浅谈玉米淀粉在糖化过程中的控制问题

玉米淀粉是一种纯净的可用淀粉质原料，它的蛋白质、脂肪、多酚含量很低，使用玉米淀粉取代大米作为辅料能延长啤酒的保质期、提高啤酒的风味稳定性、降低啤酒的色度。     

以玉米淀粉代替大米为辅料在糖化过程控制的探讨

玉米淀粉因其类似于大米的品质及相对的价格优势，已成为啤酒行业生产中替代大米辅料的首选原料。使用玉米淀粉替代现用的大米，就是我公司2005年采取的降耗增效新措施。现就玉米淀粉在糖化过程控制中的一些问题进行简要讨论。     

玉米淀粉在啤酒生产中的应用探讨

针对目前啤酒辅料品种单一的现状,就玉米淀粉作辅料进行生产探讨,并取得了良好效果。     

啤酒生产中玉米淀粉辅料糊化工艺改进

探讨了一种新的玉米淀粉辅料加工工艺，即在糊化锅内将淀粉直接糊化、糖化制成糖浆，然后直接导入煮沸锅，与麦汁一同煮沸、发酵。新工艺与传统工艺比较。大大缩短了麦汁过滤时间，制成的糖泉与麦汁成分相近，具有较传统工艺更高的麦芽糖．同时淀粉糊化后不需煮沸，节约了蒸汽能源。     

响应面法优化玉米淀粉糖化条件的研究

以DE值为指标,采用响应面法对玉米糖浆生产过程中糖化阶段的工艺条件进行研究。最后的优化结果为:真菌淀粉酶添加量为6.2u/g干基淀粉、普鲁兰酶添加量为30.1u/g干基淀粉、糖化温度55.2℃、糖化pH为5.5,该条件下得到的最大DE值为61.76%。在糖化6～9h时,DE值在45%～60%内,符合啤酒糖浆的DE值范围。      

响应面法优化玉米淀粉糖化条件的研究

以DE值为指标,采用响应面法对玉米糖浆生产过程中糖化阶段的工艺条件进行研究.最后的优化结果为:真菌淀粉酶添加量为6.2u/g干基淀粉、普鲁兰酶添加量为30.1u/g干基淀粉、糖化温度55.2℃、糖化pH为5.5,该条件下得到的最大DE值为61.76%.在糖化6～9h时,DE值在45%～60%内,符合啤酒糖浆的DE值范围.     

玉米淀粉免煮沸糖化生产技术研究应用

本文讨论了糊化免煮沸工艺的必要性和可能性，设计了三个糊化工艺对照试验。结果表明，玉米淀粉免煮沸工艺的糊化、液化效果良好，代表老化麦汁的TBA值低于糊化煮沸工艺，也低于大米辅料麦汁。     

玉米淀粉辅料在啤酒生产中的应用

以玉米淀粉为辅料进行啤酒生产的研究结果表明,用量适当,不仅啤酒的成本降低,而且啤酒的发酵度、色度、总酸和非生物稳定性都较原工艺有一定的提高,泡持性有所降低,有利于生产淡爽型啤酒。     

The influence of proteolytic and cytolytic enzymes on starch degradation during mashing

The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of proteolysis and cytolysis on starch degradation over the course of the mashing process. A proteolytic enzyme (Neutrase 0.8L, Novozymes) and a number of cytolytic enzymes (barley β‐glucanase from Megazyme, Shearzyme 500L and Ultraflo Max from Novozymes) were used to test their efficiency on starch degradation during mashing. The proteolytic and cytolytic enzymes had positive effects on the levels of starch‐degrading enzymes and starch solubilization during mashing, resulting in higher levels of wort sugar compared with the control, indicating that proteins and residual non‐starchy polysaccharides limited the digestibility of starch during mashing. Moreover, the proteolytic enzyme showed a significantly greater improvement than the cytolytic enzymes, yielding a 57% increase in β‐amylase, a 173% increase in limit dextrinase, rapid starch solubilization during mashing and a higher percentage of fermentable sugars in resultant wort. The increases in limit dextrinase and β‐amylase promoted by the protease suggest that sufficient proteinaceous inhibitor existed in the wort during mashing to inhibit their activities, leading to the unavailability of β‐amylase and especially limiting dextrinase. Furthermore, Ultraflo Max, which contained a β‐glucanase–xylanase mixture, showed a greater improvement than either the individual β‐glucanase or the xylanase on starch hydrolysis. These findings suggest that β‐glucanase is the major enzyme responsible for the degradation of cell walls, and that the complete hydrolysis of the residual cell walls depends on the synergistic effect of β‐glucanase and xylanase. The results suggest that brewers should adjust the degradation of the cell walls and correct the degree of protein modification in order to obtain the desired wort composition. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

啤酒生产用玉米淀粉指标体系的探讨

近年来,玉米淀粉作为辅料在我国啤酒行业的应用越来越广泛。但目前没有专门针对啤酒生产用玉米淀粉的质量标准。大多数啤酒企业都参照国家标准GB/T8885-2008食用玉米淀粉的规定执行。对该标准中对啤酒生产影响较大的指标如二氧化硫、酸度、脂肪、细度等;以及该标准中没有做规定,但啤酒酿造又有特殊要求的指标如气味、pH、脂肪酸值、浸出率等进行了探讨。阐述了上述指标的检测对啤酒生产的指导意义,指出了该标准应用于啤酒行业的不足。最后对今后啤酒生产用玉米淀粉的发展作了展望。     

Investigation of mashing regimes for low‐alcohol beer production

Low‐alcohol beer can be obtained by physical and biological methods. The group of biological methods includes modification of the mashing regimes and changes in the fermentation process. The aim of the present work was to study two mashing regimes for low‐alcohol beer production. The increase in the mashing duration at 50 °C led to a linear increase in the extract and the concentration of reducing and fermentable sugars in the wort. It was found that the rate of formation of reducing sugars was higher than that of the formation of fermentable sugars, which can be used for the optimization of the mashing process. The introduction of a pause at 77 °C did not lead to a substantial increase in the concentration of fermentable extract, but did lead to an increase in the total and non‐fermentable extract. The available nitrogen content in the laboratory wort was in the range of 120–150 mg/dm³. As a result of conducting fermentation processes with the top‐fermenting yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae S‐33, it was found that the combination of a small amount of fermentable sugars and a low fermentation temperature led to a beer being obtained that met the requirements for a low‐alcohol beverage. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

豌豆淀粉与马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉理化性质比较

通过对豌豆淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉的基本组成、颗粒形态、凝沉性、糊化特性、透明度及抗性淀粉含量的测定与比较表明:豌豆淀粉中直链淀粉和蛋白质的含量较高,但其颗粒直径小于马铃薯淀粉;与马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉相比,豌豆淀粉易于回生,但糊稳定性较好;豌豆淀粉糊的透明度低于马铃薯淀粉,但其淀粉组成中慢消化淀粉含量高于马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉。      

疣柄魔芋淀粉理化及功能性质研究

为了探索一种新的淀粉资源,对疣柄魔芋淀粉的性质进行了研究。通过电子显微镜、激光粒度分析、X-衍射分析、红外光谱分析等分析手段,并以玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉进为比较,结果显示:疣柄魔芋淀粉淀粉颗粒呈多面体形,棱角较尖锐突出;其粒径小于木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉;结晶型为A-型,相对结晶度为37.4%;红外光谱吸收峰、吸收强度与木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉基本相同;凝胶强度、糊化起始温度和糊化热焓高于木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉;且其抗酶解性优于木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉。因此,疣柄魔芋淀粉是一种潜在的可被开发为抗性淀粉的新资源淀粉。     

玉米淀粉与小麦淀粉性能对比及纯棉纱上浆研究

通过大量实验对玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉的性能进行了测试研究，并探讨了以玉米、小麦淀粉为主浆料对纯棉纱上浆的浆纱质量，结果表明其上浆效果玉米淀粉略优于小麦淀粉。     

玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的影响

以草鱼鱼糜凝胶为研究对象,从凝胶质地特性(破断强度、凹陷度、压缩功、凝胶强度)和凝胶析水率2方面研究了添加玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,结果表明:添加玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉均可改善草鱼鱼糜凝胶的质构性质,2种淀粉的适宜添加量分别为10.8%和7.2%;2种淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的改善作用大小不同,在各自的适宜添加量条件下,红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的改善效果比玉米淀粉更明显。     

玉米淀粉糊流变特性研究

利用AR–500流变仪,研究了不同质量浓度、温度和加热时间条件下玉米淀粉糊的流变特性。结果表明:玉米淀粉糊主要表现为假塑性非牛顿流体,流变特性服从Carreau模型。在同一剪切速率下,黏度随着质量浓度增大而增大,随着温度升高而降低,随着加热时间延长而下降;在同一质量分数条件下,黏度随着剪切速率的增加而呈现先增加后降低的趋势;在同一温度条件下,黏度随着剪切速率的增加而降低。     

Analysis of total polyphenols,bitterness and haze in pale and dark lager beers produced under different mashing and boiling conditions

Malting and brewing processes should be performed under process conditions in a way that minimizes beer bitterness, maximizes polyphenol content and reduces the amount of raw materials ending up in solution in the form of hazes, particles and precipitates. This work examined the influence of different mashing temperature conditions and boiling procedures on the total polyphenol content, bitterness and haze of pale and dark lager beers produced on an industrial scale. Two hop types (hop pellets and/or hop extract) and different hop varieties (Hallertau Magnum, Styrian Goldings, Saaz, Aurora and Sladek) were utilized with varying times of hop addition into the wort. Measurements of total polyphenols, colour, bitterness, alcohol content, CO₂ and pH were carried out on the beer samples. Results showed that pale lager beers had a lower total polyphenol concentration (110–179 mg/L) than dark beers (230–260 mg/L). Using hop extracts instead of hop pellets led to a lower total polyphenol concentration and to less beer foam creation. The change in the proteolytic temperature during mashing only had an influence on the total polyphenol content in the pale lager beer hopped with the pellets. Conducting proteolysis over a 20 min period led to a haze increase in all of the beers produced. In the dark beer, the haze was substantial after just 10 min at 52°C. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling