乳酸菌细菌素抑菌特性及在食品中的应用研究进展

乳酸菌细菌素是细菌在核糖体上合成的具有抗菌活性的多肽类物质,这些细菌素能杀灭或抑制引起食品腐败的细菌的繁殖,可作为天然的食品防腐剂在食品中应用。该文综述了乳酸菌细菌素的分类、国内外研究现状、抑菌特性及应用等方面的最新研究进展,并对乳酸菌细菌素未来研究趋势进行简要分析,对乳酸菌细菌素在食品中的应用有一定参考价值。     

乳酸菌细菌素的分类、生物合成及其应用

细菌素是细菌在核糖体上合成的具有抗菌活性的多肽.许多乳酸菌都能生产细菌素,这些细菌素在同一生境中能杀灭或抑制引起食品腐败的细菌和病原菌的繁殖,可作为天然的食品防腐剂在食品中应用.综述主要描述了乳酸菌细菌素的分类、生物合成及其应用.     

共培养诱导乳酸菌细菌素合成的研究进展

乳酸菌细菌素是一种新型的生物防腐剂,具有来源广泛、成本较低、抑菌谱广、安全性高等特点,合成量低是细菌素在食品中应用受限的主要原因之一,共培养是提高乳酸菌细菌素合成量的有效途径之一,群体感应系统在共培养诱导细菌素合成过程中发挥关键的作用,群体感应系统包括信号分子和双组分调控系统(组氨酸蛋白激酶和反应调节蛋白)。因此,对调控机制的掌握显得尤为重要。文章论述了共培养中诱导菌与乳酸菌细菌素合成的关系、诱导因子/信号分子AI-2的特征、双组分调控系统及共培养诱导乳酸菌细菌素合成的分子机制。了解诱导机制及特征将有助于筛选和开发共培养诱导细菌素合成系统和新产品,提高细菌素合成量,近而对人体产生益生效应。     

安全的天然食品防腐剂细菌素

细菌素是细菌产生的可以杀死或抑制别的细菌生长的抗菌蛋白。许多乳酸菌(LAB)产生各种各样的细菌素，其中的尼生素是唯一的在食品中作为防腐剂广泛使用的细菌素。文章综述了以尼生素为重点对细菌素与抗生素的区别、活性细菌素分子的形成以及其在食品中的应用，并比较了这两种类型的分子的合成、作用模式、抵抗力和安全性。     

海洋源乳酸菌细菌素及其在海产品中的应用研究进展

海鲜在加工和储存过程中因酶、微生物和化学反应等因素极易发生腐烂变质。海洋源乳酸菌细菌素是由海洋乳酸菌核糖体合成的一种天然抗菌肽,能有效抑制多种食源性病原菌,将其用于海产品保鲜中可以减少化学防腐剂的添加以及物理处理的强度,有效延长食品的保质期。该文综述海洋源乳酸菌细菌素来源、海产品中影响乳酸菌细菌素抗菌效果的因素及其在海产品中的应用研究进展,为海产品保鲜中乳酸菌细菌素的选择和应用提供参考。     

乳酸菌细菌素的作用机制及在肉制品中的应用

乳酸菌细菌素是乳酸菌在代谢过程产生的一类具有抗菌活性的多肽或蛋白质,在各类食品中均有广泛应用。作为一种生物防腐剂,肉制品中添加乳酸菌细菌素可以抑制腐败菌和致病菌生长,从而提高产品的安全性和延长保质期。综述乳酸菌细菌素的分类、生物合成、作用机制及在肉制品中的应用,为建立乳酸菌细菌素防腐体系提供理论依据。     

luxS基因介导乳酸菌益生特性研究进展

一些乳酸菌具有高肠道耐受性、高粘附肠上皮细胞和产具有抑菌活性的细菌素等益生特性。某些乳酸菌的细菌素合成量、耐受性及黏附特性可以被诱导物-2（autoinduction-2,AI-2）提高,AI-2是通过甲基循环合成的一种信号分子。luxS基因可以编码合成LuxS蛋白,而LuxS蛋白是AI-2合成的关键酶,因此展开对luxS在细菌素合成量和耐受性、黏附特性方面的作用研究具有重要意义。该文通过讨论luxS基因在乳酸菌益生特性的研究现状,提出该研究领域中存在的问题以及发展趋势,从而为提高乳酸菌的益生特性提供理论依据。     

luxS基因介导乳酸菌益生特性研究进展

一些乳酸菌具有高肠道耐受性、高粘附肠上皮细胞和产具有抑菌活性的细菌素等益生特性。某些乳酸菌的细菌素合成量、耐受性及黏附特性可以被诱导物-2(autoinduction-2,AI-2)提高,AI-2是通过甲基循环合成的一种信号分子。lux S基因可以编码合成Lux S蛋白,而Lux S蛋白是AI-2合成的关键酶,因此展开对lux S在细菌素合成量和耐受性、黏附特性方面的作用研究具有重要意义。该文通过讨论lux S基因在乳酸菌益生特性的研究现状,提出该研究领域中存在的问题以及发展趋势,从而为提高乳酸菌的益生特性提供理论依据。     

乳酸菌合成细菌素及对肠道菌群的影响

细菌素是一类由细菌核糖体合成的抗菌肽,目前是食品、医药等多个学科领域的研究热点。乳酸菌在食品中的应用由来已久,通常被认为是一种安全的微生物,并且有助于促进肠道健康,因此其合成的细菌素具有很大的实际应用潜力。近年来人们对肠道菌群的关注度不断提高,同时随着乳酸菌的广泛应用及对其益生机制的不断探究,关于乳酸菌合成的细菌素对肠道菌群影响的研究显得意义重大。该文基于相关研究进展,阐述了乳酸菌合成的细菌素的分类、特点、应用及其对肠道菌群的影响,以期为功能性乳酸菌及乳酸菌细菌素的开发利用提供基础理论依据。     

乳酸菌细菌素研究进展及其在肉制品防腐保鲜领域的应用

乳酸菌细菌素是一种天然的生物防腐剂,可以抑制或杀灭食品里致病微生物和腐败微生物从而保证食品安全。文中概述了乳酸菌细菌素的分类、作用机制、分离纯化方法及在肉制品防腐保鲜领域的应用,并展望了以后的研究方向。     

Bacteriocins: safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation.

Bacteriocins are antibacterial proteins produced by bacteria that kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria. Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce a high diversity of different bacteriocins. Though these bacteriocins are produced by LAB found in numerous fermented and non-fermented foods, nisin is currently the only bacteriocin widely used as a food preservative. Many bacteriocins have been characterized biochemically and genetically, and though there is a basic understanding of their structure-function, biosynthesis, and mode of action, many aspects of these compounds are still unknown. This article gives an overview of bacteriocin applications, and differentiates bacteriocins from antibiotics. A comparison of the synthesis. mode of action, resistance and safety of the two types of molecules is covered. Toxicity data exist for only a few bacteriocins, but research and their long-time intentional use strongly suggest that bacteriocins can be safely used.     

Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria: Their potentials as food biopreservative

Abstract

Numerous strains of lactic acid bacteria used in the fermentation of foods are known to produce bacteriocins. In general, bacteriocins are a group of proteinaceous antimicrobial substances that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria. However, some bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exhibit a relatively broad antimicrobial spectrum and are active against several food‐spoilage and health‐threatening microorganisms. Many investigators have reported on the use of bacteriocins as food preservative to extend the shelflife of various foods. This review decribes the research that has been conducted on bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria— isolated from a wide variety of foods and in some instances of animal origin—and the characteristics of bacteriocins. Special emphasis is placed on their potentials for use as food preservative and on their physicochemical nature, antibacterial spectrum, and genetic behavior.     

环境胁迫调控植物乳杆菌细菌素合成的研究进展

植物乳杆菌作为具有重要经济价值的乳酸菌被广泛应用于食品发酵与保鲜领域,由于其代谢过程中会产生具有广谱抑菌特性、对热稳定且易被蛋白酶水解的细菌素,因此有作为天然食品生物防腐剂的较大应用潜力。研究表明,在发酵过程中菌体的生长和细菌素的合成受多种环境因素如盐胁迫、酸胁迫、氧胁迫及低高温胁迫的影响,但目前环境因素调节信号分子产生以及调控相关基因合成细菌素的具体机制仍然有待研究,另一方面,通用的调控通路还未被发现。因此,本文介绍了植物乳杆菌抵御胁迫的反应机制并详细阐述了环境胁迫下与细菌素合成密切相关的调控基因和重要调控蛋白,为食品发酵加工过程中合理控制发酵条件,促进细菌素合成从而延长食品货架期提供理论依据。     

乳酸菌素的研究现状和发展趋势

乳酸菌素是由乳酸菌产生的一种具有活性的多肽或蛋白质物质，大部分细菌素对近缘关系的细菌有抑制作用，少数细菌素抑菌谱很广。主要可分为热稳定的小分子肽，热敏感的大分子蛋白和羊毛硫抗生素。乳酸菌素是一种纯乳酸菌产生的制剂，是将脱脂乳经杀菌、真空浓缩．再经乳酸菌发酵后干燥而制成的乳酸菌体及其代谢产物混价粉状物，可作医药用或食品添加剂，属疗效型乳制品。本文对乳酸菌素的分类、抑菌机理及在食品和医药方面的应用作了全面系统的综述，并指出了今后的研究方向和应用前景。     

Bacteriocins and their Food Applications

Over the last 2 decades, a variety of bacteriocins, produced by bacteria that kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria, have been identified and characterized biochemically and genetically. This review article focuses on the ecology of bacteriocins, determination of bacteriocin activity, biosynthesis of bacteriocins, and mode of action. Bacteriocin production and modeling are discussed in the article. Nisin is discussed in some detail in this article since it is currently the only purified bacteriocin approved for food use in the U.S. and has been successfully used for several decades as a food preservative in more than 50 countries. For activity spectra and food applications, the review article focuses primarily on class I and class IIa bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) given their development as food preservatives.     

Charakterisierung einiger Bacteriocine im Hinblick auf mögliche Anwendungen im Lebensmittelbereich. 1. Mitt. Stammauswahl

Characterization of some bacteriocins with regard to possible applications in food industry. Part 1. Selection of strains. The ability to produce bacteriocins is common in all genera of lactic acid bacteria. Thirty-four out of 223 strains of lactic acid bacteria from the culture collection of the University Potsdam produced bacteriocins active against one or more indicator strains. Seventeen Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, frequent occur as spoilage bacteria in food industry, were chosen as indicator strains, and 11 of them were inhibited by one or several bacteriocin producers. Most of the bacteriocin producers belong to the genera Enterococcus or Lactobacillus. Bacteriocins derived from Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidilactici exhibited the widest inhibitory spectrum. The properties of Enterococcus faecium 10.051 and Enterococcus faecium 10.211 bacteriocins were further investigated to evaluate their potential use as natural food preservatives. The bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecium 10.211 exhibited a very wide inhibitory spectrum against food-spoiling strains. It was heat stable (100 °C for 60 min) and stable in a wide range of pH (1.2–10.0). The bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecium 10.051 showed a smaller inhibitory spectrum, and it was less stable against temperature and pH as the bacteriocin from strain 10.211. Both bacteriocins were inactivated by proteinase K. pronase E, and α-chymotrypsin. Bacteriocin from strain 10.211 will be the object of further investigations for application of bacteriocins in food industry.     

Development of Wide-Spectrum Hybrid Bacteriocins for Food Biopreservation

The food industry demands new procedures and methods to produce minimally processed, ready to eat food with intact nutritional, taste, and flavor properties. The biopreservation and the use of both bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bacteriocinogenic strains as an alternative to substitute chemical antimicrobial for food preservation became increasingly important in the last two decades. When the new proposed natural preservatives techniques are applied, probiotics food can be obtained and, simultaneously, foodborne pathogens and spoilage contaminants can diminish. However, bacteriocins produced by LAB have a narrow antibacterial spectrum and are inactive against Gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella and the emergent enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Knowing the mechanism of action and the structural features of microcins synthesized by Gram-negative bacteria and with potent antimicrobial activity against the mentioned microorganism, the proposal is to obtain hybrid peptides (microcin–bacteriocin) with broad antimicrobial spectrum. This review explains how the inability of bacteriocins to cross the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria unable them to act on the bacteria. It will also be discussed how a hybrid bacteriocin can be obtained.     

乳酸链球菌素的研究现状及在食品中的应用

随着科技的进步和人们对食品安全的日益高度重视,传统的化学保鲜剂已经不能满足消费者们对健康的需求,因此科学研究者们将更多的目光转向生物型防腐保鲜剂。细菌素是某些细菌在代谢过程中通过核糖体合成机制产生的一类具有抗菌活性的多肽、蛋白质或蛋白质复合物,具有高效、无毒、无残留、无抗药性及耐高温等优点。乳酸链球菌素是当下研究最彻底、应用最广、通过纯化并实现商业化的细菌素之一,它是由乳酸菌发酵生产的多肽类天然生物抗菌剂,能够抑制或杀死其他细菌。本文综述了乳酸链球菌素的理化特性、抑菌机制、功能应用等方面,以期为后续研究提供参考。     

Factors influencing production of bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria

Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria have potential for use as food biopreservatives to control spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. For economical use in food, the bacteriocins have to be produced in large amounts and preferably by growing the strains in media containing food grade ingredients. The influence of several factors on production of nisin by Lactococcus lactis, pediocin AcH by Pediococcus acidilactici, leuconocin Lcm1 by Leuconostoc carnosum Lm1 and sakacin A by Lactobacillus sake Lb 706 were studied. Among the several strains studied in each species, only some strains produced higher amounts of the bacteriocins. Production of a bacteriocin in a simple medium can be increased by growing the cells at optimum pH and supplementing with nutrients specific for a species/strain. Conditions that provide high cell density favor high bacteriocin production. Growing cells under an optimum environment for 16 h facilitates high bacteriocin production. For high yield of a bacteriocin, these aspects need to be considered.