基于landsat8遥感影像的南昌县土地利用分类分析

土地利用类型影响着区域的经济发展、粮食安全和生态安全。以南昌县为研究对象,利用2016年7月25日landsat8OLI遥感影像和DEM数据,对比分析监督分类中的平行六面体法、最小距离法、马氏距离法、最大似然法、神经网络法、支持向量机法和决策树分类对地物识别精度。研究发现,在研究区,7种分类方法中最大似然法总体精度最高。利用监督分类中的最大似然法对研究区遥感影像进行地物识别,结果表明南昌县水体面积约为169.79 km~2,耕地面积约为870.65 km~2,建设用地面积约为360.56 km~2,林地面积约为11.53km~2,未利用土地面积约为502.48 km~2。     

抗旱减灾学科研究进展与展望

从回溯水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程技术研究中心抗旱减灾研究团队2005年成立的背景入手,结合初步构建的以旱灾学、防旱学和应急抗旱技术为主体的抗旱减灾学科体系,系统梳理了研究团队在基础理论研究、旱情监测预警技术、旱情预测预报技术、旱情旱灾影响评估技术、旱灾风险评估技术、抗旱规划编制、抗旱预案编制、应急抗旱设备等方面的研究及应用...     

旱情综合监测评估关键技术研究及应用实践

气候变化背景下,干旱发生频率及旱灾造成的影响增加趋势显著.高效精准的旱情监测评估利于及时有效地采取抗旱措施来消除或减缓旱情发展,将旱灾防御关口提前,最大限度地降低灾害损失.本研究针对旱情监测评估业务中亟待解决的"哪里旱、有多旱、旱多久、怎么办"等关键问题,构建了融入"空、天、地"多源数据的旱情综合监测评估关键技术;文中...     

旱情监测指标体系研究进展及展望

干旱监测指标作为干旱研究的基础与关键,仍存在缺乏有效的分类与使用等问题,为进一步明晰旱情监测指标分类及旱情监测指标分析的不足,通过对旱情监测指标的科学梳理与总结,系统的对旱情监测指标体系进行了归类工作,将旱情监测指标分为气象干旱指标、水文干旱指标、农业干旱指标、社会经济干旱指标、生态干旱指标及综合干旱指标,总结和对比了现有旱情监测指标分类和指标本身的不足。在此基础上,基于干旱研究的未来发展诉求,提出了探索指标深度广度、完善指标动态监测功能、强化指标时空耦合性、耦合多模型多模式干旱体系、耦合多变量干旱监测体系、推进遥感旱情指标监测和提升大数据旱情监测平台构建能力等未来可能发展趋势,为当前进一步开展旱情监测、预测、预警和评估工作奠定基础。     

黄河流域旱情监测与水资源调配研究综述

针对黄河水资源短缺、旱灾频发等问题,以应对干旱的黄河流域水资源调配作为切入点,从黄河流域水文水资源和旱情监测评估、水资源调配、支撑管理3个层面,开展大型灌区旱情实时监测和需水评估技术、基于龙羊峡水库旱限与小浪底水库汛限水位优化控制的大型水库群调度技术、黄河流域旱灾应急响应机制和应对干旱的风险管理保障技术等关键技术研究,集成了黄河流域洪旱灾害监测与预警、抗旱水源调度与管理等综合适应技术体系,科学揭示了黄河流域旱灾发生、发展演变的规律。     

遥感监测在黑龙江省旱情分析与抗旱指导中的应用

黑龙江省是典型的旱作农业区,旱灾一直是农业生产的主要自然灾害之一,全省正常年份干旱年份易旱面积在333.33万hm2左右,占播种面积的40%左右,然而,在抗旱救灾工作中,传统的旱情监测手段在无法在广阔是地域空间内满足抗旱救灾工作的需求,随着科学技术的发展,遥感技术被应用于旱情监测.因为遥感监测具有监测范围广阔、时效性、可对旱情动态监测等特点,而越来越受被人们所关注.     

基于农作物受灾损失情景分析的辽宁省农业旱灾风险动态实时评估研究

结合作物生长模拟模型,对未来不同气象假设情景下的作物最终产量进行预测,实现农业旱灾损失动态评估,并根据当前农业旱情及未来可能的农业旱灾损失,确定农业抗旱的最优需水量。成果可为动态预估灾情发展、抗旱动态决策提供量化依据。     

基于云参数法的2010年西南旱情遥感分析

为了克服常规旱情监测获取信息少、人力物力投入大的缺点,可采用遥感技术对区域旱灾灾情进行快速监测与评估。基于2009年10月到2010年3月的FY-1D气象卫星影像和土壤墒情实测数据,利用云参数法,制作了我国西南地区干旱发生发展全过程的遥感监测系统图,并结合人口、耕地面积、有效灌溉面积和社会经济等信息进行了区域干旱灾害评估。得到了2010年3月该区域因旱饮水困难的总人口数和农业受旱面积,且结果与当地实际统计数据基本吻合,证明了该技术在旱情监测评估中的适用性。     

遥感在水资源管理中的应用

介绍了遥感在水资源管理中的应用,包括:流域和水资源调查,洪涝灾害的动态监测和评估,旱情的监测和预警,生态环境保护和水土流失治理,农业节水灌溉以及水质监测和预警等,并且就遥感与地理信息系统的在水资源管理中的联合应用进行了若干讨论。     

辽宁省农业干旱防御对策

农业干旱灾害是辽宁省乃至全国、全球重要的自然灾害之一,严重影响了农业经济发展、农民生活水平提高、农村生态环境可持续发展,对粮食安全和生态安全造成了严重威胁。针对辽宁省旱情特点及发展趋势,提出了加强抗旱应急水源工程的建设与维护,优化灌溉制度与节水技术,全面提升旱情监测预警体系建设,积极探索旱灾保险制度等工程措施与非工程措施。经过几次旱灾的检验,这些防御对策发挥了重要作用,减轻了旱灾损失,提升了抗御干旱的能力。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.