AlSi10Mg的激光选区熔化成形研究

利用激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)成形技术对Al Si10Mg铸造铝合金的成形进行了工艺研究,获得了致密的成形,并对其沉积态和热处理态试样进行了静态拉伸性能测试和显微组织分析。结果表明:对于Al Si10Mg,其SLM沉积态的常温拉伸强度远高于铸件标准,延伸率与铸态相当;退火工艺对SLM试样的组织及力学性能有着重要的影响,随着退火温度的提高,试样微观组织发生改变,在300℃、2 h退火工艺下,原本均匀分布的颗粒状Si聚集长大为针状,使得试样的强度下降,延伸率升高。抗拉强度由沉积态的507~518 MPa下降到378~406 MPa,延伸率由沉积态的3.0%~3.5%增加到6.5%~9.5%。     

AlSi10Mg铝合金3D打印组织与性能研究

采用激光选区熔化技术探索3D打印方法制备航空航天用Al Si10Mg铝合金的可行性,并对其性能适用性进行评价。研究发现:选区激光熔化技术成形Al Si10Mg合金组织致密,晶粒细小,力学性能优于传统铸造成形的零件。其中横向性能和纵向性能相当,横向塑性略优于纵向。使用国产SLM设备成形的Al Si10Mg合金退火态性能与德国EOS公司的官方性能数据相当,说明国内对于金属3D打印的研究和应用水平已达到国际先进水平。     

激光功率对5356铝合金激光诱导MIG电弧增材制造组织性能的影响

为了改善MIG电弧增材制造5356铝合金的组织及力学性能,将低功率激光与MIG电弧增材制造结合,采用低功率脉冲激光诱导MIG电弧增材制造技术进行了不同激光功率下5356铝合金单道多层墙体成形试验,分析了激光功率对沉积态5356铝合金组织、显微硬度及拉伸性能的影响.结果表明,低功率脉冲激光诱导MIG电弧增材制造成形试样整体冶金结合良好、无明显的未熔合现象.墙体的微观组织主要呈等轴晶状,与单MIG电弧堆积的墙体相比,等轴晶变得细小均匀,显微硬度提高,波动较小.加入激光可以减少Fe元素、Si元素含量和气孔数量,使墙体的力学性能提高,当激光功率为300 W时达到最大值,较单MIG电弧堆积墙体的抗拉强度提高了12.0%.     

激光立体成形AlSi10Mg合金的微观组织及力学性能

激光立体成形已逐渐成为大型高性能复杂铝合金构件制造的一条重要途径。采用具有不同波长的CO_2和YAG激光器在铸态基材上进行了AlSi10Mg合金的激光立体成形,研究了不同激光器对AlSi10Mg合金沉积态和T6热处理态下的微观组织和力学性能的影响。利用XRD、OM和SEM研究了AlSi10Mg合金成形件的微观组织;利用电子拉力试验机测试了AlSi10Mg合金成形件的力学性能。结果表明:相比铸态基材,AlSi10Mg合金沉积态组织主要由100取向沿沉积方向外延生长的柱状α-Al枝晶和枝晶间呈纤维或颗粒状生长的Al-Si共晶组成,组织显著细化;且在530℃,3~5 min固溶处理后可实现共晶Si的球化。与CO_2激光相比,采用更短波长的YAG激光进行成形时组织更为细化。经T6热处理后,采用YAG激光成形的AlSi10Mg合金力学性能明显优于压铸铝合金。     

激光熔化沉积AlSi10Mg及气孔对力学性能的影响

采用激光熔化沉积的方法对AlSi10Mg增材制造,制备出致密度大于99%、抗拉强度350 MPa左右、延伸率8%的薄壁墙体试件,利用光学显微镜与扫描电镜分析了沉积态的组织。发现即使增材制造过程水氧含量（体积分数,下同）均控制在1×10^-5以下,试件内部仍存在一定的气孔缺陷,气孔均为直径100 μm以下的氢气孔。进一步试验表明,环境中的氧体积分数与气孔率呈正相关关系。在保持环境湿度和温度不变的情况下,环境氧含量由1×10^-5增加到1×10^-3,气孔直径略微增大,气孔率由0.45%增大到2.71%,气孔率增加近5倍,同时抗拉强度降低100 MPa左右,降幅超过30%,延伸率降幅超过20%。最后探讨了氢气孔在激光熔化沉积制造的试件中产生的机理,给出了利用激光熔化沉积工艺制备稳定的AlSi10Mg合金的策略。     

SLM成形WC/Al基复合材料的显微组织与力学性能

采用物理方法混合纳米WC与AlSi10Mg铝合金粉末,利用选区激光熔化成形技术(SLM)制备WC/Al基复合材料试样。通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸试验等对比同种工艺制备的AlSi10Mg试样及WC/Al基复合材料试样的性能,分析纳米WC对其微观组织形成、演变及力学性能的影响。结果发现,复合粉末球形度好,粒度分布均匀。WC/Al基复合材料试样硬度(HV)约为158.9,屈服强度达到337.8 MPa,抗拉强度高达514.0 MPa,相比沉积态试样分别增加了14.6%、4.7%、6.3%。     

固溶处理对选区激光熔化AlSi10Mg合金激光焊孔隙缺陷的影响

针对选区激光熔化成形AlSi10Mg铝合金焊接过程中氢气孔敏感性高的问题,采用固溶脱氢与真空固溶脱氢的方法对比了脱氢处理对合金激光焊接接头孔隙缺陷的影响,分析了不同状态下激光焊焊缝气孔分布、组织演变及力学行为。结果表明,固溶处理能够有效减少选区激光熔化成形AlSi10Mg铝合金激光焊焊缝气孔率,且真空固溶处理效果最好,气孔率从沉积态激光焊接焊缝的2.64%降到真空固溶态焊缝的0.14%;通过对接头组织的演变与基板物相形态、成分的变化分析阐述了孔隙出现的原因,揭示了真空热处理是解决由于基板中预先存在的较高含量的氢导致焊缝氢气孔形成的有效方法。固溶后母材硬度明显下降,各试板焊缝的平均硬度为80HV,较为一致;固溶态试板焊接接头抗拉强度为143MPa,低于沉积态接头,但延伸率增加到了24%,表现为韧性断裂特征。     

喷射成形70Si30Al合金在加热保温过程中显微组织的演变规律

利用喷射成形技术制备了70Si30Al合金新型电子封装材料,研究了沉积态合金的显微组织及其随温度变化的规律。结果表明:沉积态70Si30Al合金显微组织细小,初生硅相为不规则的块状,均匀弥散分布,初生硅相之间主要是过饱和α(Al)相和铝硅伪共晶相;70Si30Al合金在620℃以下保温90 min,初生硅相没有明显长大,但随着温度的升高出现球化现象,过饱和α(Al)相没有显著变化,铝硅伪共晶相在566~582℃之间熔化,随着温度的升高,熔化相增多并互相凝聚在一起;合适的喷射成形70Si30Al合金热加工变形温度为560~590℃。     

SLM激光快速成型Al-Si合金组织及力学性能分析

采用选择性激光熔化(SLM)快速成型工艺制备出Al Si10Mg合金试样。利用金相显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了不同热处理工艺对Al Si10Mg合金试样微观组织的影响,并对Al Si10Mg合金试样进行拉伸试验测定。结果表明,通过适当热处理后的试样晶粒细小,组织均匀致密,气孔缺陷明显减少。Al Si10Mg合金试样较铸造铝合金具有更好的综合力学性能。     

基体表面粗糙度对激光沉积不锈钢形貌、组织及性能的影响

目的研究基体待沉积表面粗糙度的变化对激光沉积之后沉积层质量(宏观形貌、微观组织和力学性能)的影响,从而获得形貌、组织及性能优良的沉积层。方法采用316L不锈钢粉末,在不同表面粗糙度状态下P20钢基体表面分别进行单道单层、薄壁、多道搭接及块体沉积实验,获得测试分析所需沉积层,基于OM、SEM以及拉伸试验对沉积层组织性能进行分析。结果单道单层时,相对于铣削基体表面沉积层,喷砂基体表面沉积层的熔高、熔深增加幅度达到了100%,而熔宽增加较平缓;单道薄壁时,在前5层的沉积中,喷砂基体表面沉积高度增长达到2.5mm,铣削表面沉积高度仅为前者一半,喷砂基体上沉积层内部孔隙率仅为铣削基体的31%;多道搭接时,随着粗糙度的增大,沉积层截面纵向尺寸H的内部增长范围持续变大,而横向尺寸L范围保持稳定。喷砂基体表面沉积层的σ_b为540.93 MPa,而铣削基体上的σ_b为523.12 MPa。结论随着基体表面粗糙度的增加,沉积过程中陷光效应相应增强,单道单层沉积层的宏观形貌尺寸随之增大。对于薄壁沉积,基体粗糙度对薄壁高度的影响主要集中在前5层,粗糙度的增大使得沉积高度生长加快,内部孔隙率减小。多道搭接时,粗糙度越大,熔高熔深方向的尺寸变化越大,沉积层内部枝晶更加粗大,且不均匀。沉积层内部的抗拉强度随粗糙度的增大而提升。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。