An experimental cum numerical technique to determine dynamic interlaminar fracture toughness

A method combining experimental and finite element analysis is developed to determine interlaminar dynamic fracture toughness. An interlaminar crack is propagated at very high speed in a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen made of two steel strips which are bonded together by epoxy with a precrack of about 40 mm length. The face of the front cantilever is bonded to a large solid block and a special fixture is designed to apply impact load to the rear cantilever through a load bar. In the load bar, a compressive square shaped elastic stress pulse is generated by impacting it with a striker bar which is accelerated in an air gun. The rear cantilever is screwed to the load bar; when the incident compressive pulse reaches the specimen, a part of the energy is reflected into the load bar and the rest of it passes to the specimen. By monitoring the incident and the reflected pulses in the load bar through strain gauges, deflection of cantilever-end is determined. The crack velocity is determined by three strain gauges of 0.2 mm gauge length bonded to the side face of the rear cantilever. Further, the first strain gauge, bonded very close to the tip of the precrack, and the crack velocity determine the initiation time of crack propagation.

The experimental results are used as input data in a finite element (FE) code to calculate J-integral by the gradual release of nodal forces to model the propagation of the interlaminar crack. The initiation fracture toughness and propagation fracture toughness are evaluated for an interlaminar crack propagating with a velocity in the range of 850 to 1785 m/s. The initiation toughness and propagation toughness were found to vary between 90–200 J/m² and 2–13 J/m², respectively.     

Initiation, propagation and arrest of an interface crack subjected to controlled stress wave loading

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the initiation, propagation, and arrest of bimaterial interface cracks subjected to controlled stress wave loading in the form of a tensile dilatational stress wave pulse. The tensile pulse is generated by detonating lead azide explosive in a specially designed specimen. Dynamic loading of the bimaterial interface results in crack initiation, propagation, and arrest, all in the same experiment. This failure event is observed using photoelasticity in conjunction with high speed photography. Full field data from the experimentally obtained isochromatic fringe patterns is analyzed to determine time histories of various fracture parameters such as the crack tip speed, the dynamic complex stress intensity factor, the energy release rate, and the mixity. The experimental data is also used to quantify the values of the dynamic initiation and arrest toughness and to evaluate a recently proposed dynamic interface fracture criterion. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

裂纹止裂技术及裂纹动态扩展规律研究

为了对动态荷载作用下水泥粉煤灰砂浆的裂缝动态扩展行为进行研究,提出了一种大尺寸带V型底边的半圆边裂纹(SECVB)试件,其V形底部具有止裂功能。SECVB试件的V形底部设计为180°,150°和120°三个角度。采用落锤冲击装置进行了冲击试验,并使用裂纹扩展计(CPG)用于测量裂纹扩展的相关参数。利用有限差分程序AUTODYN对裂纹扩展行为进行了数值模拟,并用有限元程序ABAQUS计算了裂纹的动态应力强度因子(DSIF);根据CPG测量的裂纹萌生时间和扩展时间来确定临界应力强度因子。试验和数值模拟结果表明,SECVB试件适合于研究动态荷载作用下水泥粉煤灰砂浆的裂纹扩展行为和止裂行为。在裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹可能在一段时间内止裂,并且裂纹在起始时刻的断裂韧度高于裂纹扩展时的断裂韧度。     

Determination of dynamic rock Mode-I fracture parameters using cracked chevron notched semi-circular bend specimen

Rock dynamic fractures are common in many geophysical processes and engineering applications. Characterization of rock dynamic fracture properties such as the initiation fracture toughness, the fracture energy, and the fracture velocity, is thus of great importance in rock mechanics. A novel method is proposed in this work to measure dynamic Mode-I rock fracture parameters using a cracked chevron notched semi-circular bend (CCNSCB) specimen loaded by a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. A strain gauge is mounted on the sample surface near the chevron notch to detect the fracture onset, and a laser gap gauge (LGG) is used to monitor the crack surface opening distance (CSOD) during the dynamic test. With dynamic force balance achieved in the tests, the stable–unstable transition of the crack propagation crack is observed and the initiation fracture toughness is calculated from the dynamic peak load. The average dynamic fracture energy as well as the fracture propagation toughness are calculated based on the first law of thermodynamics. The measured dynamic fracture properties of Laurentian granite using CCNSCB method are consistent with those reported in the literature using other methods.     

A method for testing interlaminar dynamic fracture toughness of polymeric composites

Static and dynamic Mode I delamination fracture in two polymeric fiber composites was studied using a WIF test method. The dynamic test was conducted on a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus. Crack speeds up to 1000 m/s were achieved. Dynamic fracture and crack propagation were modeled by the finite element method. Dynamic initiation fracture toughness of S2/8552 and IM7/977-3 composites were obtained. The dynamic fracture toughness of IM7/977-3 associated with the high speed propagating crack was extracted from the finite element simulation based on the measured data. It was found that the dynamic fracture toughness of the delamination crack propagating at a speed up to 1000 m/s approximately equals the static fracture toughness.     

用圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘和实验-数值-解析法确定砂岩的动态起裂和扩展韧度

在I型(张开型)动态断裂实验中,利用大直径(?100 mm)分离式霍普金森压杆径向冲击圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘试样。考虑了材料惯性效应和裂纹扩展速度对动态应力强度因子的影响,用实验-数值-解析法确定了高加载率和高裂纹扩展速度情况下,砂岩的动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度。由动态实验获取试样的动荷载历程,采用裂纹扩展计(Crack Propagation Gauge,CPG)测定试样断裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度,获得裂纹扩展速度对应的普适函数值。然后将动荷载历程带入到有限元软件中进行动态数值模拟,求出静止裂纹的动态应力强度因子历程,再用普适函数值对其进行近似修正。最后根据试样的起裂时刻和穿过CPG中点的时刻,由相应的动态应力强度因子历程分别确定砂岩的动态起裂和动态扩展韧度,它们分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的提高而增加。     

Quasi-static and dynamic fracture behaviour of rock materials: phenomena and mechanisms

An experimental investigation is conducted to study the quasi-static and dynamic fracture behaviour of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. The notched semi-circular bending method has been employed to determine fracture parameters over a wide range of loading rates using both a servo-hydraulic machine and a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The time to fracture, crack speed and velocity of the flying fragment are measured by strain gauges, crack propagation gauge and high-speed photography on the macroscopic level. Dynamic crack initiation toughness is determined from the dynamic stress intensity factor at the time to fracture, and dynamic crack growth toughness is derived by the dynamic fracture energy at a specific crack speed. Systematic fractographic studies on fracture surface are carried out to examine the micromechanisms of fracture. This study reveals clearly that: (1) the crack initiation and growth toughness increase with increasing loading rate and crack speed; (2) the kinetic energy of the flying fragments increases with increasing striking speed; (3) the dynamic fracture energy increases rapidly with the increase of crack speed, and a semi-empirical rate-dependent model is proposed; and (4) the characteristics of fracture surface imply that the failure mechanisms depend on loading rate and rock microstructure.     

半圆盘构件冲击断裂特性的动态焦散线实验研究

采用动态焦散线实验系统,对有机玻璃（PMMA）在冲击载荷下的I型和I-II混合型裂纹在起裂和扩展时的动态断裂特性进行了研究。结果表明：随着PMMA由I型断裂转变为I-II混合型断裂,从落锤作用在试件上到裂纹起裂所需时间不断增加,说明裂纹起裂需要的能量有所增加,同时从裂纹起裂到最终贯通所需时间不断减少,说明裂纹平均扩展速度也不断增大;在I型断裂中,PMMA的断裂韧度KIC为2.04 MN/m3/2,而在I-II混合型断裂中,PMMA的断裂韧度KIC低于I型断裂时的断裂韧度KIC,但是KIIC有所增大;对于I-II混合型断裂,PMMA极限扩展速度约为366m/s,当达到极限扩展速度后,裂纹尖端出现微裂纹增韧现象,使裂纹的表面能迅速增大,随后裂纹的扩展速度迅速减小。     

Determination of dynamic fracture parameters using a semi-circular bend technique in split Hopkinson pressure bar testing

Fracture initiation toughness, fracture energy, fracture propagation toughness, and fracture velocity are key dynamic fracture parameters. We propose a method to simultaneously measure these parameters for mode-I fractures in split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing with a notched semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen. The initiation toughness is obtained from the peak load given dynamic force equilibrium. A laser gap gauge (LGG) is developed to monitor the crack surface opening displacement (CSOD) of the specimen, from which the fracture velocity and the fracture energy can be calculated. The feasibility of this methodology for coarse-grained solids is demonstrated with the SHPB-SCB experiments on Laurentian granite.     

Determination of dynamic fracture toughness for PMMA

A dynamic FEM (finite element method) and a strain gage method are applied to analyze the dynamic fracture toughness and SIF (stress intensity factor) for PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate). The analyses are carried out for plates with an edge crack subjected to one-point bending in a plane of the plate. A simple procedure that the present author has proposed is applied to the problem of using a triangular element of assumed constant strain on finite element analysis. The numerical simulation by FEM provides values for the applied forces as measured with the strain gages. Also, a crack initiation time is measured with the strain gage mounted around the crack tip. The dynamic fracture toughness is determined by adapting the crack initiation time to the simulation curve of the dynamic SIF calculated by the FEM. In this study, the usefulness of the method to determine the dynamic fracture toughness is investigated by comparing predictions with the experimental results for dynamic stresses and SIFs.     

用应变片法确定混凝土动态起裂时间的研究

在混凝土等准脆性材料的动态起裂韧度K_(1d)测试中,准确确定试件裂尖的起裂时间是测试工作的关键。采用分离式霍普金森压杆系统,对圆孔裂纹平台巴西圆盘混凝土试件进行动态径向冲击试验,通过在裂尖粘贴应变片的方法来确定起裂时间。讨论了应变片在裂纹尖端的粘贴位置、粘贴方向等因素对起裂时间测试值的影响,结果表明裂尖应变片的最佳粘贴方式是:在裂纹延长线上或在裂尖并与裂纹垂直的线上,都距离裂尖3 mm左右,且粘贴方向与裂纹延长线垂直。给出了考虑贴片位置和试件厚度的起裂时间计算公式。     

An experimental investigation of dynamic crack propagation

The dynamic fracture behavior of polymethylmethacrylate (bdPMMA) has been investigated. The specimens were in the form of rectangular sheets with sharp notches. The elastodynamic crack tip stress field and the crack velocity were determined by the use of resistance strain gauges. An analytic expression for the dynamic crack tip stress field was used to evaluate the dynamic stress intensity factors, and the dynamic arrest toughness was also determined.The dynamic response of the stresses at the notch tip at varying loading rates was considered and some “hysteresis” fracture phenomena were observed.     

Dynamic crack propagation and arrest in orthotropic DCB fiber composite specimens

An orthotropic double cantilever beam (DCB) model is used to study dynamic crack propagation and arrest in 90° unidirectional Hercules AS/3501-6 graphite fiber epoxy composites. The dynamic fracture toughness of the composite is determined from tests performed on the long-strip specimen and DCB crack arrest experiments are conducted. By using the dynamic fracture toughness in a finite-difference solution of the DCB governing partial differential equations, a numerical solution of the crack propagation and arrest events is computed. Excellent agreement between the experimental and numerical crack arrest results are obtained.     

Influence of dynamic fracture toughness on dynamic crack propagation

A dynamic finite element code was used in its “propagation mode” to assess the differences in dynamic crack propagation in a wedge-loaded (WL) single-edged notch (SEN) specimen, a tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) specimen and a rectangular double cantilever beam (RDCB) specimen. The dynamic fracture toughness, K_ID, vs the crack velocity, a, relations determined experimentally for WL-SEN, WL-TDCB and WL-RDCB specimens machined from Araldite B were used as dynamic fracture criteria and the resultant k_id variations with crack propagations in the three specimens were compared with the corresponding experimental results. While the specific K_ID vs /.a relations established for each specimen obviously yielded calculated k_ID which were in best agreement with the experimental K_ID for the respective specimen, the K_ID vs /.a relation for the large WL-SEN specimen provided the best overall fit between the calculated and measured K_ID variations with crack propagation in all three specimens.     

BT20钛合金激光焊接接头的断裂韧性研究

对BT20钛合金及其激光焊接接头的断裂韧性进行了研究.同时分析了合金及激光焊接接头的硬度分布及显微组织.断裂实验表明,除了一个焊接接头紧凑拉伸(CT)试样是脆性启裂外,其它CT试样均在裂纹延性启裂并缓慢扩展后,发生脆性失稳断裂.母材的断裂韧性明显高于焊接接头,轧制方向对母材断裂韧性的影响不明显.焊接热影响区的断裂韧性介于母材和焊缝金属之间.本研究采用的焊后热处理没有改善焊接接头的断裂韧性,还有进一步恶化的趋势.添加活性剂对焊缝金属的断裂韧性没有明显作用,但对延性裂纹扩展长度有所改善.     

纯Ⅰ型加载条件下有机玻璃中心切口圆盘断裂的尺寸相关性

采用直槽式和尖槽式中心切口圆盘试件,对有机玻璃在纯Ⅰ型准静态加载条件下的断裂行为进行了实验研究.结果表明,中心切口圆盘试件的切口形状对断裂行为和断裂韧度的测试结果有显著的影响.直槽切口偏离理想裂纹,裂纹起裂始于切口端部的角点,实测的断裂韧度值偏高且具有尺寸相关性;尖槽切口接近理想裂纹,裂纹起裂始于尖角的顶点,实测的断裂韧度不存在尺寸相关性,即是材料常数.     

Application of incubation time approach to simulate dynamic crack propagation

The incubation time criterion for dynamic fracture is applied to simulate dynamic crack propagation. Being incorporated into ANSYS finite element package, this criterion is used to simulate the classical dynamic fracture experiments of Ravi-Chandar and Knauss on dynamic crack propagation in Homalite-100. In these experiments a plate with a cut simulating the crack was loaded by an intense pressure pulse applied on the faces of the cut. The load consisted of two consequent trapezoidal pulses. This, in the experimental conditions used by Ravi-Chandar and Knauss, resulted in a crack initiation, propagation, arrest and reinitiation. Dependence of the crack length on time was measured in those experiments. The results for crack propagation obtained by FEM modelling are in agreement with experimental measurements of crack length histories. This result shows the applicability of the incubation time approach to describe the initiation, propagation and arrest of dynamically loaded cracks.     

Experimental and numerical study on dynamic fracture behaviour of AISI 1045 steel for compressor crankshaft

Dynamic fracture behaviour of AISI 1045 steel for compressor crankshaft was studied by experimental and numerical methods. True stress–strain relations of the material under different strain rates were measured, and dynamic constitutive model with consideration to strain‐hardening and strain‐rate hardening was proposed. Dynamic fracture tests loaded by Hopkinson pressure bar were carried out, and fracture toughness was determined using a finite element method with the combination of ABAQUS and Zencrack software. Loading states of the specimen and determination methods of the dynamic fracture toughness were discussed. By comparing the fracture behaviours under quasi‐static and dynamic conditions, it was found that the fracture modes exhibited a transition from ductile to brittle fracture with the increasing loading rate, and the dynamic fracture toughness value was less than the quasi‐static one.     

陶瓷材料动态断裂韧性测试

为了测试陶瓷材料动态断裂韧性,利用Hopkinson压杆实验原理和改装的Hopkinson压杆装置,并将试件加工成单边切口梁进行了三点弯曲动态试验.利用改装的Hopkinson压杆装置可直接测得透射应力波,从而直接得到试件变形过程中作用在试件上的支反力.本文定义了无量纲挠度和挠度变化率,给出了几种陶瓷材料在不同挠度变化...     

Development of the Euro fracture toughness dataset

Ten European laboratories have generated the Euro fracture toughness dataset in order to provide an experimental data base sufficiently large to study specimen size and temperature effects on cleavage fracture toughness in the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition regime. The Euro fracture toughness dataset quantifies the fracture behaviour of the quenched and tempered pressure vessel steel DIN 22NiMoCr37. This material is frequently used in nuclear power plants. About 800 fracture toughness tests were performed using compact tension specimens with a size range from 1/2T to 4T.In the lower shelf temperature regime, no significant specimen size effects on cleavage fracture toughness scatter was observed. At higher temperatures, the lower tails of the toughness scatter bands are not significantly effected by the specimen size but with decreasing specimen size the toughness scatter increases due to the fact that the upper part of the scatter band is extended. The presence of a specimen size effect on fracture toughness scatter coincides with the appearance of single cleavage initiation sites at the fracture surface. At the lower shelf temperature both, cleavage initiation sites and size effects are not observed whereas at higher test temperatures both phenomena are present. The specimen size effect trends and the corresponding fracture surface morphology support a weakest-link type cleavage fracture mechanism in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime. A unique correlation between the amount of ductile tearing and cleavage fracture toughness was observed for the steel investigated. This result offers the possibility to determine cleavage fracture toughness from post-test fracture surface examinations.Due to the large number of tests and the wide range of testing conditions, the Euro fracture toughness dataset gives a comprehensive insight into specimen size effects and temperature effects on ductile-to-brittle transition fracture. The Euro fracture toughness dataset includes a large set of raw test data such as load versus load line displacement curves and raw tensile test data for deriving stress-strain curves. The Dataset can be downloaded from the internet via the address ftp://ftp.gkss.de/pub/eurodataset.