纳米金属氧化物对AP复合推进剂的催化研究

随着科学技术的发展,用纳米催化剂调节固体推进剂的燃烧性能已成为研究热点。综述了纳米金属氧化物对AP和AP复合推进剂的催化研究现状,分析了其对AP和复合推进剂燃烧性能的影响规律,总结了其目前在复合推进剂中应用所存在的问题,并展望了纳米金属氧化物作为推进剂燃速催化剂的应用前景。指出了纳米金属氧化物作为催化剂在AP复合推进剂中应用可获得优于非纳米催化剂的燃烧性能,纳米金属氧化物在复合固体推进剂中有广泛的应用前景。     

纳米燃速催化剂的研究进展

燃速催化剂是固体推进剂的必备部分,用来调节弹道性能,提高燃烧性能,为增加推进剂的能量水平、降低特征信号,利用纳米技术提高燃速催化剂的催化效率并减少其用量是近年来燃速催化剂领域的主要研究方向之一。综述了近年来纳米燃速催化剂在制备方法及应用方面的研究进展,指出存在的问题和改进措施,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

固体推进剂有机含能燃速催化剂的研究进展

含能燃速催化剂是近年来固体推进剂领域的热点研究方向。本文从单金属有机框架型、双金属基多功能型、分子负载型和其他新型催化剂等4个方面分类综述了含能燃速催化剂在固体推进剂领域的应用研究进展及发展趋势,指出单金属有机框架型燃速催化剂催化效果较为单一,与其他金属盐复配使用的催化效果更好;双金属基多功能型燃速催化剂催化性能优良,具有潜在的应用前景;分子负载型燃速催化剂尚处于初步探索阶段,其制备和应用成为燃速催化剂的发展方向之一;其他新型含能燃速催化剂还需加强应用研究。提出绿色环保化、高能低感化、纳米化和多功能复合化等是今后研究的重点方向：含重金属的燃速催化剂会对环境造成不利影响,发展绿色环保的燃速催化剂已成为必然趋势;赋予燃速催化剂一定的能量特性可减少对推进剂的能量损失,高能低感化已成为燃速催化剂发展的重要方向;含能燃速催化剂纳米化一直是有效提升催化剂催化活性的有效途径;具备多重功效的燃速催化剂是未来的发展趋势。     

高燃速压强指数贫氧推进剂的研制

为了适应在不同巡航条件下（不同飞行高度和速度）富燃燃气流量可以调节的要求,用于非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机贫氧推进剂的燃速压强指数必须大于０．５。文中论及了适应上述需求的推进剂应具有的燃速特性和力学性能,研究了ＡＰ粒度和燃速催化剂对推进剂燃速的影响,介绍了用于贫氧推进剂燃烧性能测试的设备及测试方法。研究表明,贫氧推进剂的燃烧机理与常规的ＡＰ推进剂燃烧机理之间存在显著的差异。文中提出了贫氧推进剂的稳态燃烧模型以及燃速温度敏感系数的计算模型,并对上述模型进行了计算研究。     

低燃速低燃温双基推进剂燃速与燃烧波特征量的相关性研究

为研究燃速与燃烧波特征量之间的相关性,采用在推进剂内埋设微型热电偶技术,测得了低燃速低燃温双基推进剂的燃烧波结构,并通过数据处理获得了燃烧波的特征量值,包括表面温度、火焰温度、暗区厚度、凝聚相温度梯度和气相嘶嘶区温度梯度。不含催化剂的基础配方燃速随表面温度增大而增大;加入催化剂的配方产生麦撒燃烧,表面温度比基础配方的表面温度有所增加,燃速与表面温度不再是单一的线性关系。火焰温度随压强增大而提高,其与燃速没有明显相关性。结果表明:低燃速低燃温双基推进剂的燃速与燃烧波特征量之间不仅存在线性关系,还存在非线性关系。分析认为是催化剂改变了低燃速低燃温推进剂的燃烧波结构所致。     

含咪唑类铅盐催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能

研究了咪唑类含能铅盐(E-Pb)催化剂含量及与炭黑复配时对RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃速、压强指数及燃烧火焰结构等燃烧性能的影响。分析了含能催化剂和惰性催化剂影响RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧行为的原因。结果表明,含有含能催化剂的RDXCMDB推进剂的燃烧性能优于含惰性催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃烧性能。10 MPa下的燃速由不含催化剂的推进剂的11.74 mm·s-1提高至含E-Pb的推进剂的25.36 mm·s-1,且随E-Pb含量的增加该推进剂的燃速增加。当含能铅盐与炭黑复配时催化效果更佳,炭黑与含能铅盐质量比为1.5∶0.25时,在4~17 MPa较宽区间出现平台燃烧,压强指数n0.25。表明,含能铅盐对推进剂的燃烧火焰结构、暗区厚度、燃面上的亮点数目等的影响有一定规律性。     

制备条件对鞣酸铅催化燃烧活性的影响规律

鞣酸铅(Ta-Pb)是双基系固体推进剂的高效燃烧催化剂,但其催化活性受化学组成、结构等多个因素的影响,导致在实际应用中易出现批次间燃烧催化性能差异较大的问题。为了解决这一问题,探究了氧化铅法和醋酸铅法制备的鞣酸铅样品对推进剂燃速和压强的影响规律,并从Pb2+含量和pH值两方面系统研究了不同条件制备的鞣酸铅的燃烧催化性能。研究结果表明:氧化铅法制备的鞣酸铅催化性能优于醋酸铅法制备的鞣酸铅。随着鞣酸铅中Pb2+含量的升高,推进剂的燃速先增大后减小。在鞣酸与氧化铅摩尔比为1∶5时(Pb2+含量为31.95%),制备得到的鞣酸铅的燃烧催化性能较优,推进剂的燃速可达32.79 mm·s^-1(16 MPa);当调节反应体系pH至中性时,得到的鞣酸铅样品对推进剂燃烧性能的促进作用可以进一步得到改善。最佳的鞣酸铅制备条件为:氧化铅法、鞣酸与氧化铅摩尔比为1∶5、pH为中性。此条件下制备的鞣酸铅可使双基推进剂的燃速高达33.13 mm·s^-1(16 MPa),平均压强指数小于0.4(12~16 MPa)。     

高燃速推进剂研制现状分析

对高燃速固体推进剂研制采用的技术途径进行了分析，归纳出了六类提高推进剂燃速的方法，包括燃烧催化剂法、增加热传导法、采用纳米微粉或超细固体粒子法、新型含能材料法、金属粉／氧化剂复合粒子法和基于对流燃烧机理的方法。找出了在高燃速推进剂达到的燃速水平、提高燃速所采用的技术途径方面存在的差距，指出基于对流燃烧机理的快燃物方法具有对推进剂配方能量影响小、燃速提高幅度大、适应性广等优点，具有广阔的应用前景。     

平台燃烧推进剂的老化对其燃烧性能和力学性能的影响

介绍了国外对固体推进剂的加速老化试验。研究了６０℃下推进剂的老化对高燃速复合推进剂燃烧特征和力学性能的影响。探讨了加速老化试验时铅化合物燃速催化剂对双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响。研究结果表明，推进剂样品贮存二周后，燃速降低了近７％，发生平台燃烧的压力范围有所提高，其力学性能没有明显的变化。     

高燃速丁羟推进剂燃速可调节性研究

在一维气相稳态反应流模型的基础上,分析了催化剂对丁羟推进剂热分解的影响,采用归纳和假说相结合的方法建立了丁羟推进剂催化燃烧模型,定量研究了细粒度AP质量分数和催化剂质量分数对高燃速丁羟推进剂燃速及压力指数的影响.结果表明,在7～12 MPa实验务件下,不同细粒度AP质量分数下的燃速理论预示结果和不同质量分数催化剂下的燃速模拟计算结果都能与实验结果吻合较好,误差在7.0%以内,为配方研究人员提供了定量化调节燃速的预示方法.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.