304LN不锈钢表面激光熔覆钴基合金组织和性能

为了提高304LN不锈钢的耐磨性,延长控制棒导向筒组件使用寿命,采用激光熔覆技术在304LN不锈钢表面制备了Stellite 6钴基熔覆层.利用光学显微镜(OM)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、腐蚀试验装置等多种试验测试设备,分析了熔覆层组织形貌、成分、显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能及腐蚀行为,确定了多道多层钴基熔覆层的工艺参数.结果表明,熔覆层与基体之间形成了冶金结合,显微组织主要由平面晶区、胞状和柱状晶区、树枝晶区和等轴晶区组成.熔覆层硬度为500 ~ 550 HV,摩擦磨损系数为0.30 ~ 0.35,熔覆层均匀腐蚀速率和缝隙腐蚀速率分别为0.153 和0.143 mg/(dm2·d). 激光熔覆钴基合金可以有效提高304LN不锈钢表面的硬度、耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能.     

激光增材制造技术在核电堆内构件304LN不锈钢大型复杂结构件上的应用

为了提高304LN不锈钢的耐磨性,延长控制棒导向筒组件使用寿命,采用激光熔覆技术在304LN不锈钢表面制备了Stellite 6钴基熔覆层.利用光学显微镜(OM)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、腐蚀试验装置等多种试验测试设备,分析了熔覆层组织形貌、成分、显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能及腐蚀行为,确定了多道多层钴基熔覆层的工艺参数.结果表明,熔覆层与基体之间形成了冶金结合,显微组织主要由平面晶区、胞状和柱状晶区、树枝晶区和等轴晶区组成.熔覆层硬度为500 ~ 550 HV,摩擦磨损系数为0.30 ~ 0.35,熔覆层均匀腐蚀速率和缝隙腐蚀速率分别为0.153 和0.143 mg/(dm²·d). 激光熔覆钴基合金可以有效提高304LN不锈钢表面的硬度、耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能.     

钴基和镍基涂层的微观组织及空蚀性能

利用TIG堆焊和激光熔覆技术在16Mn钢表面分别制备了钴基和镍基合金涂层,采用XRD、光学显微镜、维氏硬度计、SEM以及质量损失分析法对空蚀后涂层的组织和性能进行对比分析。结果表明:钴基堆焊层由FCC的γ-Co基体和在晶界和枝晶间析出的Cr23C6碳化物组成;镍基熔覆层由FCC的γ-Ni固溶体以及弥散分布在γ-Ni基体中的Fe Ni3、BNi3等物相组成。两种涂层的平均显微硬度值相对于基体都有较大的提高;虽然钴基堆焊层的平均硬度低于镍基熔覆层,但由于钴基涂层具有致密的枝晶状组织,物相间较大的内聚结合强度,空蚀过程中发生相变强化以及相变过程中对冲击损伤能量的耗散的综合作用,其抗空蚀性能更佳。     

TiB2对Ni基合金激光熔覆层组织与性能的影响

采用5 kW CO2激光器在低碳钢表面熔覆Ni基合金层及TiB2/Ni基合金金属陶瓷涂层,研究了两种涂层的组织、显微硬度以及滑动磨损特性.结果表明,Ni基合金层主要组成相为γ-(Ni,Fe),Cr23C6等,TiB2/Ni基合金复合涂层组成相主要有γ-(Ni,Fe),Ni3B,TiB2和TiC等;Ni基合金层由发达γ-(Ni,Fe)枝晶和其间共晶组织所组成,TiB2/Ni基合金复合涂层典型组织为等轴固溶体以及其间细小共晶组织;TiB2对熔覆层的组织有显著的影响,使熔覆层组织细化,并由树枝晶转变为等轴晶;加入TiB2可显著提高Ni基合金涂层的显微硬度及耐磨性能.     

纳米Y2O3-Co基合金激光熔覆复合涂层的分析

采用纳米Y2O3和Co基合金粉末,并利用激光表面熔覆技术和堆焊技术在Ni基合金基体上制备了纳米Y2O3-Co基合金复合涂层.运用扫描电镜(SEM)等测试方法,研究了复合涂层的显微组织和显微硬度,通过磨损试验和腐蚀试验分析了激光熔覆涂层和单一堆焊层的耐磨性和耐蚀性.结果表明,激光熔覆层显微组织由熔合区、细等轴状枝晶区及粗枝晶区构成;激光熔覆层的显微硬度由堆焊层的512.8 HV提高到868.9HV;激光熔覆层的耐磨性提高了51.2倍,40 min磨损量由堆焊层的25.6 mg降低到激光熔覆层的0.5 mg;激光熔覆层在10%HCl、10% HNO3和10% NaOH中的耐腐蚀性均比堆焊表面有明显改善.     

氩弧熔覆 TiC 颗粒增强 Fe 基涂层组织性能研究

目的研究氩弧熔覆条件下TiC颗粒增强Fe基涂层的组织和性能。方法在Fe45自熔性合金粉末中添加TiC颗粒,利用氩弧熔覆技术在Q235钢基材表面制备出含TiC颗粒增强的Fe基合金复合涂层,并对熔覆层的显微组织结构、硬度分布及耐磨性能进行分析研究。结果复合涂层是由(Fe,Ni)形成的枝晶和枝晶间的(Fe,Cr)23(C,B)6,Fe3(C,B)共晶组织以及TiC增强颗粒组成,TiC颗粒细小弥散分布在基体金属内,部分TiC颗粒聚集生长为棒状、十字状和放射状。结论熔覆层的显微硬度最高可达980HV,较Q235钢提高了4倍,耐磨性提高了约11倍。     

Ni基高温合金表面激光熔覆Co基合金的组织

采用横流CO2 激光 ,在Ni基高温合金表面激光熔覆H gan sCo钴基非自熔性合金粉末 ,制备了无缺陷的涂层。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及附件 (EDS)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪分析了Co钴基合金熔覆层的组织结构 ,比较了熔覆层两道之间搭接重熔区与非重熔区的组织特征。结果表明 ,熔覆层的初生相为γ -Co枝晶 ,枝晶间为γ -Co Cr2 3C6 共晶 ;熔覆层与基体交界具有快速定向凝固特征 ,晶粒生长方向为垂直于界面 ,而表层则倾向于平行激光扫描方向 ;熔覆层两道搭接重熔区界面部分晶粒的结晶方向继承了第一道的结晶方向     

双相不锈钢表面激光熔覆钴基合金组织和性能研究

目的提高2205双相不锈钢的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能。方法采用激光熔覆技术,在2205双相不锈钢基体表面制备钴基合金熔覆层。用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜检测钴基合金熔覆层的相组成和显微组织,用能谱仪测定熔覆层和基体界面区域的Fe和Cr元素分布,确定熔覆层界面过渡区域的宽度。用显微硬度计和湿砂磨粒磨损试验机,测试熔覆层硬度和耐磨性能。采用扫描电镜观察摩擦表面的磨损特性,分析钴基合金熔覆层的磨损机理。用电化学工作站测试熔覆层的电化学腐蚀特性,并用2205双相不锈钢作为对比试样做相应的性能试验。结果熔覆层由γ-Co固溶体和少量的Cr7C3、Cr2Ni3化合物相组成,界面处的熔覆层相组织是少量的平面晶和胞状晶,其他区域是发达的树枝晶。由于熔覆层由多道搭接和多层熔覆形成,树枝晶生长有方向性,但不是成固定的方向,并出现明显的分层现象。熔覆层过渡区范围为50μm左右,熔覆层平均显微硬度达477HV(0.1),远高于2205双相不锈钢基体(265HV(0.1))。当磨程达到3354m时,熔覆层的质量损失仅为10.3 mg,约为基体质量损失的1/3。在3.5%NaCl溶液中,熔覆层具有较高的极化电阻与电荷转移电阻和较小的自腐蚀电流。结论熔覆层组织致密,无气孔、裂纹等缺陷,与基体呈良好的冶金结合,钴基合金熔覆层具有良好的耐磨粒磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能。     

激光成形修复ZL104合金的组织与性能研究

针对深井钻机刹车盘的工况条件,采用激光熔覆技术在35CrMo钢表面分别制备Fe基涂层和含Cr3C2的Fe基合金复合涂层,研究了2种涂层的组织结构、显微硬度及耐干滑动摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,Fe基涂层以亚共晶方式结晶,在初生柱状固溶体枝晶间存在大量网状共晶组织,主要由γ-Fe、Cr7C3及少量的Cr-Fe固溶体等组成。Fe基复合涂层中Cr3C2大部分溶解,枝晶凝固特征保持不变,枝晶组织明显细化,主要由γ-Fe、Cr7C3及少量的Cr-Fe固溶体及较少量未熔的Cr3C2等组成。Fe基复合涂层的显微硬度及其摩擦磨损性能优于Fe基涂层。     

B4C对激光熔覆钴基合金涂层组织与耐磨性的影响

运用5kWcO2连续激光器在低碳钢表面激光熔覆Co基合金涂层(C065)及Co基合金中添加20％B4C(体积分数)的复合涂层(B4C／Co),研究了B4C对熔覆层组织、显微硬度及耐磨性的影响。结果表明,两种熔覆涂层均为树状枝晶生长的亚共晶组织。C055涂层主要由大量初生枝晶γ固溶体及其间的共晶组织1与(Cr,Fe)7C3组成;B4C／Co涂层主要由γ-Co,Cr7C3,Cr23c6,CrB2和Fe23(C,B)6组成,添加的B4C粒子在熔覆过程中全部熔解,但B4C／Co涂层组织与C055相比明显细化。B4C／Co涂层的显微硬度及耐磨性比Co65涂层都明显提高,并分析了涂层的强化机理。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。