陶瓷材料断裂韧性与缺口半径 Ⅱ 断裂韧性估算方法

在陶瓷材料裂纹尖端存在一个断裂过程区，当断裂过程区内平均应力达到断裂强度时，裂纹扩展。本文由理论推导结合实验数据，得到了新断裂过程区的大小是平均晶粒直径的四倍。并由平均应力断裂模型，给出了陶瓷材料断裂韧性和缺口半径及平均晶粒直径之间的关系式，由此关系式可以用宽缺口试件测出的断裂韧性去估算陶瓷材料的本质断裂韧性。     

陶瓷的断裂韧性与缺口半径 Ⅰ.断裂韧性测试技术

本文用一种新的简单方法制备了不同半径的尖缺口，用单边切口梁试件测试了不同缺口半么氧化铝陶瓷的断裂韧性，地七咱不同测试方法测得的，同一种材料的断裂韧性进行了对比，讨论陶瓷材料断裂韧性的最佳测试方法和测试中对缺口半径的要求。     

Fracture toughness measurement of thin-film silicon

The fracture toughness of single‐crystal silicon thin films oriented to (100) and (110) was investigated by tensile testing under both 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 loading conditions. The specimen was fabricated from a p‐type Czochralski (CZ)‐grown wafer and passed through a thermal process during the fabrication of the test device. The measured fracture toughness is dependent on the loading direction in the tensile test and independent of the specimen surface orientation. The test results were 1.94 MPa√m in the 〈100〉 direction and 1.17 MPa√m in the 〈110〉. In these tests, no longitudinal size effect on the fracture stress or fracture toughness was observed. The SEM photographs obtained from the fracture specimens after the tensile test show that the crack initiated from the notch tip and propagated straight in the across‐the‐width direction on the (110) or (111) cleavage plane.     

陶瓷的断裂韧性与缺口半径 Ⅰ.断裂韧性测试技术

本文用一种新的简单方法制备了不同半径的尖缺口，用单边切口梁试件测试了不同缺口半径氧化铝陶瓷的断裂韧性.对七种不同测试方法测得的、同一种材料的断裂韧性进行了对比，讨论陶瓷材料断裂韧性的最佳测试方法和测试中对缺口半径的要求.     

An improved failure criterion for biological and engineered staggered composites

High-performance biological materials such as nacre, spider silk or bone have evolved a staggered microstructure consisting of stiff and strong elongated inclusions aligned with the direction of loading. This structure leads to useful combinations of stiffness, strength and toughness, and it is therefore increasingly mimicked in bio-inspired composites. The performance of staggered composites can be tuned; for example, their mechanical properties increase when the overlap between the inclusions is increased. However, larger overlaps may lead to excessive tensile stress and fracture of the inclusions themselves, a highly detrimental failure mode. Fracture of the inclusions has so far only been predicted using highly simplified models, which hinder our ability to properly design and optimize engineered staggered composites. In this work, we develop a new failure criterion that takes into account the complex stress field within the inclusions as well as initial defects. The model leads to an ‘optimum criterion’ for cases where the shear tractions on the inclusions is uniform, and a ‘conservative’ criterion for which the tractions are modelled as point forces at the ends of the overlap regions. The criterion can therefore be applied for a wide array of material behaviour at the interface, even if the details of the shear load transfer is not known. The new criterion is validated with experiments on staggered structures made of millimetre-thick alumina tablets, and by comparison with data on nacre. Formulated in a non-dimensional form, our new criterion can be applied on a wide variety of engineered staggered composites at any length scale. It also reveals new design guidelines, for example high aspect ratio inclusions with weak interfaces are preferable over inclusions with low aspect ratio and stronger interfaces. Together with existing models, this new criterion will lead to optimal designs that harness the full potential of bio-inspired staggered composites.     

A New Procedure for Mode I Fracture Characterization of Cement‐Based Materials

Fracture characterization under mode I loading of a cement‐based material using the single‐edge‐notched beam loaded in tree‐point‐bending was performed. A new method based on beam theory and crack equivalent concept is proposed to evaluate the Resistance‐curve, which is essential to determine fracture toughness with accuracy. The method considers the existence of a stress relief region in the vicinity of the crack, dispensing crack length monitoring during experiments. A numerical validation was performed by finite element analysis considering a bilinear cohesive damage model. Experimental tests were performed in order to validate the numerical procedure. Digital image correlation technique was used to measure the specimen displacement with accuracy and without interference. Excellent agreement between numerical and experimental load–displacement curves was obtained, which validates the procedure.     

Effect of Strain Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Ti-24Al-11Nb

The effect of strain rate on the bend ductility and notch fracture toughness of Ti-24Al-11 Nb wasstudied,it was found that the strain rate with a range of 1.17×10~(-5)～1.17 ×10~(-3) at 20℃ had nega-tive influence on both properties based on different microstructures.     

Fracture Resistance of Ceramics upon Edge Chipping

Modern methods of determining fracture resistance are analyzed. The necessity of developing a crucially new method based on edge chipping of a brittle material is shown. The results of experimental studies are presented. The applicability of the method to the comparative fracture resistance evaluation of ceramics is substantiated.     

Numerical and experimental investigation of mixed‐mode fracture parameters on silicon nitride using the Brazilian disc test

Engineering applications of ceramics can often involve mixed‐mode conditions involving both tensile and shear loading. Mixed‐mode fracture toughness parameters are evaluated for applicability to ceramics using the Brazilian disc test on silicon nitride. Semi‐elliptical centrally located surface flaws are induced on the disc specimens using Vickers indentation and compression loaded to fracture with varying levels of mode mixity. The disc specimens are modelled via 3D finite element analysis and all three modes of stress intensity factors computed along the crack front, at failure load. We present a numerical and experimental investigation of four widely used mixed‐mode fracture criteria and conclude that the critical strain energy release rate criterion is simple to implement and effective for silicon nitride under mixed‐mode conditions.     

Fracture toughness diagrams of a notched body

To describe fracture toughness diagrams of notched bodies, a model of the cohesion zone near the notch root and an averaging criterion of stresses in this zone were employed. The geometric stress concentration factor and biaxiality coefficient affect greatly the shape of fracture toughness diagram. The notch root critical stress intensity factor is a decreasing function of geometric stress concentration factor. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 142–148, September–October, 2006. Report on International Conference “Dynamics, Strength, and Life of Machines and Structures” (1–4 November 2006, Kiev, Ukraine).     

Computation of the stress intensity factors of sharp notched plates by the fractal‐like finite element method

The fractal‐like finite element method (FFEM) is an accurate and efficient method to compute the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of different crack configurations. In the FFEM, the cracked/notched body is divided into singular and regular regions; both regions are modelled using conventional finite elements. A self‐similar fractal mesh of an ‘infinite’ number of conventional finite elements is used to model the singular region. The corresponding large number of local variables in the singular region around the crack tip is transformed to a small set of global co‐ordinates after performing a global transformation by using global interpolation functions. In this paper, we extend this method to analyse the singularity problems of sharp notched plates. The exact stress and displacement fields of a plate with a notch of general angle are derived for plane‐stress/strain conditions. These exact analytical solutions which are eigenfunction expansion series are used to perform the global transformation and to determine the SIFs. The use of the global interpolation functions reduces the computational cost significantly and neither post‐processing technique to extract SIFs nor special singular elements to model the singular region are needed. The numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the FFEM for sharp notched problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Molecular dynamics study on low temperature brittleness in tungsten single crystals

This study employed a numerical model combining molecular dynamics and micromechanics to study the low temperature fracture of tungsten. In the simulations a pre-crack was introduced on the (110) planes and cleavage was observed along the (121) planes. Cleavage along (121) planes has also been observed in experiments. Simulations were performed with three sizes of molecular dynamic regions at 77 K, and it was found that the results were independent of the size. Brittle fracture processes were simulated at temperatures between 77 K and 225 K with the combined model. The fracture toughness obtained in the simulations showed clear temperature dependency, although the values showed poor agreement with experimental results. A brittle fracture process at 77 K was discussed considering driving forces for dislocation emissions and cleavage in an atomic scale region of the crack tip. The driving force for dislocation emissions was saturated after the first dislocation emission, whilst the driving force for cleavage gradually increased with the loading K-field. The increased driving force caused cleavage when it reached a critical value. The critical values of driving force, which were close to the theoretical strength of the materials, were not influenced by temperature. This indicates that the temperature dependency of fracture toughness is not caused by the temperature dependency of dislocation emissions, but by that of dislocation mobility.     

Influence of sub-micrometer notches on the fracture of single crystal silicon thin films

The influence of notches on the fracture of single crystal silicon thin films was investigated. The tests were conducted on notched and smooth tensile specimens micromachined on a silicon wafer. The specimen geometry was 100 μm long, 50 μm wide and 5 μm thick. For the notched specimen, a V‐shaped sub‐micrometer notch was introduced on one edge of it by using a focused ion beam (FIB) process. The notch lengths ranged from 0.07 to 1.3 μm. Four types of specimens with different surfaces and tensile orientations were tested. The smooth specimens showed scattered fracture strengths and ‘collapsed’ fractures. For the restrictive‐shaped notches, the critical length was 0.5 μm. The short‐notched (<0.5 μm) specimens also showed ‘collapsed’ fractures, and the stress concentrations on notch tips decreased their fracture strengths. For the long‐notched (>0.5 μm) specimens, the notch was equivalent to a crack in the Griffith model and the crack mainly propagated on {111} cleaved planes.     

A generalized plane-strain crack density-based model for evaluating the finite fracture toughness of composite laminates

The present study focuses on a developed crack density-based model for evaluating the material properties of an orthotropic composite ply containing a specified matrix-cracking density. Furthermore, more complementary details of this model, including a closed form solution for evaluating the stress fields as well as stiffness degradation of a damaged ply, will be presented. The derived relations will be applied for evaluating the master plot curve, which is applicable for obtaining the finite fracture toughness (G_mc) of laminated composites. The obtained results will be compared with the available experimental results.     

Fracture Resistance of Ceramics: Edge Fracture Method

Fracture resistance of macrohomogeneous linear elastic yttria, scandia, alumina, zirconia, and silicon nitride ceramics was studied upon flaking of the edges of rectangular specimens with the Rockwell indenter. The correlation between the obtained estimates and fracture toughness test results gained by the single-edge V-notched beam method was demonstrated. Loads giving rise to the flaking of a part of the edge and distances from this edge to the chip scar on the specimen surface were measured. The ratio of those values was considered as a flaking toughness characteristic. The data obtained were statististically reliable (based on more than a hundred determinations). This procedure termed the edge fracture method can be used along with other known fracture toughness test methods for ceramics, its application is especially advantageous when ceramic item sizes are comparable with those of the standard specimens or when expensive materials (e.g., nanoceramics) are tested. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 84 – 92, September – October, 2005.