Performance of terahertz channel with multiple input multiple output techniques

Terahertz (THz) communication is being considered as a potential solution to mitigate the demand for high bandwidth. The characteristic of THz band is relatively different from present wireless channel and imposes technical challenges in the design and development of communication systems. Due to the high path loss in THz band, wireless THz communication can be used for relatively short distances. Even, for a distance of few meters (>5m), the absorption coefficient is very high and hence the performance of the system is poor. The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last two decades. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Spatial diversity technique has been exploited in this paper to improve the performance in terahertz band. The results show that the Bit Error Rate (BER) is considerably improved for short distance (<5m) with MIMO. However, as the distance increases, the improvement in the error performance is not significant even with increase in the order of diversity. This is because, as distance increases, in some frequency bands the signal gets absorbed by water vapor and results in poor transmission. Adaptive modulation scheme is implemented to avoid these error prone frequencies. Adaptive modulation with receiver diversity is proposed in this work and has improved the BER performance of the channel for distance greater than 5m.     

Odd clipping optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for VLC system

The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has emerged as one of the promising techniques because of its robustness to multipath fading with high‐speed data transmission. Classical bipolar OFDM cannot be used in intensity modulated with direct detection (IM/DD) optical communication systems, as visible light communication (VLC), so many optical modulation techniques as asymmetrical clipped optical OFDM (ACO‐OFDM) and DC‐Clipped OFDM (DCO‐OFDM) have been investigated. In this paper, we introduce a novel optical modulation scheme that meets the optical communications requirements. The proposed odd clipping optical OFDM technique (OCO‐OFDM) is based on the Fourier transform symmetry properties in which the imaginary and odd signal is converted to odd and real valued signal. As a result of this work, the proposed OCO‐OFDM and its modified version have several benefits over ACO‐OFDM and DCO‐OFDM. By introducing a better bit error rate, with the same spectral efficiency as DCO‐OFDM and the same power efficiency as ACO‐OFDM for real valued modulation technique as Binary Phase‐Shift Keying (BPSK), and with the same spectral efficiency and power efficiency as ACO‐OFDM for complex valued modulation technique as Quadrature Phase‐Shift Keying (QPSK) and Eight Phase‐Shift Keying (8PSK).     

一种用于OFDM系统的频偏估计方案

针对时变多径的移动信道,提出了一种应用于OFDM系统的基于时频域联合导频的频偏估计方案。理论分析给出了该频偏估计方案的估计精度和适用范围,同时仿真验证了该方寒无论在高斯信道还是多径衰落信道下都有很好的性能。     

Sparse channel estimation and tracking for cyclic delay diversity orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems

In cyclic delay diversity orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems, the excessive channel delay spread and corresponding high frequency selectivity makes channel estimation a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a two‐stage scheme to estimate and track the highly frequency selective channel. At the preamble reception stage, least squares channel estimation with L₀ norm regularization is proposed to exploit the channel sparsity. At the data demodulation stage, an expectation–maximization algorithm with the most significant tap selection is developed to track channel variations by using the channel order obtained from the first stage. Compared with other estimation methods, the proposed scheme requires no prerequisite knowledge of delay parameter settings, which leads to more flexibility. Furthermore, the scheme can exploit the channel sparse structure by detecting the nonzero taps and, consequently, has better mean squared error performance. Simulation results show that the proposed estimation scheme can retain the provided diversity gain of cyclic delay diversity effectively in time‐varying fading channels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Differential modulation techniques for a 34 MBit/s radio channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been proposed for terrestrial digital transmission systems due to its high spectral efficiency, its robustness in different multipath propagation environments and the ability of avoiding intersymbol interference (ISI). Our studies consider a radio channel bandwidth of 8 MHz and a data rate of 34 Mbit/s.In the case of the OFDM transmission system a coherent 64-QAM requires a channel estimation process and a channel equalization in frequency-selective interference situations [4]. The equalization process can be realized by a multiplier bank at the FFT output in the receiver, a so-called frequency-domain equalizer. Alternatively, a multilevel differential modulation technique, the so-called differential amplitude and phase shift keying (64-DAPSK) considering the phase and simultaneously the amplitude for differential modulation, is proposed and presented in this paper. Differential modulation/demodulation techniques do not require any explicit knowledge about the radio channel properties in the differential channel equalization. It is therefore not necessary to implement a frequency-domain equalizer in an OFDM/64-DAPSK receiver, which reduces the computation complexity. The performance of both modulation techniques has been analysed in the uncoded and coded case referring to Gaussian and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Simulation results are presented in this paper.The OFDM signal has a non-constant envelope with large instantaneous power spikes possible primarily resulting in an overdriving of the high power amplifier (HPA) at the transmitter. This leads to nonlinear distortion causing intermodulation noise and spectral spreading. Both effects can be limited by introducing an appropriate input backoff (IBO). In this paper the performance of OFDM signals in the presence of nonlinearities is analysed quantitatively.     

Effects of Doppler spread on adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing channel capacity employing diversity in multipath environments

This paper derives the capacity of a fading channel with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission employing diversity techniques and adaptive policies in Rayleigh fading environments. The effects of Doppler shift f_d on channel capacity are analysed. The main contribution of this work is to model intercarrier interference as a function of f_d and symbol duration T_s. Two diversity techniques are considered (i) maximal ratio combining (MRC) and (ii) selective combining (SC). Three adaptive policies are combined with MRC and SC to estimate the following channel capacity: (i) optimal rate adaptive; (ii) optimal power and rate adaptive; and (iii) channel inversion with fixed rate adaptive. Closed‐form expressions and bounds on channel capacity employing different diversity techniques are derived. Simulation results are given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two signaling schemes for improving the error performance of frequency division duplex (FDD) transmission systems using transmitter antenna diversity

We propose two signaling schemes that exploit the availability of multiple (N) antennas at the transmitter to provide diversity benefit to the receiver. This is typical of cellular radio systems where a mobile is equipped with only one antenna while the base station is equipped with multiple antennas. We further assume that the mobile-to-base and base-to-mobile channel variations are statistically independent and that the base station has no knowledge of the base-to-mobile channel characteristics. In the first scheme, a channel code of lengthN and minimum Hamming distanced _minN is used to encode a group ofK information bits. Channel code symbolc _i is transmitted with thei th antenna. At the receiver, a maximum likelihood decoder for the channel code provides a diversity ofd _min as long as each transmitted code symbol is subjected to independent fading. This can be achieved by spacing the transmit antennas several wavelengths apart. The second scheme introduces deliberate resolvable multipath distortion by transmitting the data-bearing signal with antenna 1, andN–1 delayed versions of it with antennas 2 throughN. The delays are unique to each antenna and are chosen to be multiples of the symbol interval. At the receiver, a maximum likelihood sequence estimator resolves the multipath in an optimal manner to realize a diversity benefit ofN. Both schemes can suppress co-channel interference. We provide code constructions and simulation results for scheme 1 to demonstrate its merit. We derive the receiver structure and provide a bound on the error probability for scheme 2 which we show to be tight, by means of simulations, for the nontrivial and perhaps the most interesting caseN=2 antennas. The second scheme is backward-compatible with two of the proposed digital cellular system standards, viz., GSM for Europe and IS-54 for North America.     

A multi‐access method for BPL based on orthogonal pulse division multiplexing,barker‐code‐based spectrum spreading and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

A highly efficient multi‐access scheme of broadband power line (BPL) communication, named as OFDM‐BPS‐OPDMA, is proposed based on the Orthogonal Pulse Division Multiplexing Access (OPDMA), Barker‐code‐based Spectrum Spreading (BSS) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) method. The orthogonal pulses are generated by using the eigenvectors of Hermitian matrix. At the same time, a specific pulse will be allocated to every user of the communication system. The transmitting data are first modulated by OFDM. Then, it is processed with OPDMA and BSS. Finally, the data is sent to the power line channel. On the receiving side, the data is processed with BSS demodulation, OPDMA demodulation and OFDM demodulation, and the receiving data for each user is acquired. Because of the orthogonality between these pulses, the multi‐user interference could be eliminated; when BSS is used, the waveform restoration is enhanced. Meanwhile, with the help of OFDM, the multi‐path interference is mitigated. Particularly, all users can share the resources of time and spectrum without interfering with others, and get excellent reliability in the concerned scheme. When OFDM is used, the sub‐carriers may be allocated dynamically, and the legal radio frequency band could be shunned by sharing the common bandwidth with other communication systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and multicarrier code division multiple access systems for power line communications

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) systems are comparatively evaluated for power line communications (PLC) in a frequency‐selective fading environment with additive coloured Gaussian noise which is used to model the actual in‐home power line channel. OFDM serves as a benchmark in order to measure the performance of various MC‐CDMA systems, since multicarrier modulation systems are considered the best candidate for this kind of channel. Both single‐user and multi‐user cases are taken into account, making use of the appropriate combiner schemes to take full advantage of each case. System efficiency is enhanced by the application of different coding techniques, a fact which shows that powerful coding can make the difference under such a hostile medium. The impact of block interleaving is investigated, while the simulation examines how different modulation schemes fair under the imposed channel conditions as well. The performance of the system is assessed by the commonly used bit error rate vs signal‐to‐noise ratio diagrams and there is also a comparison regarding throughput efficiency among all the tested systems. As stated in Section 4, a promising PLC application is attained. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robust spectrum sensing for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal without synchronization and prior noise knowledge

Spectrum sensing is defined as the task of detecting the presence of licensed users and is an essential prerequisite for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio. Motivated by the infeasible assumptions of perfect synchronization and prior noise knowledge in most of the existing spectrum sensing algorithms, a robust orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal sensing scheme, with the use of a noise power insensitive threshold, is investigated in this paper. Identification of primary OFDM signals is achieved by sliding the local pilot reference over the received signals and measuring the frequency domain correlations. The necessity of prior noise power knowledge for the sensing threshold determination is removed by employing the proposed interference insensitive test metric, which is a ratio of uniformly distorted correlations. As a result, no noise power information is required in the sensing process. In addition, the effects of both timing and frequency offsets are mitigated with a novel extended time domain segmentation as well as multiple frequency domain correlations via a frequency sliding window. Numerical results are provided to validate the theoretical analysis and estimate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.