Effect of microstructure of simulated heat‐affected zone on low‐ to high‐cycle fatigue properties of low‐carbon steels

To clarify the effect of microstructural changes on the fatigue property of the weld heat‐affected zone (HAZ), low‐ to high‐cycle fatigue tests were conducted on 16 types of simulated HAZ specimens that had been prepared using thermal processes. The results showed the fatigue S‐N curves of the HAZ to be widely scattered as a function of strength level. These fatigue data were divided into two groups: coarse grain (CG) and fine grain (FG) HAZ, when strain amplitude was used to represent S‐N curves. The fatigue data for the CGHAZ group showed a relatively short fatigue life. Based on surface observations, the initiated fatigue crack size of CGHAZ was larger than that of FGHAZ as a function of microstructural unit size. Hence, fatigue crack growth life, which is almost the same as total fatigue life of CGHAZ, decreased.     

小管径铜管换热器的性能及成本分析

对比分析采用R410A制冷剂的Ф7mm铜管换热器与Ф5mm铜管换热器的性能与成本。测试结果表明,在相同的测试工况和迎风尺寸下,Ф5mm铜管换热器的换热效果比Ф7mm铜管换热器的好,可以节约大量铜材和铝材,且制冷剂充注量减少。     

Vacuum effects on fatigue crack growth in submicrometre‐thick freestanding copper films

To clarify vacuum effects on fatigue crack growth in freestanding metallic thin films, experiments were conducted on approximately 500‐nm‐thick copper films inside a field emission scanning electron microscope. Fatigue crack growth accompanied by intrusion/extrusion formation occurred in vacuum, and da/dN was smaller than in air in the middle‐ΔK region (ΔK ≈ 1.7‐3.1 MPam^1/2). Conversely, in the low‐ΔK region (ΔK ? 1.7 MPam^1/2), da/dN was larger in vacuum than in air. Further, fatigue crack growth in vacuum occurred below the fatigue threshold in air (ΔK_th,air). A nonpropagating crack after reaching ΔK_th,air continued to propagate in vacuum when the environment changed from air to vacuum. This indicates that fatigue crack growth resistance is smaller in vacuum than in air under the same effective driving force. The fatigue damage area near the crack paths in vacuum in the low‐ΔK region became wider, suggesting that the nucleation of fatigue damage was enhanced in vacuum.     

Influence of notch severity on thermomechanical fatigue life of a directionally solidified Ni‐base superalloy

The aim of this work is to understand the influence of notches under thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) in a directionally solidified Ni‐base superalloy. Experiments were performed utilizing linear out‐of‐phase and in‐phase TMF loadings on longitudinally oriented smooth and cylindrically notched specimens. Several notch severities were considered with elastic stress concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 3.0. The local response of the notched specimens was determined using the finite element method with a transversely isotropic viscoplastic constitutive model. Comparing the analysis to experiments, the locations observed for crack nucleation in the notch, which are offset from the notch root in directionally solidified alloys, are consistent with the maximum von Mises stress. Various local and nonlocal methods are evaluated to understand the life trends under out‐of‐phase TMF. The results show that a nonlocal invariant area‐averaging method is the best approach for collapsing the TMF lives of specimens with different notch severities.     

Corrosion analysis of a heat‐exchanger in epichlorophydrin production process

The failure of E230 heat‐exchanger in the production of epichlorophydrin (ECH) form dichloropropanol (DCP) was analyzed and material solutions are recommended. The analysis indicates that the combined effect of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and dissolution of HCl and HClO in the DCP mixture solution in the E230 heat‐exchanger chamber to the tube surface and chamber wall contributes to the failure of heat‐exchanger tubes and the perforation of E230 heat‐exchanger chamber. It is recommended to reduce the content of Cl^– in the DCP mixture solution and to increase its pH. Titanium, Type 316L stainless steel (SS), and electroless Ni‐P coating can be considered as the candidate materials. Also, the process can be divided into two series step with one step heating the temperature from 30°C to 60°C, and the other step heating the temperature from 60°C to 90°C. For the lower temperature step, the Type 316L SS or electroless Ni‐P coating can be used. For the higher temperature step, Titanium can be applied. Periodic cleaning of the tube surface and chamber inner surface deposit is necessary. Intensifying the in‐service inspection and monitoring is also required.     

Ultra‐low cycle torsion fatigue of annealed copper

Torsion experiments show that pure annealed copper is able to withstand very high plastic strain amplitudes when it is loaded cyclically with less than 30 cycles to failure. Under these ultra‐low cycle fatigue conditions, the performance of copper is significantly better than that of the annealed steels A36 and AISI 304, which were also tested in this study for comparison. The dependence of fatigue life on strain range can be described by a power law. In the case of an initial overloading, fatigue life can be estimated using the Palmgren–Miner rule. The long low cycle fatigue life of copper is explained by a thermally activated softening mechanism which takes place while the material heats up as a result of the cyclically repeated plastic deformation. The softening is accompanied by a change in microstructure. The low cycle fatigue properties of copper can be utilized for designing hysteretic dampers for seismic protection.     

铜管蚁巢腐蚀机制及其预防措施

空调换热器用铜管发生的蚁巢腐蚀会导致系统产生泄漏,使制冷、制热性能下降。本文通过介绍蚁巢腐蚀形成的机理,对可能引起蚁巢腐蚀的物质进行相关试验验证,有针对性地提出预防措施。     

同轴套管换热器的优势初探

对螺旋槽纹管进行大量的仿真计算和试验研究,分析内部的多维旋转扰动流动方式及其对强化传热的影响;初步探讨槽深和螺距与换（传）热系数及管内水阻力的关系,为换热器内部结构的优化提供参考依据。     

高效空调换热器内螺纹铜管的研究及应用

分析内螺纹铜管在齿形参数选择以及制造与使用过程中对传热性能的影响因素,介绍高效空调换热器内螺纹铜管各齿形参数优化设计及研究试验过程。认为对内螺纹铜管进行深入研究,不但可以提高空调产品的性能、减少能源消耗,而且可以降低企业的生产成本。     

High‐cycle fatigue and fracture behaviours of Cu‐Be alloy with a wide strength range

The high‐cycle fatigue and fracture behaviours of Cu‐Be alloy with tensile strength ranging from 500 to 1300 MPa acquired by different treatments were studied. Fatigue crack initiation, fracture surface morphologies, S‐N curves and fatigue strength show obvious differences due to the change of microstructure. At relatively low‐strength level, some fatigue cracks originated from defects; while at high‐strength level, all the fatigue cracks initiated from cleavage facets. It was found that the fatigue ratio increases linearly and fatigue strength changes quadratically with increasing tensile strength, only considering one strengthening mechanism. Finally, the fatigue strengths of various Cu‐Be alloys were summarized.     

Multiaxial fatigue behaviour of A356‐T6

Aluminum alloy A356‐T6 was subjected to fully reversed cyclic loading under tension, torsion and combined loading. Results indicate that endurance limits are governed by maximum principal stress. Fractography demonstrates long shear mode III propagation with multiple initiation sites under torsion. Under other loadings, fracture surfaces show unique initiation sites coincidental to defects and mode I crack propagation. Using the replica technique, it has been shown that the initiation life is negligible for fatigue lives close to 10⁶ cycles for combined loading. The natural crack growth rate has also been shown to be comparable to long cracks in similar materials.     

流程布置对翅片管换热器换热性能影响的研究现状与展望

综述国内外在流程布置对翅片管换热器换热性能影响方面的研究进展,并针对存在的问题指出今后的研究方向.     

某冷凝器换热铜管腐蚀穿孔分析

针对某冷凝器中换热铜管发生腐蚀穿孔泄漏,进行宏观检查、化学成分分析、扫描电子显微镜检查以及腐蚀产物能谱分析,认为HSn70-l铜管在海水环境中发生脱锌选择性腐蚀是腐蚀导致铜管穿孔泄漏的主要原因,并给出防止HSn70-l铜管脱锌腐蚀的建议。     

制冷空调设备用铜管的发展趋势

随着能源短缺和科技进步,制冷空调技术逐渐向节能、环保、小型化和智能化发展。本文分析如何改变现有的铜管提高换热器的能效、使用寿命和安全性,减少换热器的用铜量和体积,并与现有的铜管作对比。结果表明,铜管的发展趋势主要是高效化、细径化和耐腐蚀。     

Rib loading effects on weld root fatigue failure modes at rib‐to‐deck welded joint

The service life of orthotropic steel decks is dependent on the fatigue resistance of rib‐to‐deck welded joints, which is often tested using two kinds of experimental models in terms of the rib loading condition. Different weld root fatigue failure modes have been observed in the different models, but the role of rib loading remains unclear. This paper aims to clarify the effect of rib loadings on the weld root fatigue failure modes at rib‐to‐deck welded joints. The loadings are decomposed into the deck loadings and rib loadings according to the principle of superposition. Formulae of the weld root notch stress intensity factors and T‐stress under rib loadings are developed by multiparameter regression analysis and subsequently used for the local stress analysis. The fatigue failure modes determined from the local stress field agree well with the experimental results. The results reveal that the weld root failure modes depend on the rib loadings but are independent of the weld geometries. The averaged strain energy density (SED) that can capture both weld geometry and loading condition effects is used to correlate the fatigue test data of different weld root failure modes. The SED is capable of evaluating the fatigue strength of the rib‐to‐deck welded joint failed by different weld root failure modes with a narrow scatter band.     

A cumulative damage model for fatigue life estimation of high‐strength steels in high‐cycle and very‐high‐cycle fatigue regimes

A cumulative fatigue damage model is presented to estimate fatigue life for high‐strength steels in high‐cycle and very‐high‐cycle fatigue regimes with fish‐eye mode failure, and a simple formula is obtained. The model takes into account the inclusion size, fine granular area (FGA) size, and tensile strength of materials. Then, the ‘equivalent crack growth rate’ of FGA is proposed. The model is used to estimate the fatigue life and equivalent crack growth rate for a bearing steel (GCr15) of present investigation and four high‐strength steels in the literature. The equivalent crack growth rate of FGA is calculated to be of the order of magnitude of 10^?14–10^?11 m/cycle. The estimated results accord well with the present experimental results and prior predictions and experimental results in the literature. Moreover, the effect of inclusion size on fatigue life is discussed. It is indicated that the inclusion size has an important influence on the fatigue life, and the effect is related to the relative size of inclusion for FGA. For the inclusion size close to the FGA size, the former has a substantial effect on the fatigue life. While for the relatively large value of FGA size to inclusion size, it has little effect on the fatigue life.     

Effect of temperature on the fracture behaviour of heat‐treated Al–Cu–Li alloy laser welds under low‐cycle fatigue loading

The paper presents the results of the studies of the effect of temperature on the fracture behaviour of Al–Cu–Li alloy laser welds under low‐cycle fatigue loading. The mechanical properties and the microstructure of the welded joints without and after postweld heat treatment (PWHT) were investigated. The tensile strength and the low‐cycle fatigue resistance of the welded joints were studied at various test temperatures (20°C, 85°C and ? 60°C). It was been found that heating up to 85°C and cooling down to ?60°C reduced the maximum number of loading cycles of the welded joints after PWHT by 1.5–2.0 times compared with that at a test temperature of 20°C.     

Requirements for stress gradient‐based fatigue assessment of notched structures according to theory of critical distance

Notches, local stress raisers within structural components, are one of the most important locations for fatigue crack initiation. It is well known that fatigue is governed by the effective stresses in the vicinity of notches. Within this study, differences in prediction accuracy between different types of theory of critical distance methods, that is, point and line methods, are systematically investigated in conjunction with a sensitivity study regarding mesh refinement, assumed strength hypothesis and material behaviour. For this purpose, a finite element analysis parameter study on notched structures is performed and recommendations for the application of stress gradient methods are presented. Difference in effective stress of up to 30%, and hence a significant difference in fatigue life (e.g., 185% for a slope of S‐N curve of k = 4), is found for typical notch shapes, for example, in welded joints.     

Impact of slide diamond burnishing additional parameters on fatigue behaviour of 2024‐T3 Al alloy

One of the methods for increasing fatigue life of symmetric rotary metal components is slide diamond burnishing (SDB). This method is implemented on conventional and computer numerical control machine tools by means of simple equipment, which is its main advantage. The SDB basic parameters are diamond insert radius, burnishing force, feed rate, and burnishing velocity. The additional ones are number of passes, working scheme, and lubrication conditions. The effect of SDB additional parameters on the fatigue behaviour of 2024‐T3 Al alloy was experimentally studied. Groups of smooth and notched hourglass‐shaped specimens were slide burnished using different combinations of additional SDB parameters and then were subjected to bending fatigue tests. The residual stresses, introduced by SDB, were measured by X‐ray diffraction technique. The near‐surface microstructure of the slide‐burnished specimens was investigated. Based on the results obtained, it was established that SDB produces two main effects, which depend on SDB additional parameters. The essence of the macroeffect is creation of residual compressive stresses in the superficial and subsurface layers. This stresses retard the formation and growth of fatigue macrocracks and thus increase the lifetime of slide‐burnished components. The microeffect is expressed in modifying the microstructure of the surface and subsurface layers, correspondingly, refining the grain and homogenizing and reducing the pores in the material. Such microstructure is characterized by increased plasticity and fatigue crack resistance. The fatigue life depends on the combination of these two effects. Thus, the desired fatigue behaviour of the slide‐burnished component can be ensured through an appropriate selection of the governing additional SDB parameters.     

Modelling the residual strength of fatigue damage at a single semicircular edge notch: Semielliptical crack and through‐the‐thickness crack

In the present paper, computational framework for fatigue performance analysis of a semicircular edge notch with a through‐the‐thickness crack or a semielliptical crack is discussed. The failure behaviour of such configurations is theoretically examined through the stress‐intensity analysis and residual life estimation. The stress field of a damaged notch configuration is herein investigated by employing analytical and numerical approaches. Further, a fracture mechanics–based methodology, developed for fatigue life assessment, is taking into account the crack growth model proposed by Huang and Moan in which the stress ratio is involved. The efficiency of the obtained fatigue damage assessments, related to the edge notch configurations, is verified through appropriate experimental observations.