基于CPW和SCD的行星轴承内圈故障特征提取

行星齿轮箱振动信号传递路径具有时变性,各振动分量间相互耦合和调制,拾取的信号往往比较复杂。此外,行星轴承早期故障对应的振动信号微弱,常湮没于背景噪声和较强的齿轮啮合振动信号中,使得行星轴承故障特征提取较为困难。为此,笔者提出一种基于倒谱预白化（cepstral pre?whitening,简称CPW）和谱相关密度（spectral correlation density,简称SCD）的行星轴承内圈故障特征提取方法。首先,采用CPW削弱具有严格周期特性振动分量的能量幅值,增强轴承故障分量的冲击幅值;其次,基于谱峭度算法获取与轴承故障冲击相关的谱峭度最大值时对应的解调频带参数,并获得带通滤波后复包络信号,进而消除解调频带外成分的干扰;最后,基于轴承故障的随机滑动特性,结合SCD提取行星轴承故障振动分量,进而包络谱分析提取出行星轴承故障特征。利用行星轴承内圈故障实测数据验证了方法的有效性。     

基于SK-MOMEDA的风电机组轴承复合故障特征分离提取

针对在实际工况中风电机组滚动轴承发生复合故障时,多个故障间相互作用,彼此干扰,造成复合故障特征难以分离问题,提出了基于谱峭度(spectral kurtosis,简称SK)与多点最优调整的最小熵解卷积(multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted,简称MOMEDA)的风电机组滚动轴承复合故障特征分离提取方法。首先,对复合故障信号进行谱峭度分析,选出能量较大的共振频带,并通过构建带通滤波器对相应的共振频带进行滤波,对滤波信号进行包络谱分析,对单一故障特征进行分离提取;其次,对未能实现单一故障特征提取的滤波信号进行多点峭度谱分析并确定故障周期,应用MOMEDA完成后续分离提取过程。仿真信号和工程应用分析结果表明,该方法能够准确且有效地实现轴承复合故障特征的分离提取。     

基于谱峭度和AR模型的滚动轴承故障诊断

提出基于自回归(Autoregressive,简称AR)预测滤波的谱峭度分析方法,将其应用于滚动轴承的早期故障诊断。通过结合AR预测滤波器提取轴承故障信号共振衰减成分的特性,利用谱峭度方法对AR预测滤波器滤波后的信号进行处理,实现了滚动轴承早期微弱故障的识别。通过滚动轴承的疲劳全寿命加速实验获取滚动轴承的自然故障信号,克服了传统轴承故障诊断人工加工故障的不足。通过试验数据的分析表明,基于AR预测滤波的谱峭度方法不仅能够消除干扰成分提取故障特征,还能增加谱峭度方法的稳定性。     

基于SK‑MOMEDA的风电机组轴承复合故障特征分

针对在实际工况中风电机组滚动轴承发生复合故障时,多个故障间相互作用,彼此干扰,造成复合故障特征难以分离问题,提出了基于谱峭度（spectral kurtosis,简称SK）与多点最优调整的最小熵解卷积（multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted,简称MOMEDA）的风电机组滚动轴承复合故障特征分离提取方法。首先,对复合故障信号进行谱峭度分析,选出能量较大的共振频带,并通过构建带通滤波器对相应的共振频带进行滤波,对滤波信号进行包络谱分析,对单一故障特征进行分离提取;其次,对未能实现单一故障特征提取的滤波信号进行多点峭度谱分析并确定故障周期,应用MOMEDA完成后续分离提取过程。仿真信号和工程应用分析结果表明,该方法能够准确且有效地实现轴承复合故障特征的分离提取。     

基于快速谱峭度图的EEMD内禀模态分量选取方法

针对在总体平均经验模式分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)的多个内禀模态分量(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF)中,如何选取出反应故障特征的敏感IMF的问题,提出一种基于快速谱峭度图的敏感IMF选取方法。由EEMD分解获得的一组无模式混淆的IMF,计算原信号及各个IMF的快速谱峭度图,选择每个快速谱峭度图中谱峭度最大值所处的频带作为参考频带,比较各个IMF的参考频带与原信号谱峭度最大值所处频带之间的从属关系,筛选出反应故障特征的敏感IMF,为后续故障诊断提供特征信息。将该方法应用于模拟仿真信号及滚动轴承滚动体故障信号,验证了方法的有效性。     

基于MEWT‑ASCS的行星齿轮箱微弱故障特征提取

针对强噪声背景下行星齿轮箱早期微弱故障难以提取以及经验小波变换对信号频率区间边界划分不恰当以及不能有效确定模态数目的问题,提出了一种基于改进经验小波变换（modified empirical wavelet transform, 简称MEWT）和自适应稀疏编码收缩（adaptive sparse coding shrinkage,简称ASCS）的早期微弱故障特征提取方法。根据信号频谱的尺度空间表示,将原始故障信号自适应地分解为一系列的窄频带本征模态分量。利用包络谱峭度（envelope spectrum kurtosis, 简称ESK）值选择敏感分量,为了进一步凸显分量中的故障信息,使用ASCS算法对敏感分量进行稀疏降噪处理,从其包络谱中即可提取到清晰的故障特征频率成分。数值仿真和实际数据分析结果表明,本研究方法能够自适应地实现故障信号的模态分解并增强微弱的故障冲击特征。此外,与经验小波变换（empirical wavelet transform, 简称EWT）,EWT?ASCS和ASCS进行对比,本研究方法可有效提取包含故障信息丰富的分量,经ASCS处理后信号故障特征得到凸显,实现了行星齿轮箱早期微弱故障的准确识别。     

基于Morlet小波变换的信号去噪及在轴承状态监测中的应用

为在强噪声背景下利用振动信号中隐含的冲击特征成分来反映轴承性能退化趋势,提出一种基于Morlet小波变换和时域特征参数提取相结合的轴承状态监测方法。通过引入谱峭度评估Morlet小波滤波的去噪效果,再从信号滤波结果构建的组合信息中提取时域特征参数。对轴承全寿命数据的应用结果表明,特征参数的变化趋势能够监测轴承状态的劣化过程,伴随的早期故障检测可以提高轴承使用的安全性。     

基于最小熵解卷积的谱峭度法在行星齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用

针对噪声干扰状态下行星齿轮箱故障诊断中的齿轮故障特征提取,提出最小熵解卷积与谱峭度结合(Spectral Kurtosis Method based on Minimum Entropy Deconvolution,MEDSK)的行星齿轮箱齿轮故障特征提取方法。利用MED对原始扭转振动信号进行预处理,抑制信号中的噪声干扰,提升行星齿轮箱中被噪声淹没的故障冲击成份。利用谱峭度对预处理后的信号选择最优的带通滤波器参数进行带通滤波,然后通过Hilbert变换进行包络解调,最后将解调出来的低频信号进行频谱分析得到MED-SK方法的包络谱。通过对仿真信号和承受多种载荷状态下采集到的行星齿轮箱输出轴实际行星齿轮故障扭转振动信号进行分析,验证了这种方法能准确地提取行星齿轮故障特征。     

基于最大相关峭度反褶积的轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承的故障信号是周期性冲击信号这一特性,提出了最大相关峭度反褶积(maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution,简称MCKD)与谱峭度(spectral kurtosis,简称SK)结合的滚动轴承早期故障诊断方法,即MCKD-SK法。利用MCKD方法可以有效提取滚动轴承早期故障信号中被噪声淹没的周期冲击成分,抑制信号中的噪声,实现信号降噪,提升原信号的峭度。利用SK方法可以选择合理频带,将信号中的低频信息从高频信息中解调出来。通过仿真与实际监测数据的分析和验证,证明MCKD-SK方法可以准确有效地诊断滚动轴承的早期故障,可用于滚动轴承早期故障的在线监测。     

基于平方包络谱相关峭度的最优共振解调诊断滚动轴承故障

利用峭度指标识别滚动轴承共振频带,结合包络分析解调故障特征,是滚动轴承故障诊断的常用方法。峭度指标虽然能够表征瞬态冲击特征的强弱,却无法利用瞬态冲击特征循环发生的特点,导致其难以区分脉冲噪声和循环瞬态冲击,无法准确识别共振频带,进而容易导致错误的故障诊断结果。受峭度和信号自相关的启发,重新定义相关峭度,提出平方包络谱相关峭度新指标;并结合Morlet小波滤波和粒子群优化算法,提出一种滚动轴承最优共振解调方法。通过与峭度、谱峭度等进行对比,仿真和试验分析结果表明平方包络谱相关峭度能够准确识别循环瞬态冲击;最优共振解调能够稳健确定共振频带的最优中心频率和带宽,准确解调诊断滚动轴承故障,验证了平方包络谱相关峭度在检测循环瞬态冲击和识别最优共振频带中的有效性和优越性。     

基于自混合干涉的齿轮箱故障诊断技术

将激光自混合干涉（SMI）技术用于齿轮箱的故障检测,设计出一种新的齿轮箱故障检测传感器。采用QL65D5SA型半导体激光自混合传感器、冯哈勃2342l012CR空心杯减速电机自带的行星齿轮箱,搭建了行星齿轮箱故障SMI检测系统,并对行星轮Z1做断齿故障实验。通过对时域波形的分析,可以找到额定转频下的12个冲击点;通过对齿轮箱故障信号傅里叶频谱的分析,发现故障齿轮的啮合频率周围出现与故障齿轮特征频率和行星架转频呈整数倍关系的边带,且啮合频率处的波形幅值明显增大,这些都与齿轮副的理论振动模型相符合。     

Fault diagnosis for wind turbine planetary ring gear via a meshing resonance based filtering algorithm

Identifying the differences between the spectra or envelope spectra of a faulty signal and a healthy baseline signal is an efficient planetary gearbox local fault detection strategy. However, causes other than local faults can also generate the characteristic frequency of a ring gear fault; this may further affect the detection of a local fault. To address this issue, a new filtering algorithm based on the meshing resonance phenomenon is proposed. In detail, the raw signal is first decomposed into different frequency bands and levels. Then, a new meshing index and an MRgram are constructed to determine which bands belong to the meshing resonance frequency band. Furthermore, an optimal filter band is selected from this MRgram. Finally, the ring gear fault can be detected according to the envelope spectrum of the band-pass filtering result.     

基于EEMD的行星齿轮箱齿轮裂纹损伤定位

针对行星齿轮式变速箱的齿轮裂纹损伤难以提取特征频率和定位的问题,提出基于总体平均经验模式分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)的齿轮局部损伤频率解调分析方法。该方法在建立的齿轮局部损伤振动信号模型的基础上,分别对太阳轮、齿圈、行星轮的裂纹损伤信号进行EEMD分解和频率解调分析,通过频谱图提取齿轮的局部损伤特征频率,从而识别变速箱中裂纹损伤齿轮的位置。综合仿真分析和试验结果表明,基于EEMD的齿轮局部损伤频率解调分析方法可以有效地提取太阳轮、齿圈和行星轮的裂纹损伤特征频率,实现行星齿轮式变速箱中齿轮裂纹损伤的定位。     

行星齿轮传动系统刚柔耦合建模及故障特性仿真研究

针对某型坦克行星变速箱的K3行星排,为了研究故障齿轮对行星传动系统的动态特性影响,运用SolidWorks、Adams及ANSYS软件,建立其刚柔耦合动力学模型并进行联合仿真分析,验证了刚柔耦合模型相对于纯刚体模型在时域、频域上的振动响应;通过分析危险节点应力变化曲线,得到应力极大值时刻等效应力分布云图;阐明了轮齿剥落...     

行星变速箱机构性能和结构特征的评价指标分析

行星变速箱广泛应用于各种车辆的传动系中。为获得结构合理、紧凑、性能好、可靠的传动装置,组成行星变速箱的行星机构应有多个评价指标。主要研究这种机构的运动学指标、性能指标和结构特征指标,并剖析其内在关系,为设计时的合理选择提供理论和技术依据。     

基于小波分解和SVD降噪的齿轮箱特征提取研究

齿轮箱故障诊断的关键是对故障特征的提取。利用小波变换的多分辨特性,将齿轮箱振动信号进行分解及单支重构,获取原信号在不同频段上分布的详细信息,找出对应系统特征频率的尺度,并应用奇异值分解的方法对该尺度下的重构信号进行进一步的降噪处理,从中成功提取出信号的特征分量。     

Vibration condition monitoring of planetary gearbox under varying external load

The paper shows that for condition monitoring of planetary gearboxes it is important to identify the external varying load condition. In the paper, systematic consideration has been taken of the influence of many factors on the vibration signals generated by a system in which a planetary gearbox is included. These considerations give the basis for vibration signal interpretation, development of the means of condition monitoring, and for the scenario of the degradation of the planetary gearbox. Real measured vibration signals obtained in the industrial environment are processed. The signals are recorded during normal operation of the diagnosed objects, namely planetary gearboxes, which are a part of the driving system used in a bucket wheel excavator, used in lignite mines. It is found that a planetary gearbox in bad condition is more susceptible to load than a gearbox in good condition. The estimated load time traces obtained by a demodulation process of the vibration acceleration signal for a planetary gearbox in good and bad conditions are given. It has been found that the most important factor of the proper planetary gearbox condition is connected with perturbation of arm rotation, where an arm rotation gives rise to a specific vibration signal whose properties are depicted by a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and Wigner-Ville distribution presented as a time–frequency map. The paper gives evidence that there are two dominant low-frequency causes that influence vibration signal modulation, i.e. the varying load, which comes from the nature of the bucket wheel digging process, and the arm/carrier rotation. These two causes determine the condition of the planetary gearboxes considered. Typical local faults such as cracking or breakage of a gear tooth, or local faults in rolling element bearings, have not been found in the cases considered. In real practice, local faults of planetary gearboxes have not occurred, but heavy destruction of planetary gearboxes have been noticed, which are caused by a prolonged run of a planetary gearbox at the condition of the arm run perturbation. It may be stated that the paper gives a new approach to the condition monitoring of planetary gearboxes. It has been shown that only a root cause analysis based on factors having an influence on the vibration solves the problem of planetary gearbox condition monitoring.     

基于包络加窗同步平均的行星齿轮箱特征提取

行星齿轮箱由于行星轮通过效应、太阳轮与行星架的旋转及时变工况,导致其振动响应存在时变传递路径及非平稳性等特点,且传统的同步平均将不能直接应用于行星齿轮箱。笔者在国外加窗同步平均的基础上提出一种能有效克服时变传递路径及非平稳性的基于包络信号角域加窗同步平均的行星齿轮箱故障特征提取方法。首先,基于谱峭度提取出行星齿轮箱振动信号的包络信号;其次,再利用计算阶比跟踪技术对包络信号进行等角度重采样,行星架每旋转一圈,选择合适的窗函数对角域信号进行多齿宽加窗截取;最后,验证齿轮啮合齿序特征,根据重排齿序对加窗信号进行重构振动分离信号,对振动分离信号进行角域同步平均,提取行星齿轮箱故障特征。行星齿轮箱故障实测信号分析表明,该方法能有效提取行星齿轮箱故障特征。     

基于改进经验小波变换的行星齿轮箱故障诊断

行星齿轮箱振动信号具有复杂多分量和调幅-调频的特点。幅值解调和频率解调方法能够避免传统Fourier频谱中的复杂边带分析,有效识别故障特征频率。经验小波变换通过对信号Fourier频谱的分割构造一组正交滤波器组,能提取具有紧支撑Fourier频谱的单分量成分,再对单分量成分运用Hilbert变换即可实现信号的解调分析。经验小波变换能够有效分离出调幅-调频成分,不存在模态混叠现象,具有完备的理论基础,自适应性好、算法简单、计算速度快。将改进的经验小波变换应用于行星齿轮箱振动信号的解调分析;提出了一种单分量个数的估算方法,解决了经验小波变换中的Fourier频谱划分问题;给出了对故障敏感的信号分量的选取方法,提高了分析的针对性。将改进方法应用于行星齿轮箱振动仿真信号和实验信号分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

A new feature for monitoring the condition of gearboxes in non-stationary operating conditions

The paper introduces a new diagnostic feature, which can be used for monitoring the condition of planetary gearboxes in time-variable operating conditions. The novel approach (originally presented in W. Bartelmus, R. Zimroz, Vibration condition monitoring of planetary gearbox under varying external load, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 23 (2009) 246–257) exploits the fact that a planetary gearbox in bad condition is more susceptible (yielding) to load than the gearbox in good condition. The diagnostic method based on the new diagnostic feature is very simple: one needs to capture signals for different external load values and calculate a simple spectrum based feature versus operating conditions indicator (current or instantaneous rotation speed). In a certain range of operating conditions the diagnostic relation (i.e. the dependence between the spectral features and the operating conditions indicator) is linear. However, since a gearbox in bad condition is more susceptible to load than the gearbox in good condition the relation will be different for the two cases. Using a simple regression equation one can calculate the slope of the straight line, which expresses the new diagnostic feature. The method is very quick, technically simple, robust and intuitive. This approach has been used for diagnosing the very complex high-power planetary gearbox used in bucket wheel excavators.