TC4钛合金粉末在SLM工艺中的循环老化行为

研究了TC4钛合金粉末颗粒形貌、粒度分布、流动性以及选区激光熔化(SLM)成形试样的孔隙率、显微硬度等在循环利用过程中的变化规律,并对一系列性能改变的机理进行分析。结果表明:随循环次数增加,粉末颗粒形貌整体仍保持球形,表面光滑度提高;循环14次后观察不到卫星颗粒;粒度分布经历了集中-分散-集中的变化;多次循环利用后粉末的流动性显著提高;通过对粉末宏、微观形貌的分析可知,上述性能变化趋势均与粉末中细小粉粒和卫星颗粒逐渐减少有关。成形试样孔隙率随循环利用次数增加先增大后减小;显微硬度不受TC4粉末循环利用次数影响。     

选择性激光熔覆与精密锻造联合成形工艺对Ti6Al4V合金显微组织与力学性能的影响（英文）

为提高合金的力学性能,在温度950°C不同应变和应变速率条件下对SLM成形的Ti6Al4V合金试样进行精密锻造处理,使用光学显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析原试样和锻造处理试样在水平和竖直截面内显微组织的演化,并计算了每个截面的孔隙率。结果表明,大应变速率以及大变形量可以改善显微组织并降低孔隙率,进而提高材料的疲劳性能。精密锻造处理后的试样显微硬度小于SLM成形原件的显微硬度;同时,精密锻造处理试样在水平截面和竖直截面的显微硬度差小于SLM成形原件在两个截面的显微硬度差。这说明精密锻造工艺可以改善SLM成形零件的各向异性。     

多种倾角类比SLM成形TC4复杂曲面构件性能

为探究SLM成形TC4钛合金高性能复杂曲面构件，选择激光束垂直基板扫描，成形与Y轴成0°、30°、45°、60°四个典型倾角结构作类比分析，探讨倾斜角度对SLM成形件表面形貌、内部组织及力学性能的影响。为提高SLM成形复杂构件的综合性能，对45°倾斜角试样进行固溶处理和完全退火处理分析，讨论热处理对45°倾斜角试样的拉伸性能及断口形貌的影响。结果表明：不同倾角的TC4试样表面存在球化、沟壑、沟脊和未溶粉末粘连等缺陷，且倾斜角度越大，表面沟壑和沟脊缺陷越明显；而试样倾角变化对其内部组织和显微硬度影响较小。经950℃固溶处理后的试样，α相溶解，强度明显下降；固溶处理试样断口形貌韧窝面积大且深，试样塑性增加，与强度分布特征相符。由此可推测，SLM成形复杂曲面构件的表面缺陷较多，但内部组织性能相对均衡，且固溶处理能够减少内部缺陷，提高构件综合性能。     

激光重熔对选区激光熔化成形4Cr5MoSiV1钢组织和性能的影响

目的 优化选区激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting, SLM)成形4Cr5MoSiV1钢的激光重熔工艺,综合提升SLM成形4Cr5MoSiV1钢的力学性能。方法 通过调整SLM成形过程中的激光重熔工艺参数成形4Cr5MoSiV1钢试样,采用扫描电镜、显微硬度计、万能材料试验机和摩擦磨损试验机测试分析试样的表面形貌、显微组织、显微硬度、抗拉强度、断后伸长率和耐磨性。结果 SLM成形4Cr5MoSiV1钢试样表面的飞溅颗粒、杂质颗粒和弧形波纹数量较多,其显微硬度为599HV,抗拉强度为1050.2 MPa,断后伸长率为9.5%,磨损率为1.309´10^?10 kg/(N.m)。4Cr5MoSiV1钢试样经激光重熔后,其冶金质量明显改善,显微硬度、抗拉强度、断后伸长率和耐磨性均提高,且各项力学性能间呈正相关关系。冶金质量和细晶强化作用共同决定4Cr5MoSiV1钢试样的力学性能水平,且随激光重熔线能量密度增加,试样的力学性能均表现为先升高后降低的趋势。当激光重熔线能量密度为238 J/m时,试样的力学性能最高,其显微硬度为645HV,抗拉强度为1430.7 MPa,断后伸长率为16.9%,磨损率为0.354×10^?10 kg/(N.m)。SLM成形4Cr5MoSiV1钢试样的断裂机理为脆性解理断裂,激光重熔试样的断裂机理为准解理断裂。SLM成形4Cr5MoSiV1钢试样及激光重熔试样的磨损机制均以粘着磨损和氧化磨损为主。结论 SLM成形4Cr5MoSiV1钢试样的最优激光重熔线能量密度为238 J/m,经激光重熔后,试样的冶金质量和力学性能明显提高。     

球形TC4合金粉末的制备、表征及雾化机理

采用真空气体雾化法制备了TC4合金粉末,并采用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和霍尔流速计等对制备的粉末粒度分布、组织形貌、松装密度、流动性等进行了测试分析。结果表明:真空气体雾化法制备的TC4合金粉末粒度呈正态分布,尺寸集中分布在32.52～182.50μm左右,粉末中值粒径d_(50)为92.70μm,粉末球形度高,氧含量低(0.14%);粉末具有较低的松装密度和良好的流动性,粒径在38～106μm的粉末其流动性为25～50 s/(50 g),松装密度为2.52～2.56 g/cm~3。TC4合金粉末中粒径较大的颗粒表面呈发达的近似等轴的胞状枝晶组织,而颗粒粒径越小,其表面越光滑。少部分小颗粒粘附在大颗粒表面上,出现连体的"卫星"状。     

SLM成形316L工艺对滑动磨损特性及硬度的影响

目的提高选区激光熔化(SLM)成形316L不锈钢的耐磨性和硬度。方法在能量密度为50～110 J/mm~3、扫描间距为0.04～0.12 mm范围内,改变能量密度和扫描间距两种工艺参数,采用选择性激光熔化技术(SLM)制备了12种316L不锈钢试样。通过表面粗糙度测量、孔隙率测量、销盘摩擦试验和布氏硬度试验,研究了工艺参数对SLM成形316L不锈钢试样的摩擦磨损特性和硬度的影响。结果能量密度为90 J/mm~3且扫描间距为0.12 mm时,表面粗糙度Ra最小,为5700 nm。孔隙率范围为12.35%～0.94%,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样的孔隙率比扫描间距为0.04 mm和0.08 mm的孔隙率小。扫描间距不变时,孔隙率随能量密度增大而减小。能量密度为50 J/mm~3时,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样的摩擦系数和磨损率比扫描间距为0.04 mm和0.08 mm的要小;能量密度不变时,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样硬度比扫描间距为0.04mm和0.08 mm的试样高。结论改变扫描间距和能量密度会直接影响成形试样的表面粗糙度、孔隙率。研究范围内,表面粗糙度和孔隙率随扫描间距增大而减小。孔隙率与磨损量及硬度存在相关性:孔隙率越小,硬度越大,磨损率越小。因此,合理选择工艺参数可以降低孔隙率,进而提高表面质量,降低磨损率,增大硬度。     

SLM成形Cu6AlNiSnInCe仿金合金的工艺优化及其组织与性能

采用激光选区熔化(SLM)工艺成形Cu6AlNiSnInCe仿金合金,研究不同SLM工艺参数组合对试样成形质量及其组织和性能的影响。结果表明,根据SLM成形试样的形貌特征可将激光功率和扫描速度的影响直观地划分为六个区域,分别是过熔区、完全熔化区、球化区、部分熔化区、严重球化区和未成形区。在完全熔化区时,激光能量密度达到156 J/mm3,仿金粉末在该参数区域完全熔化且熔池保持稳定的状态,试样密度较高、表面质量较好,表面粗糙度为9.2μm;SLM试样由基体α-Cu(Al Ni)相和弥散分布在基体中的析出δ-Cu41Sn11相组成;SLM试样的抗变形能力、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能均优于铸造试样。     

微束等离子弧粉末熔覆金属成形件的组织及性能

采用微束等离子弧粉末熔覆技术在Q235低碳钢基板上利用铁基合金粉末Fe313直接金属成形筒状零件毛坯.通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜观察成形金属零件显微组织和形貌,进行EDS分析,并测试了熔覆层的显微硬度.结果表明,等离子弧粉末熔覆直接成形工件的显微组织受到后续成形工艺循环加热的影响而晶粒细化,成形工件硬度沿高度呈U形分布.     

热处理对SLM18Ni300马氏体时效钢组织及腐蚀性能的影响

目的探究热处理对激光选区熔化(SelectiveLaserMelting,SLM)成形18Ni300马氏体时效钢组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响。方法利用激光选区熔化技术成形18Ni300马氏体时效钢试样,分别对成形试样进行时效处理和固溶+时效处理。通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计和电化学工作站,分别测试分析了不同热处理SLM 18Ni300马氏体时效钢的微观组织、显微硬度和耐蚀性。结果热处理后,试样微观组织发生显著变化,时效试样组织细化,得到板条马氏体组织;固溶+时效试样激光熔池消失,组织为均匀致密的板条马氏体,且均有细小析出物弥散分布于晶界和板条间。时效处理和固溶+时效处理显著提高了SLM18Ni300马氏体时效钢硬度,SLM试样硬度为376.6HV1,时效试样和固溶+时效试样硬度分别为651.5HV1和641.8HV1。0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,SLM试样的Jcorr最小,为1.375×10?3 A/cm2,耐腐蚀性最好,各试样耐蚀性优劣有SLM试样固溶+时效试样时效试样。3.5%NaCl溶液中,SLM试样的极化曲线有明显的钝化平台,且Jcorr最小,为3.630×10?6A/cm2,耐腐蚀性最好,各试样耐蚀性优劣有SLM试样时效试样固溶+时效试样。结论时效处理和固溶+时效处理后,SLM 18Ni300马氏体时效钢得到板条马氏体组织,硬度显著提高,但在H2SO4溶液和Na Cl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能有所下降。     

铜/碳复合粉末的制备及其静压固化

将粗铜粉和石墨粉按不同配比混合后机械合金化,粉末球磨后在1.5 GPa下静压固化。采用扫描电镜观察粉末及固化试样的显微组织,应用XRD对球磨后粉末进行相分析,用阿基米德定律和HXD-1000显微硬度计测定了固化试样的密度和显微硬度。结果表明,粉末颗粒随含碳量的增加、球磨时间的延长而逐渐细化;固化试样的硬度与含碳量和球磨时间有关,硬度随含碳量的增加而降低;当粉末球磨24 h,固化试样的硬度最高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。