等离子熔覆添加WC的Fe-Cr-Ni-B-Si涂层的研究

在Q235钢基体上采用等离子弧熔覆添加30%镍包碳化钨的Fe-Cr-Ni-B-Si合金粉末,制备具有冶金结合的复合涂层.采用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了涂层的组织,利用显微硬度计测试了涂层的显微硬度分布.结果表明:复合涂层中WC颗粒部分溶解于铁基合金,两相界面形成厚达数微米的反应层,有效提高了涂层与WC的界面结合强度;涂层组织主要由枝晶γ-Fe为基,椭圆状的WC、Cr23C6、Fe6W6C强化相组成,熔覆层的显微硬度可达580～630HV0.2.     

等离子熔覆镍基复合涂层的组织及性能

采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢基材上熔覆镍基合金,获得了一定厚度的复合熔覆层.分析了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性及物相形貌和相结构等.结果表明涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的WC颗粒;熔覆过程中WC颗粒发生部分溶解;涂层与基板为冶金结合;所得涂层具有较高硬度,涂层基体硬度6000 MPa,WC颗粒硬度达18 780 MPa;熔覆层的主要强化机制是WC颗粒的弥散强化和C,Cr及B等合金元素溶入γNi(Me)中产生的固溶强化.     

等离子熔覆镍基复合涂层的组织及性能

采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢基材上熔覆镍基合金,获得了一定厚度的复合熔覆层.分析了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性及物相形貌和相结构等.结果表明:涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的WC颗粒;熔覆过程中WC颗粒发生部分溶解;涂层与基板为冶金结合;所得涂层具有较高硬度,涂层基体硬度6000 MPa,WC颗粒硬度达18 780 MPa;熔覆层的主要强化机制是WC颗粒的弥散强化和C,Cr及B等合金元素溶入γNi(Me)中产生的固溶强化.     

导卫辊用RE-WC-钢结硬质合金覆层材料的组织与性能分析

采用WC粉＋1Cr18Mn8Ni5N和改进的电弧喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备RE-WC．钢基复合涂层．然后利用氩弧熔覆工艺对其涂层进行熔覆，并对其显微组织、显微硬度和相结构进行了分析。结果表明。获得了由弥散分布的强化相增强的熔覆层，强化相主要是WC／W2C；熔覆层与基体之间为冶金结合；熔覆层硬度可达750HV0．1以上。     

Cr3C2对镍基碳化钨激光熔覆层组织与性能的影响

研究了不同Cr3C2加入量对镍基碳化钨熔覆层显微组织、横截面微观硬度、耐蚀性及耐磨性的影响。结果表明,Cr3C2使熔覆层质量得到改善,涂层中花状、鱼骨状枝晶组织基本消失,组织主要由浅白色块状、黑色不规则块状、浅黑色菱角状组织以及未熔WC颗粒组成。当Cr3C2加入量为10%时,组织中裂纹、气孔等缺陷基本清除,未发现WC的聚集和桥接,熔覆层显微硬度及耐蚀性均有所提高,硬度分布更加均匀。干滑动摩擦摩损试验时,熔覆层表面磨粒磨损特征的犁沟相对较浅,没有WC粒子脱落现象。     

Q235钢等离子熔覆添加碳化钨铁基合金复合涂层的研究

在Q235钢基体上采用等离子弧熔覆了添加30%镍包碳化钨的Fe-Cr-Ni-B-Si合金粉末,制备了具有冶金结合的复合涂层.采用SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了涂层的组织,利用显微硬度计测试了涂层的显微硬度分布.检测结果表明,Q235钢表面经等离子熔覆的复合涂层厚度可达2.5 mm,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷.涂层中WC颗粒部分溶解于铁基合金,WC与涂层界面形成厚达数微米的反应层,有效提高了WC与涂层间界面结合强度,其组织主要由γ-Fe和α-Fe为基,Cr23C6、Fe6W6C、WC等强化相组成,熔覆层的显微硬度可达500～1 000 HV0.2.     

高速钢表面激光熔覆高硬涂层的组织性能

为实现高硬焊丝激光熔覆修复高速钢刀具的目的,采用Nd:YAG脉冲激光器,利用966T高硬度焊丝在M2高速钢基材表面进行激光熔覆试验获得高硬涂层。采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、洛氏硬度计和高速往复磨损摩擦试验机等试验设备,对熔覆涂层的成分、显微组织、显微硬度、常温硬度、红硬性和耐磨性能进行了研究。结果表明,熔覆涂层化学成分与基材的化学成分相近;熔覆涂层上层由等轴晶和树枝晶组成,下层以柱状树枝状晶为主,无晶粒粗大现象;熔覆涂层硬度在60 HRC以上、熔覆层涂层的耐磨性与基材相近,满足高速钢刀具的修复要求。     

激光辐照区中心温度对高速钢刀具熔覆WC/Co陶瓷层裂纹与组织的影响

目的 研究M2高速钢刀具表面激光熔覆WC/Co陶瓷层的辐照区中心温度对熔覆层边界裂纹、组织的影响规律与裂纹产生机理.方法 采用IPG光纤激光器在M2高速钢刀具表面制备WC/Co陶瓷熔覆层,对多因素激光工艺参数进行耦合,用刀具基体表面辐照区的中心温度(T)和作用于单位质量粉末的中心温度(η)对熔覆层进行分析.运用显微硬度计、SEM、EDS等手段表征熔覆层的宏观形貌、显微硬度与组织.结果 T小于3535 K时,熔覆层通常表现为单边裂纹;T达到4329 K时,熔覆层裂纹长度及宽度成倍增加并沿结合线的方向扩展;T达到5009 K以上时,熔覆层纵向贯穿裂纹数量增加,熔覆层内部开始出现大面积的组织缺陷.η小于19884 K/g时,熔覆层最高硬度数值与其近乎成等比增长趋势,熔覆层主要由WC胞状晶、W2C枝晶为主要强化相的不规则组织构成;η为19884 K/g时,熔覆层最高硬度为1400HV;η达到19884 K/g以上时,熔覆层最高硬度值逐渐下降,熔覆层组织继续长大并开始团聚,逐渐形成以WC为主要强化相的块状组织结构;η超过23614 K/g时,熔覆层左右边界结合区出现比较明显的富WC陶瓷层.结论 在辐照区中心温度小于3535 K时,WC/Co陶瓷层内裂纹可以较为稳定地控制在熔覆层边界处.裂纹的源头多在熔覆层与基体结合的左右边界处,随着中心温度升高,裂纹沿熔覆层结合线方向扩展延伸.作用于单位质量粉末的中心温度对陶瓷熔覆层最高显微硬度的影响最为明显.η较低时,激光温度梯度与熔凝速度之比对陶瓷熔覆层的组织形态和硬度影响更大;η较高时,冷却速度对陶瓷熔覆层的组织形态和硬度影响更大.陶瓷熔覆层边界裂纹的产生和扩展与熔覆层和基材的物性参数差异、温度梯度变化、基材翘曲变形、陶瓷相分布情况有关.     

氩弧熔覆制备WC颗粒增强复合涂层及其组织性能研究

采用氩弧熔覆技术,在45号钢表面制备出WC颗粒增强的耐磨复合涂层.通过光学显微镜、SEM、XRD和EDS分析了氩弧熔覆层的显微组织和相组成,并测试了熔覆层的显微硬度和耐磨性能.结果显示,熔覆层枝晶中弥散分布WC和W2C硬质相颗粒,出现Fe(W)固溶体和M6C型化合物,显微硬度(HV0.1)最高可达970,使基体45号钢的耐磨性能有较大提高.     

40Cr钢表面激光熔覆金属陶瓷复合涂层的组织和性能

以WC、TiC、Co以及Co50合金粉末为原料,在40Cr钢表面制备了WC/Co、WC/Co50以及WC-TiC/Co50金属陶瓷复合涂层。使用X射线衍射（XRD）、金相光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）和EDS能谱,对熔覆层的显微组织和物相构成进行分析。结果表明,在选择适当的激光熔覆工艺条件下,制备的WC/Co50和WC-TiC/Co50复合涂层表面形貌良好,平整连续且无宏观裂纹。硬度测试和摩擦磨损试验表明,复合涂层具有高的硬度（涂层平均显微硬度1126.7 HV0.2以上,涂层表面硬度可达66.2 HRC以上）和良好的耐磨性,其磨损量相比40Cr钢基材分别下降了54%和66%。分析认为,熔覆层硬度和耐磨性提高的原因在于熔覆层中存在大量WC、TiC以及反应生成的W₂C、Fe₃W₃C等碳化物增强相,且均匀分布于基体中。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。