燃料电池有轨电车能量管理Pareto多目标优化

节能环保的出行方式得到政府的大力推广, 其中燃料电池混合动力有轨电车由于可无网运行且节能环保而备受关注.为了改善燃料电池/超级电容/动力电池大功率有轨电车的燃料经济性与系统耐久性, 提出一种有轨电车能量管理策略(Energy management strategy, EMS)的多目标优化方法. 首先以氢燃料消耗量和能量源性能衰减率作为评价指标, 建立多目标成本函数. 由于两个指标很难在同一个等式中评价, 设计了基于状态机与非支配排序的能量管理Pareto多目标优化方法, 获得了有轨电车能量管理策略Pareto非劣解集, 并分析了能量管理策略的目标功率参数对性能指标的影响规律, 进而遴选出兼顾燃料经济性与系统耐久性的综合最优解. 结果表明, 与功率跟随策略和基于遗传算法优化策略相比, 该能量管理优化方法的燃料经济性分别提高了29.4 %和2.4 %.     

Fuel efficient power management strategy for fuel cell hybrid powertrains

A real time control strategy for fuel cell hybrid vehicles is proposed. The objective is to reduce the hydrogen consumption by using an efficient power sharing strategy between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the energy buffer (EB). The energy buffer (battery or supercapacitor) is charge-sustained (no plug-in capabilities). The real time control strategy is derived from a non-causal optimization algorithm based on optimal control theory. The strategy is validated experimentally with a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) test bench based on a 600 W fuel cell system.     

燃料电池汽车最优氢耗马尔科夫决策控制

本文基于马尔科夫决策过程提出一种燃料电池汽车最优等效氢燃料消耗控制策略.控制策略以部分观测量为基础,以马尔科夫转移概率矩阵为条件,采用基于蒙特卡洛马尔科夫(MCMC)算法的Metropolis-Hastings采样方法,获得平均奖励输出,进而通过最优氢燃料消耗代价函数的优化以控制在氢燃料电池系统和动力电池系统间进行能量...     

Real‐time optimal energy management for a fuel cell/battery hybrid system

An energy management strategy is proposed for a class of fuel cell/battery hybrid systems. In such hybrid systems, a fuel cell system is the main power source, and a lithium‐ion battery is the auxiliary power source. In order to manage the system power at the next moment in a reasonable way, a load current filter with bounded estimation errors is designed to estimate the load current. Then, a real‐time optimal energy management algorithm is proposed to optimize economy consumption of the hybrid system. By taking current change rate of the fuel cell and the state of charge into consideration and taking reasonable model simplifications, the optimization problem can be described as a quadratic programming problem. Then a general purpose solver is proposed to solve the quadratic programming problem based on the alternating direction method of multipliers. The efficiency of the proposed solver is much faster than computing interior point method or active set method. Simulation results in MATLAB/SIMULINK are carried out to validate the significant effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed management strategy.     

Real-time energy management strategy based on predictive cruise control for hybrid electric vehicles

With the help of traffic information of the connected environment, an energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed based on preceding vehicle speed prediction, host vehicle speed planning, and dynamic programming (DP) with PI correction to improve the fuel economy of connected hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). A conditional linear Gaussian (CLG) model for estimating the future speed of the preceding vehicle is established and trained by utilizing historical data. Based on the predicted information of the preceding vehicle and traffic light status, the speed curve of the host vehicle can ensure that the vehicle follows safety and complies with traffic rules simultaneously as planned. The real-time power allocation is composed of offline optimization results of DP and the real-time PI correction items according to the actual operation of the engine. The effectiveness of the control strategy is verified by the simulation system of HEVs in the interconnected environment established by E-COSM 2021 on the MATLAB/Simulink and CarMaker platforms.     

基于路况预测的PHEV能量管理策略

为了提高插电式混合动力汽车(plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, PHEV)的燃油经济性,减少排放,提出了基于路况预测的PHEV能量管理策略;首先,建立PHEV系统结构并在此基础上依据动力电池SOC(State of charge)变化规律定义了3种PHEV基本工作模式;然后,设计路况识别模糊控制器对当前行驶路况进行识别并预测;最后,根据预测的路况类型结合合理规划的动力电池SOC的曲线约束,制定PHEV能量管理策略;仿真结果表明,该能量管理策略能够较好的使动力电池SOC保持在设定的参考轨迹附近,提高燃油经济性,减少排放。     

Combined passivity based control and optimal control for energy management of fuel cell/battery hybrid system

The energy management of hybrid electric vehicles is becoming an interesting topic for many researchers. Furthermore, the wise choice of the energy management strategy allows not only the best distribution of the power between the used sources, but also it allows reduction of consumption, increase in the lifetime of the sources, and improves the autonomy of the hybrid electric vehicle. The autonomy is guaranteed by the optimization of the embedded sources. In this study, the hybrid system consists of combining the fuel cell as the main source with the battery as the auxiliary source. The novelty of the proposed energy management strategy for the studied hybrid system is the combination between interconnection and damping assignment‐passivity based control and the Hamiltonian Jacobi Bellman method. The stability proof is given and the efficiency of the proposed strategy is proved by the experimental work, where the obtained results show the good and adequate results to the proposed scenario.     

混合动力电动汽车中利用决策树CART算法的能源管理方案

针对混合动力电动汽车(HEV)氮氧化物( )排放的问题,提出了一种基于决策树CART算法的柴油混合动力能源管理策略。首先,提出了一种结合决策树与回归树的分类算法(Classification and Regression Tress,CART),针对类别和变量特征,从一个或多个预测变量中预测出个例的趋势变化关系;然后,通过控制发动机和电动机之间的扭矩分配,引入了额外的自由度以调整从纯燃料经济性情况到纯 限制情况的优化权衡;最后,采用基于软件在环路和硬件在环仿真的方法,从而根据动力系统配置了解系统性能,并调整所提出的能源管理策略。实验结果表明,提出的柴油混合动力能源管理策略中, 的减少对燃料消耗的影响,且可以通过选择最佳工作点和限制发动机动力来限制 排放的潜力。相比其他几种较新的同类方案,提出的方案在同等燃料消耗的情况下 排放量更小,在燃料消耗略有下降的情况下,可以显着降低 。     

基于PMP算法的HEV能量优化控制策略

针对常用混合动力汽车（Hybrid electric vehicle,HEV）中锂离子电池在功率波动较大时难以满足需求,以及单个驱动周期内HEV燃油能耗大且能量不能很好回收等问题,研究采用锂离子电池和超级电容器混合储能系统（Lithium-ion battery and super-capacitor hybrid energy storage system,Li-SC HESS）与内燃机共同驱动HEV运行.结合比例积分粒子群优化算法（Particle swarm optimization-proportion integration,PSO-PI）控制器和Li-SC HESS内部功率限制管理办法,提出一种改进的基于庞特里亚金极小值原理（Pontryagin's minimum principle,PMP）算法的HEV能量优化控制策略,通过ADVISOR软件建立HEV整车仿真模型,验证该方法的有效性与可行性.仿真结果表明,该能量优化控制策略提高了HEV跟踪整车燃油能耗最小轨迹的实时性,节能减排比改进前提高了1.6%~2%,功率波动时减少了锂离子电池的出力,进而改善了混合储能系统性能,对电动汽车关键技术的后续研究意义重大.     

基于混合整数规划的智能网联车冲突区时序优化模型

智能网联车的大规模应用为交通冲突区域的优化与管理提供了新的机遇和挑战.为保证冲突区域车辆的汇入安全,提高冲突区域车流的运行效率,引入优化时间区间的概念,以车辆平均延误为优化目标,车辆通过冲突区域的最小安全时间间隔为约束条件,构建车辆进入冲突区域时序的混合整数线性规划模型.为研究不同流量状态对模型结果的影响,设计不同流量场景的数值仿真实验.结果表明:与不优化时序相比,所提出的模型和算法能够有效地减少车辆的延误和油耗,且最大能够减少54.23%的车辆延误和34.36%的燃油消耗.     

Speed planning and energymanagement strategy of hybrid electric vehicles in a car-following scenario

The development of intelligent connected technology has brought opportunities and challenges to the design of energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles. First, to achieve car-following in a connected environment while reducing vehicle fuel consumption, a power split hybrid electric vehicle was used as the research object, and a mathematical model including engine, motor, generator, battery and vehicle longitudinal dynamics is established. Second, with the goal of vehicle energy saving, a layered optimization framework for hybrid electric vehicles in a networked environment is proposed. The speed planning problem is established in the upper-level controller, and the optimized speed of the vehicle is obtained and input to the lower-level controller. Furthermore, after the lower-level controller reaches the optimized speed, it distributes the torque among the energy sources of the hybrid electric vehicle based on the equivalent consumption minimum strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed layered control framework can achieve good car-following performance and obtain good fuel economy.     

城市交叉口车辆速度与交通信号协同优化控制

为了降低城市交通中的行车延误与燃油消耗,针对人类驾驶车辆与自动驾驶车辆混合交通环境,提出一种基于交通信息物理系统(TCPS)的车辆速度与交通信号协同优化控制方法.首先,综合考虑路口交通信号、人类驾驶车辆、自动驾驶车辆三者之间的相互影响,设计一种适用于自动驾驶车辆与人类驾驶车辆混合组队特性的过路口速度规划模型;其次,针对车辆速度规划单一应用时的局限性,即无法减少车辆路口通行延误且易出现无解情况,提出一种双目标协同优化模型,能够综合考虑车辆速度规划与路口交通信号控制,同时降低车辆燃油消耗与路口平均延误.由于双目标优化问题求解的复杂性,设计一种遗传算法-粒子群算法混合求解策略.基于SUMO的仿真实验验证了所提出方法的有效性.     

Hybrid fuel cell and battery tramway control based on an equivalent consumption minimization strategy

This paper focuses on describing a control strategy for a real surface tramway powered by a hybrid system based on fuel cell and battery. This tramway, called Metro Centro, serves the centre of Seville, a city in Spain. Currently, it operates as catenary-powered tramway.The configuration and modeling of all principal components of the hybrid system are briefly described. The models, implemented in MATLAB-Simulink environment, have been designed from commercially available components. The implemented control is based on an equivalent consumption minimization strategy. It allows a suitable energy management of the hybrid system, minimizing the hydrogen consumption.     

Energy Control of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Model Predictive Control With Route Preview

The paper proposes an adoption of slope, elevation, speed and route distance preview to achieve optimal energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The approach is to identify route features from historical and real-time traffic data, in which information fusion model and traffic prediction model are used to improve the information accuracy. Then, dynamic programming combined with equivalent consumption minimization strategy is used to compute an optimal solution for real-time energy management. The solution is the reference for PHEV energy management control along the route. To improve the system's ability of handling changing situation, the study further explores predictive control model in the real-time control of the energy. A simulation is performed to model PHEV under above energy control strategy with route preview. The results show that the average fuel consumption of PHEV along the previewed route with model predictive control (MPC) strategy can be reduced compared with optimal strategy and base control strategy.      

A resource management strategy in wireless multimedia communications-total power saving in mobile terminals with a guaranteed QoS

The integration of multimedia services into wireless communication networks is a major source of future technological advances. One of the main challenging issues in this endeavor is the resource optimization strategy. This paper addresses this issue from the perspective of minimizing the total power consumption of a mobile terminal while maintaining a guaranteed quality-of-service (QoS). For many years, the management strategy has dealt primarily with bandwidth allocation, network capacity, and QoS. However, due to the integration of multimedia services, the increasing energy consumption of a mobile unit is also becoming a dominant factor in the design of communication systems. In this paper, we describe two technologies that can make a wireless multimedia communication system more energy-efficient while ensuring QoS. These technologies consist of an energy-efficient communication protocol for the uplink channel and a low-complexity multirate transmission scheme. We also provide a video transmission example using the H.263 standard in the proposed system to demonstrate the importance of our total power optimization strategy. The simulation results show that a savings of 10-32% is achieved in the total energy consumption of the mobile unit.     

混合动力电动汽车能量管理控制策略及仿真

研究电动汽车能量管理优化控制问题,混合动力电动汽车(HEV)能量管理系统,由于动力效率决定于发动机性能控制。针对传统方法燃油利用率低,车辆驾驶控制方式影响了优化。为了提高能源优化效率及优化驾驶控制,提出了一种燃油经济性和驾驶性能全局优化的能量管理控制策略。首先在系统中加入驾驶性能变量,并在代价函数中加入驾驶性能限制,然后把HEV能量管理问题建模为多步决策过程问题,运用动态规划(DP)原理,得到了全局优化的能量管理控制器。将该控制器模型嵌入高级车辆仿真器ADVISOR的并联车辆模型中,与传统规则的控制策略进行仿真对比。仿真结果表明,新的控制策略使燃油经济性提高了约16%,并且使驾驶性能控制在良好的范围内,能有效提高HEV能量管理的效率和实用性,为优化设计提供了依据。     

基于近端策略优化算法含碳捕集的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

为了实现园区综合能源系统（PIES）的低碳化经济运行和多能源互补,解决碳捕集装置耗电与捕碳需求之间的矛盾,以及不确定性源荷实时响应的问题,提出了基于近端策略优化算法含碳捕集的综合能源系统低碳经济调度方法。该方法通过在PIES中添加碳捕集装置,解决了碳捕集装置耗电和捕碳需求之间的矛盾,进而实现了PIES的低碳化运行;通过采用近端策略优化算法对PIES进行动态调度,解决了源荷的不确定性,平衡了各种能源的供给需求,进而降低了系统的运行成本。实验结果表明：该方法实现了不确定性源荷的实时响应,并相比于DDPG（deep deterministic policy gradient）和DQN（deep Q network）方法在低碳化经济运行方面具有有效性及先进性。     

A study on bunker fuel management for the shipping liner services

In this paper, we consider a bunker fuel management strategy study for a single shipping liner service. The bunker fuel management strategy includes three components: bunkering ports selection (where to bunker), bunkering amounts determination (how much to bunker) and ship speeds adjustment (how to adjust the ship speeds along the service route). As these three components are interrelated, it is necessary to optimize them jointly in order to obtain an optimal bunker fuel management strategy for a single shipping liner service. As an appropriate model representing the relationship between bunker fuel consumption rate and ship speed is important in the bunker fuel management strategy, we first study in detail this empirical relationship. We find that the relationship can be different for different sizes of containerships and provide an empirical model to express this relationship for different sizes of containerships based on real data obtained from a shipping company. We further highlight the importance of using the appropriate consumption rate model in the bunker fuel management strategy as using a wrong or aggregated model can result in inferior or suboptimal strategies. We then develop a planning level model to determine the optimal bunker fuel management strategy, i.e. optimal bunkering ports, bunkering amounts and ship speeds, so as to minimize total bunker fuel related cost for a single shipping liner service. Based on the optimization model, we study the effects of port arrival time windows, bunker fuel prices, ship bunker fuel capacity and skipping port options on the bunker fuel management strategy of a single shipping liner service. We finally provide some insights obtained from two case studies.     

Operation mode control of a hybrid power system based on fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor for an electric tramway

This paper focuses on describing a control strategy for a real tramway, in Zaragoza (Spain), whose current propulsion system is to be replaced by a hybrid system based on fuel cell (FC) as primary energy source and batteries and ultracapacitors (UCs) as secondary energy sources. Due to its slow dynamic response, the FC needs other energy sources support during the starts and accelerations, which are used as energy storage devices in order to harness the regenerative energy generated during brakings and decelerations. The proposed energy management system is based on an operation mode control, which generates the FC reference power, and cascade controls, which define the battery and UC reference powers in order to achieve a proper control of the DC bus voltage and states of charge (SOC) of battery and UC. The simulations, performed by using the real drive cycle of the tramway, show that the proposed hybrid system and energy management system are suitable for its application in this tramway.     

并联混合动力汽车能量管理系统的仿真研究

对于混合动力汽车而言,节能减排是促使其发展的主要原因,而能量管理策略是节能减排的关键技术,因此针对并联混合动力汽车的能量管理策略展开研究;首先运用ADVISOR电动汽车仿真软件,选用某款并联混合动力车型,并使用标准ECE_ECDU和UDDS循环工况来评估整车燃油经济性和污染物排放效果;然后,采用门限参数优化的方法对控制策略进行优化;最后对比优化前后不同循环工况仿真结果中汽车的燃油经济性和排放性能的变化,并分析了优化后的策略对汽车性能的影响;研究表明,所提出的优化方法使汽车在ECE_ECDU和UDDS循环工况中的每百公里油耗分别降低了8.45%和10%,有害气体HC、CO和NOX含量分别减少了5.88%和5.8%、12.24%和11.54%、8.55%和7.51%,进一步验证了优化策略的有效性。