化的旋转湍流燃烧装置,开展了一系列的实验测量研究。研究表明：随着当量比增大,氨气火焰稳定燃烧的范围有所扩大,但当氨气掺混比大于0.60时火焰出现上下振荡现象,继续增加将导致火焰吹熄;NO的排放水平随当量比增加而提高;但在相同的当量比下,NO的排放随氨气掺混比的增加先升高再下降。此外,分别采用化学反应器网络（CRN）方法和一维层流预混火焰计算方法,对相应的火焰状态进行了数值计算分析,虽然计算结果与实验结果误差较大,但其预测的NO排放特性随氨气掺混比、当量比的变化趋势是一致的,对三者之间误差的来源进行了分析。     

氨气/甲烷贫预混旋转湍流火焰稳定性及NO生成

为了研究氨气/甲烷掺混燃气在贫预混旋转湍流状态下的火焰稳定性及NO的排放特性,设计建造了一个可视化的旋转湍流燃烧装置,开展了一系列的实验测量研究。研究表明：随着当量比增大,氨气火焰稳定燃烧的范围有所扩大,但当氨气掺混比大于0.60时火焰出现上下振荡现象,继续增加将导致火焰吹熄;NO的排放水平随当量比增加而提高;但在相同的当量比下,NO的排放随氨气掺混比的增加先升高再下降。此外,分别采用化学反应器网络（CRN）方法和一维层流预混火焰计算方法,对相应的火焰状态进行了数值计算分析,虽然计算结果与实验结果误差较大,但其预测的NO排放特性随氨气掺混比、当量比的变化趋势是一致的,对三者之间误差的来源进行了分析。     

多孔材料对氢气爆轰的抑制作用

为了研究多孔材料对氢气爆轰的抑制作用,在内径80 mm、长6000 mm的爆轰圆管中开展2H₂+O₂+3Ar预混气爆轰传播实验。在距点火头5000 mm处放置不同孔隙密度(10、20、40 ppi)厚度30 mm的Al₂O₃泡沫陶瓷和不同厚度(10、30、50 mm)孔隙密度20 ppi的泡沫铁镍金属,分别使用压力传感器、烟膜记录爆轰波压力、胞格结构,计算爆轰波传播速度。结果表明,速度亏损和胞格尺寸随着孔隙密度或厚度的增加而增大,但是均与初始压力成反比。两种多孔材料的材料特性不同,泡沫铁镍金属具有良好的导热性,因此对爆轰波的抑制效果强于Al₂O₃泡沫陶瓷。     

甲烷/乙烷/空气预混火焰层流燃烧速度与火焰稳定性的数值研究(英文)

A numerical study on premixed methane/ethylene/air flames with various ethylene fractions and equivalence ratios was conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The effects of ethylene addition on laminar burning velocity, flame structure and flame stability under the condition of lean burning were investigated. The results show that the laminar burning velocity increases with ethylene fraction, especially at a large equivalence ratio. More ethylene addition gives rise to higher concentrations of H, O and OH radicals in the flame, which significantly promotes chemical reactions, and a linear correlation exists between the laminar burning velocity and the maximum H + OH concentration in the reaction zone. With the increase of ethylene fraction, the adiabatic flame temperature is raised, while the inner layer temperature becomes lower, contributing to the enhancement of combustion. Markstein length and Markstein number, representative of the flame stability, increase as more ethylene is added, indicating the tendency of flame stability to improve with ethylene addition.     

Experimental study of multispecies gas combustion in a several-section porous media burner

Experiments with combustion of diluted liquefied petroleum gases used as a fuel premixed with air are performed. From the experiment results, one can see that low-heat-value gases are capable of stable burning in a porous media burner. Distributions of species concentrations and flame temperature are measured. Based on these data, the flame is found to be most stable if the equivalence ratio is equal to 0.8. To improve the burner performance, experiments with different characteristics of porous media are performed. Optimal parameters of porous media are confirmed by subsequent numerical simulations. It is demonstrated that the properties of combustion in the porous media burner are superior as compared to those in the free flame burner.