Influence of temperature on the galvanic current induced by a localized repair when using primers to the reinforcement in slightly chloride contaminated concrete

An electrochemical macrocell between repaired and adjacent unrepaired zones has been reported when a local concrete patch is performed. This macrocell seems to lead to the corrosion of neighboring not repaired zones. Previous experiments of the authors in slightly chloride contaminated concrete have shown that the macrocell activity lasts very short time (only during the curing). In present paper the effect to rise the temperature to 40°C maintaining the RH, typical of tropical climates, is studied. The results show that the galvanic effect is not enhanced while the corrosion rate does it, which confirms the independence of the galvanic current from the corrosion rate.     

Genetic algorithm for informative basis function selection from the wavelet packet decomposition with application to corrosion identification using acoustic emission

Chemical process installations are exposed to aggressive chemicals and conditions leading to corrosion. The damage from corrosion can lead to an unexpected plant shutdown and to the exposure of people and the environment to chemicals. Due to changes within and on the surface of materials subjected to corrosion, energy is released in the form of acoustic waves. This acoustic activity can be captured and used for corrosion monitoring in chemical process installations. Wavelet packet coefficients extracted from the acoustic activity have been considered to determine whether corrosion occurs, and to identify the type of corrosion process, at least for the most important corrosion processes in the chemical process industry. Feature subset selection is then applied to these wavelet coefficients to achieve a much higher accuracy in the identification of different corrosion processes than when no feature subset selection is applied to the acoustic waves. However, due to the statistical dependencies that potentially exist between the wavelet coefficients, the latter should not be selected independently from each other. Local discriminant basis selection algorithms do not take the statistical dependencies between wavelet coefficients into account. In this paper, we have used several mutual information-based approaches that take these dependencies into account and compared them to the wavelet-specific local discriminant basis selection algorithm. Furthermore, a hybrid filter-wrapper genetic algorithm, which uses a relevance-redundancy approach as a local search procedure, was designed. The highest classification accuracies are obtained with the hybrid filter-wrapper genetic algorithm, for all classifiers used in this paper. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm easily outperformed one of the most commonly used classifiers in chemometrics: partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). A naïve Bayes classifier that uses the features selected by the hybrid filter-wrapper genetic algorithm was able to identify the absence of corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting and stress corrosion cracking, with an accuracy of up to 87.20%.     

Der Einfluss zinkbasierter Korrosionsschutzsysteme auf die Dauerfestigkeit

Zinc‐based corrosion protection systems provide the user with a favorable and long‐ lasting opportunity to protect steel components from corrosion. Therefore, these systems are used in many different variants and are state of the art. Investigations show that zinc‐based corrosion protection systems can have an influence on the fatigue strength during cyclic loading. This influence is not or only partly taken into account in current design regulations. In this paper, the influence on the fatigue strength and possibilities to consider the influence in the design against material fatigue is shown.     

超声聚能器空化腐蚀的研究进展

空化腐蚀是影响超声聚能器工作效率和使用寿命的重要因素,研究超声聚能器的空化腐蚀具有重要意义。分析了超声聚能器材质、辐射面粗糙度、材料的微观组织结构和力学性能对其抗空化腐蚀的影响,探讨了抑制空化腐蚀的相关措施。     

五种船体结构钢在流动海水中的腐蚀行为

研究了５种船体结构钢在０～７．０ｍ／ｓ的海水中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,海水的流动对船体钢的腐蚀具有很大影响,１．５ｍ／ｓ的流速就会使腐蚀率产生数量级的增大,３．０２ｍ／ｓ的流速就会导致显著的冲击腐蚀。无镍铬钢主要表现为迎水侧边的质量耗损,含镍铬钢主要表现为流线形沟纹和马蹄形坑。     

INFLUENCE OF SURFACE DEFORMATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL VARIABLES ON CORROSION AND CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK DEVELOPMENT

This paper presents experimental data for a 0.2%C steel/artificial seawater system showing the influence of shear loading on corrosion response, via measurements of electrochemical variables, e.g. anodic/cathodic Tafel slopes and polarization resistance. Based on the results of these tests, several corrosion fatigue tests were conducted at different stress levels under potentiostatic control. Analysis of the results shows there to be a dependence of corrosion rate on the ratio of applied/yield strain and test frequency. In addition, the corrosion current associated with corrosion fatigue (CF) damage appears to be dependent upon the crack size, which in turn shows a relationship with fatigue crack growth rate. This paper sets out to determine the influence of stress on electrochemical parameters, i.e. free corrosion potential, E_corr , polarization resistance, R_p , anodic, τ_a and cathodic, τ_c Tafel constants. Based upon these results, it is found that a simple linear relationship between stress and corrosion damage does not exist. Furthermore, analysis of the corrosion current fluctuations during corrosion fatigue crack growth shows a minimum current coincident with the point at which a crack is growing at its slowest rate.     

Effect of pulsed magnetic treatment on the corrosion of titanium

ABSTRACT

Results of corrosion tests of titanium in the initial state and after treatment using pulsed magnetic field are presented. It is shown that samples after treatment have better corrosion resistance due to the formation of denser and finer corrosion products with better adhesion to the substrate. Samples after treatment have more homogeneous microstructure due to a substantial increase of dislocations which are uniformly distributed. Mechanisms of dislocation multiplication and a model explaining the effect of the treatment on the corrosion are discussed.

This paper is part of a themed issue on Materials in External Fields.     

Theoretical analysis of the measurement of polarisation resistance in reinforced concrete

Polarisation resistance (R_p) technique based on Stern–Geary equation is one of the most widely used methods of measuring corrosion rate of reinforcement in the field. With the aid of a “sensorised guard ring”, this electrochemical technique is claimed to be able to determine corrosion rate (I_corr) within a given measuring area. However, there are three theoretical problems in the application of this technique: (1) the original Stern–Geary equation is applicable in a uniform corrosion system at its corrosion potential, whereas the reinforced concrete structure may be subjected to non-uniform corrosion or strong polarisation by macro-cell galvanic effects or imposed currents; (2) the value of the parameter B in the original Stern–Geary equation has been estimated to fall within the range 25–52 mV. This may not be suitable for all the corrosion cases of reinforced concrete structures; (3) The polarised surface area of steel may theoretically not always be fully confined by the sensorised guard ring when the cover concrete is too thick.

This paper aims at discussing the theoretical problems. A general relationship between the dissolution rate of steel reinforcement and the measured polarisation resistance is deduced under general conditions. The range of B value is also analysed based on all the possible corrosion situations of reinforced concrete. Furthermore, unsatisfactory confinement by sensorised guard ring on a thick cover concrete is demonstrated.     

生物膜作用下管线钢应力腐蚀开裂行为研究进展

生物膜是一种依附于载体表面的特殊微生物聚集体,它的存在会创造异样的表面环境从而影响管线钢的应力腐蚀.近年来,管线钢在生物膜作用下应力腐蚀开裂行为已经成为学界的一个研究重点.本文综述了生物膜的形成和应力腐蚀开裂行为的机理及其影响因素,总结了关于生物膜和应力协同作用下管线钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的研究现状,分析了当前研究中存在的不足并作了展望.     

Serviceability Limit State criteria based on steel–concrete bond loss for corroded reinforced concrete in chloride environment

This paper will focus on the study of reinforced concrete beams stored in a chloride environment for a period of 14–23 years under service loading. According to the experimental results, a Serviceability Limit State (SLS) criteria is proposed based on an excessive steel–concrete bond reduction. Corrosion of reinforcement in chloride environment leads to a specific local steel cross-section loss as well as a steel–concrete bond loss. Experimental results have shown that, in the first stage of corrosion propagation period, the deflection is more sensitive to chloride-induced corrosion than the ultimate capacity due to the effect of the tension steel–concrete bond loss even if both are correlated. Given this high sensibility of the bending stiffness to corrosion pitting attacks, it appears that a Serviceability Limit State (SLS) criteria based on excessive deflection of structural members is an adequate factor for SLS assessment. Later in corrosion propagation period, when the bond is already significantly reduced, only the ultimate capacity is affected by the steel cross-section loss. This does not affect the serviceability, because pitting attacks are very localised with an insignificant influence on the global deflection. Then, once the steel–concrete bond is lost in critical parts of the beams (high bending moment areas), pitting corrosion propagation does not affect anymore serviceability (stiffness reduction, bending or corrosion cracks patterns) but still leads to an ultimate capacity reduction, which is not acceptable. As a result, excessive steel–concrete debonding can be considered as the SLS criteria.     

A critical discussion on rebar electrical continuity and usual interpretation thresholds in the field of half-cell potential measurements in steel reinforced concrete

Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures is a recurrent problem affecting civil engineering structures and costing the world billions of dollars per year. This physical phenomenon mainly results from chloride ingress or concrete carbonation. Corrosion can be diagnosed through a nondestructive method such as half-cell potential measurements. The present paper studies this method on a reinforced concrete wall containing eighteen unconnected steel bars and subjected to chloride-induced macrocell corrosion. Three corrosion systems with different configurations of connections between the steel bars are generated, involving three different anode-to-cathode surface ratios. Then, half-cell potential variations are observed versus macrocell corrosion current. The results lead to a critical discussion regarding the physical relevance of the usual potential threshold method to detect corroding rebars in reinforced concrete structures. In addition, the experiments demonstrate that electrical continuity between reinforcing steel bars is not necessary to get meaningful information about the macrocell corrosion system. At last, the paper show that the electric field (potential gradient) relative to a macrocell corrosion system may be measured by connecting the measurement system (reference electrode?+?voltmeter) to any electrochemical system in electrolytic contact with the concrete.     

20^#钢弯管H2S腐蚀程度评价研究

文章对服役于某天然气井的20^#钢弯管进行了成分、组织、力学性能及腐蚀产物分析,并与未服役的20^#钢弯管进行了对比,评价研究了其抗H2S腐蚀的程度。研究结果表明：20^#钢弯管发生了H2S腐蚀,但并没有引起氢致损伤;H2S腐蚀后,腐蚀区域硬度降低,塑性下降。     

Towards incorporating the influence of cover cracking on steel corrosion in RC design codes: the concept of performance-based crack width limits

This paper advocates for the adoption of performance-based limiting crack widths with respect to steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. The authors argue that, from both durability and sustainability viewpoints, the practice of adopting a universal limiting crack width for a wide range of in-service exposure conditions and concrete cover conditions and quality is not valid. As new performance-based concrete design codes are being developed and/or improved, the influence of cover cracking on steel corrosion needs to be incorporated in these codes. An experimental set-up was designed to investigate the influence of cover cracking, cover depth and concrete quality on chloride-induced corrosion. Beam specimens (120?×?130?×?375?mm) were cast using five concretes made using two w/b ratios (0.40 and 0.55) and three binders (100?% CEM I 42.5?N (PC), 50/50 PC/GGBS and 70/30 PC/FA). Other variables in the experiments included cover depth (20 and 40?mm), crack width (0, 0.4 and 0.7?mm). A total of 105 beam specimens were cast and exposed to cyclic 3-days wetting (with 5?% NaCl solution) and 4-days air-drying in the laboratory (23?°C, 50?% relative humidity). Corrosion rate was monitored bi-weekly in the specimens. The results relevant to this paper are presented and discussed. For a given concrete quality and cover depth, corrosion rate increased with increasing crack width. If crack width and cover depth are kept constant, corrosion rate increases with decreasing concrete quality, and vice versa. A model framework that can be used to objectively select cover depth, concrete quality and crack width is proposed. Such a model can be improved into, for example, a nomograph and used in the design process for RC structures prone to corrosion. Performance-based crack width limits should be adopted in the design of RC structures prone to steel corrosion. These crack width limits should be dependent on a complex interaction of, inter alia, concrete quality, cover depth, crack characteristics and prevailing exposure conditions. This study showed the inter-relationship between crack width, cover depth and concrete quality in affecting chloride-induced corrosion rate. Accurate corrosion rate prediction models incorporating the influence of cover cracking on corrosion are a pre-requisite to implementing the influence of cover cracking in future concrete design codes.     

影响碳—铝复合材料耐蚀性的因素

本文研究了热暴露、热循环、表面粗糙度、基体合金以及纤维种类对碳-铝复合材料耐蚀性的影响。试验结果表明,无论是在蒸馏水中还是在3.5%NaCl盐水中热暴露都加剧了复合材料界面腐蚀使复合材料的耐蚀性变坏,热循环对复合材料的耐蚀性影响很少,粗糙表面对复合材料耐蚀性有有害的影响,C/Al复合材料比C/LD2复合材料更耐腐蚀,而Gr/Al复合材料比C/Al复合材料具有高的耐蚀性。     

Corrosion protection performance of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites as a repair material

This paper regards the corrosion protection performance of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites (HPFRCC) as a repair material. For the purpose of improving workability, the volumetric fiber content in HPFRCC was decreased from its usual rate of 1.5% to as low as 0.75%. The applicability of HPFRCC as a repair material for preventing steel corrosion was investigated using specimens that simulated either surface coating repair or patch repair. The results can be summarized as follows: Patch repair with HPFRCC to depths beyond the backside of the reinforcement effectively suppressed chloride penetration and prevented reinforcement corrosion, whereas surface coating with HPFRCC could not prevent corrosion of the steel in the RC substrate. As long as the fiber content is set so that only fine cracks are formed under service conditions, differences in fiber content did not affect the corrosion preventing performance of HPFRCC as a repair material.     

醋酸环境下的钛合金腐蚀分析

本文针对化工厂醋酸装置用钛合金设备的腐蚀和断裂原因进行了分析,从实验的结果来看,钛合金螺母断裂为应力腐蚀开裂所致,而在还原性缺氧以及副反应中有氢生成的情况下,会出现点蚀和严重的整体腐蚀,在该环境中采用增厚钛合金表面氧化层的方法并不能有效解决腐蚀问题。     

油气管线钢腐蚀研究现状

管道运输以其经济成本低、安全性及自动化程度高等显著优势,被广泛应用于油气领域。管线钢是一类运输油气资源的特种钢材,表现出较为优异的服役性能。腐蚀作为影响材料的三大主要因素之一,会对管道材料产生巨大影响,进行管线钢腐蚀行为和机理研究极具意义。管线钢服役环境繁杂,既用于埋地管道铺设,也在海洋环境中具有较大发展潜力。影响管线钢耐蚀性能的因素主要包括材料自身性质、服役环境（土壤及海洋）、单一酸性气体、油气性质、缓蚀剂和外加载荷等。不同因素之间存在一定程度的协同与拮抗作用,相比于单因素作用,多因素之间的耦合效果会大幅改变管线钢的腐蚀情况。概述了管线钢最新腐蚀研究现状,阐述了单因素的单独作用和多因素之间的耦合作用,简要分析了管线钢在腐蚀研究方面所面临的困难,以及对未来研究的展望,以期为管线钢腐蚀防护提供一定的思路和解决措施。     

Corrosion behaviour,microstructure and phase transitions of Zn-based alloys

This paper is aimed at investigating the corrosion behaviour, microstructure and phase transitions of Zn-based alloys with different compositions. The corrosion tests are carried out both in acidic medium using 1 N HCl solution and in temperature dependence of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In the two different media, in particular, the corrosion behaviour of Zn-based alloys with respect to Al and Si contents is examined, and microstructure in acidic and TGA and phase transformations in TGA are also studied. Corrosion mechanism in TGA is also examined in terms of oxidation parameters and activation energies. The study reveals that corrosion behaviour of Zn-based alloys in acidic medium shows sometimes an increase and sometimes a decrease with time due to Al content which assists in delaying the corrosion by forming a oxide layer on the surface of Zn-based alloys. This property does not appear in temperature dependence of TGA. Further, Si content appears to remain in main matrix without being affected by acidic solution. On the other hand, it is observed that in microstructure, AlO(Al₂O₃), ZnO oxides and Zn-Cu phase precipitations are formed in main matrix, grain boundaries and partially inside the grains.     

铝合金深海腐蚀研究进展

本文介绍了国外铝合金深海腐蚀的研究进展,并与表层海水铝合金的腐蚀情况进行对比,讨论了点蚀、缝隙腐蚀、应力腐蚀等铝合金深海典型腐蚀特征及规律,同时进一步展望了铝合金在深海中的应用前景及发展方向。     

静态铝热自蔓延高温合成陶瓷层耐蚀性的研究

对比研究了静态铝热ＳＨＳ陶瓷涂层在不同组成，不同冷却保温条件和腐蚀阶段的耐蚀性，试验得出，腐蚀在第一阶段最为严重以后趋于平缓稳定，添加ＳｉＯ２和保温缓冷的涂层可减少孔隙，改善组织分布，从而提高耐蚀性。