三段炭层吸附床联合脱除烟气污染物的实验研究

利用秸秆活性炭颗粒在三段炭层的吸附床反应器中进行了燃煤烟气脱硫、脱氮、脱汞的联合脱除实验研究。首先对实验所用炭（包括新炭和再生后炭）进行了活性炭品质分析,并讨论了烟气流经3段炭层吸附床时,脱硫脱氮段工作温度对脱硫、脱氮和脱汞效率的影响特性。实验结果表明,在所选三种工作温度中,90℃时脱硫层内以物理吸附为主,脱氮层吸附还原NOx的同时具有脱硫副反应,总脱硫效率可达98％,脱氮效率可达60％;经过冷却的烟气达到脱汞炭层时温度降到50℃,由氯化锌浸泡处理的炭层内同时发生催化氧化脱汞及汞的物理吸附,下层炭工作温度在130℃时,总脱汞效率达55％。该结果可指导干法烟气污染物的防治。     

不同生物质活性炭脱除烟气中SO_2/NO_x的实验研究

利用锯末、麦秸、麦秸掺10%煤3种生物质颗粒制取的活性炭,根据比表面积、孔径分布、孔容、微孔结构、碱金属含量等特征参数讨论了活性炭品质。利用立式固定床管式炉系统进行了活性炭颗粒的烟气脱硫脱氮实验,研究了不同的活性炭原材料、工作温度对联合脱硫脱氮性能的影响,对脱除机理进行了分析。通过综合比较分析表明:秸秆加煤材料的活性炭在较长的时间里维持脱硫效率95%以上和脱氮效率85%以上;其在工作温度较低(70℃)时以物理吸附为主,在较高的工作温度(130℃)以化学吸附为主,均具有良好的吸附性能。     

生物质颗粒活性炭脱除烟气中SO_2/NO_x的实验研究

利用颗粒成型机将锯末致密化成型颗粒,制取了高机械强度的生物质颗粒活性炭,通过气体吸附仪和电镜-能谱仪测量分析了该活性炭品质,并利用立式固定床管式炉系统对其进行了烟气脱污实验。在低温工作范围70~90℃内,锯末活性炭脱硫效率维持90%以上、脱硝效率70%以上,工作周期在2 h左右;再生后其脱硫脱硝效率不会下降;锯末活性炭适合较低的工作温度(70~90℃左右)及中温(130℃);用氨水浸泡锯末活性炭可以增大锯末活性炭的脱硝效率。     

纯活性炭粉末布袋脱汞的比较研究

为解决布袋除尘器活性炭（AC）喷射脱汞传统技术中活性炭粉末利用率低、脱汞效率低的问题,提出了纯活性炭粉末一布袋脱汞新技术,采用纯活性炭粉末为吸附剂,进行了布袋脱汞实验研究,结果表明：纯活性炭粉末初次吸附的前85min的平均脱汞效率为99．1％,脱汞效率大于75％的累计吸附时间为1335min．为便于比较,进行了活性炭粉末掺杂不同比例飞灰的脱汞实验,结果表明：纯飞灰在初次吸附的前85min脱汞效率仅为19．3％,165min时脱汞效率已经下降为0．活性炭粉末掺杂飞灰比例分别为0,20％,50％,80％,95％时,初次吸附的前85min的平均脱汞效率分别为99．1％,95％,85．3％,79．7％,59．6％,每克活性炭脱汞效率大于75％的累计汞吸附量分剐为196．1,172．5,133．8,123．6,21．7btg．可见,布袋一纯活性炭粉末脱汞新工艺具有良好的脱汞效率和活性炭利用率．     

新型燃煤烟气汞吸附剂的评价研究

利用汞蒸气发生器产生的单质汞,与压缩空气组成模拟烟气,在吸附剂评价实验台上进行吸附剂脱汞实验,研究不同吸附剂对单质汞的脱除效率．实验结果表明,活性炭对汞的吸附效率在60％左右,未改性的燃煤飞灰吸附效率在10％～20％,改性后的燃煤飞灰比表面积有很大程度的提高,吸附效率可以达到25％,与活性炭吸附效率相比仍有不小的差距．     

过氧化氢改性活性炭动态脱硫性能研究

对MHY30型和MHY40型柱状活性炭进行水蒸气活化和H2O2改性,并对H2O2改性活性炭催化氧化脱除热电厂烟气中SO2的性能进行了实验研究.以水涤脱附条件下的吸附反应空间理论为依据,对实验结果进行了分析,实验结果表明,H2O2改性后活性炭单次吸附性能提高53.0~54.4%,10次循环后吸附性能基本保持稳定,因而是一种较好的改性方法.     

木屑生物质活性炭脱除气体SO2的实验研究

以木屑作为制备生物质活性炭的原料,对比研究未改性、采用氨水和NaOH活化对SO2吸附性能的影响,以探讨木屑生物制活性炭对SO2吸附的可行性。研究结果表明随着吸附时间的增加,未活化的、氨水活化以及NaOH活化的木屑炭对SO2的吸附量都增加;活化后的木屑炭吸附SO2的性能比未活化的木屑炭要好;NaOH活化的木屑炭比氨水活化的木屑炭吸附SO2能力强,NaOH比氨水的活化效果更好。采用生物质活性炭来吸附烧结烟气中的SO2是可行的。     

模拟燃煤烟气中汞在活性炭上吸附的动力学研究

本文在小型燃煤烟气汞脱除实验台上,用模拟烟气研究了汞在活性炭上的吸附平衡过程和动力学过程,结果发现燃煤烟气中汞在活性炭上等温吸附的平衡过程可以用Langmuir吸附等温式、线性方程或Freundlich等温式来描述,三者均有较好的拟合效果;燃煤烟气中汞在活性炭上的吸附符合一级反应动力学方程,吸附速率常数与吸附温度(T)成负相关,吸附反应的活化能Ea为0.011 744J/mol;吸附过程为物理吸附.     

水涤脱附条件下活性炭脱除SO2和NO中吸附反应空间的研究

以不同吸附材料吸附性能测试实验的结果为依据,对水涤脱附条件下活性炭同时脱硫脱硝过程的机理进行了研究,并对参与吸附过程的反应空间进行了分析.研究表明,活性炭的孔径分布是决定吸附材料对SO2和NO吸附性能的关键因素,活性炭同时吸附SO2和NO时,反应构型临界尺寸比单纯脱硫过程中的尺寸增大,直径为1.1～1.5nm的孔隙成为主要的吸附场所,平均孔径为6.27nm、微分孔径分布峰值为1.0～3.5nm的活性炭AC6成为一种具有最佳吸附性能的活性炭.     

溴化氢改性飞灰汞吸附机理研究

溴化物改性活性炭对燃煤电厂烟气脱汞效果显著。为了更好的了解汞在燃煤电厂溴化物改性飞灰中的汞吸附机理,在固定床反应器上进行汞吸附实验,针对两种经HBr改性后汞吸附性能差异明显的飞灰,采用比表面积、电子显微镜、热重-质谱等技术对其进行表征分析和对比。研究表明:两种电厂飞灰经过HBr改性后,汞吸附性能均得到显著提高;不同飞灰经HBr改性后汞吸附性能存在很大差异,这很大程度上是由飞灰的化学组分不同造成的,不同的化学组分能够导致溴在改性飞灰表面的存在形式出现明显差异,游离态的溴存在于飞灰表面有利于气相中元素汞的氧化,进而提高改性飞灰对汞的吸附性能。     

微波活化甘蔗渣合成活性炭及其电化学电容特性

以甘蔗渣为原料,ZnCl2为活化剂,分别采用微波加热活化和管式炉加热活化制备了一系列活性炭材料,并研究了微波活化法制备的活性炭在水或离子液体电解液体系中的电容特性.氮气吸附测试表明:活化剂的浓度与活性炭的孔结构密切相关,加热方式对孔径结构的影响不大,但微波活化法在加热效率和均匀性方面具有明显的优势.当活化剂的浓度从20wt%增大到60wt%时,活性炭的平均孔径从2.5nm逐渐增大到7.0nm.电化学测试表明:在离子液体中炭材料的电容性能与其孔径大小密切相关,孔径尺寸越大,其电容性能越好.离子液体电容器能提供远高于水相电容器的能量密度.AC60在功率密度为2.5kW/kg时,仍能提供9.2Wh/kg的能量密度.     

Adsorption of K+ from an aqueous phase onto an activated carbon used as an electric double-layer capacitor electrode

The adsorption capacity and absorption rate for electrolyte onto activated carbon are important parameters used to characterize activated carbon electric double-layer capacitor electrodes. In this paper the pore structure of typical commercial activated carbons, and various Mn-doped activated carbons prepared on a laboratory scale, are described. The pore structure was characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. Isotherms for K+ adsorption onto these activated carbons from the aqueous phase were also obtained. The experimental, equilibrium K+ adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich or Temkin equations. Adsorption of K+ onto the activated carbons was measured and plotted as a function of time. The adsorption kinetic data were modeled by either pseudo-first or pseudo-second order equations. The Elvoich equation, a liquid film diffusion and an intra-particle diffusion model were used to fit the kinetic data. The results indicate that the adsorption of K+ onto activated carbon is influenced by many factors including pore size distribution, specific surface area and the surface chemistry of the activated carbons. The Temkin equation best describes the equilibrium adsorption data. The pseudo-second order model exactly describes the whole adsorption process, which is controlled by both liquid film and intra-particle diffusion.     

Performance of an activated carbon made from waste palm shell in simultaneous adsorption of SO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> and NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> of flue gas at low temperature

This study examined the individual and simultaneous adsorption of SO{in{itx}} (SO{in{it2}}) and NO{in{itx}} (NO-NO{in{it2}}) on activated carbon prepared from waste palm shell. The adsorption process was examined in a fixed bed reactor at low temperatures (100\2-300\dgC). For individual adsorption without any catalytic activation, SO{in{itx}} showed good adsorption whereas NO{in{itx}} was very much poor. In the simultaneous adsorption of SO{in{itx}} and NO{in{itx}}, SO{in{itx}} showed greater adsorption affinity than NO{itx}. For palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) impregnated with metal catalyst (Ni and Ce) the concentration adsorbed profile showed that the amount of SO{in{itx}} adsorbed decreased regularly, while the amount of the adsorbed NO{in{itx}} increased irregularly. The properties of the pure and impregnated PSAC were analyzed by BET, SEM and EDX. These investigations indicated that PSAC impregnated with metal catalyst is the determining factor in the adsorption of SO{in{itx}} and NO{in{itx}} simultaneously. Supported financially by Yayasan FELDA, Malaysia (Grant No. 6050075)     

分散液液微萃取一分光光度法测定水中痕量汞

以四氯化碳为萃取剂,丙酮为分散剂,硫代米式酮（Thio．Michler,Sketone,TMK）为汞的螯合剂,建立了水中痕量汞分散液液微萃取一分光光度法测定的新方法．对分散液一液微萃取条件和分光光度法测定的最佳实验参数进行优化,包括溶液的pH值,萃取剂与分散剂的种类与用量,螯合剂硫代米式酮的用量,萃取时间等．在最佳实验条件下,汞的浓度在110～420ng／mL范围内与吸光度呈良好线性关系,相关系数r=0．9981,富集倍数为30,检出限为55ng／mL,相对标准偏差（RSD）为4．2％（／7,=8）,回收率为92％～108％．实验结果表明,该方法简便,快速,回收率高,成本低、富集效率高且对环境友好,适用于水中痕量金属汞的测定．     

微波法制备活性炭及去除水中双酚A的研究

以核桃壳为原料,氯化锌和碳酸钾为活化剂,微波加热为能源制备活性炭。研究了微波功率、微波作用时间、剂料比对制备活性炭的产率及吸附性能影响。最佳工艺条件为干核桃壳:氯化锌:碳酸钾(质量比)为1∶1∶1,微波功率600 W,活化时间7 min。在该条件下制得的活性炭碘值为1 073.8 mg/g,测得该活性炭比表面积为1 003.8 m2/g,孔结构以1～10 nm孔径为主。活性炭对双酚A的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温规律。     

活性炭表面物理化学性质对溴酸盐吸附的影响

为了探求活性炭去除水中溴酸盐离子的吸附机理,研究活性炭表面物理化学性质对饮用水中溴酸盐去除的影响.选取唐山炭、新华炭和默克炭3种活性炭作为实验用炭,重点考察3种活性炭表面孔径大小、官能团分布的异同对溴酸盐吸附的影响,测定了3种活性炭吸附溴酸盐的吸附等温线.结果表明:含有中孔数量最多的默克炭对溴酸盐的吸附能力最强.此外,由于默克炭表面含有的内酯基官能团最多,也对溴酸盐的吸附能力起到了积极作用.默克炭的对溴酸盐的吸附能力最强,而新华炭的吸附能力最弱,唐山炭介于二者之间.     

Effect of Pre-oxidation on the Properties of Crushed Bituminous Coal and Activated Carbon Prepared Therefrom

The influence of a pre-oxidation process on the chemical properties of crushed bituminous coal and on adsorption properties of the subsequently formed char and activated carbon is discussed in this paper.Datong bituminous coal samples sized 6 mm were oxidized at different temperatures and for different times and then carbonized and activated by steam to obtain activated carbons.A Uniform Design method was used to arrange the experiments, IR and adsorption experiments were used to characterize these oxidized coals, chars and activated carbon samples.The results show that the carboxyl group disappeared and α-CH2 groups joined to alkenes decreased dramatically but the carbonyl group clearly increased in the coal sample oxidized at 543 K; The chemical composition of coal samples oxidized at lower temperature is different from that of coal oxidized at 543 K.Oxidizing coal samples at higher temperatures for a short time or at lower temperatures for a longer time resulted in activated carbon samples that tended toward the same adsorption properties Iodine number 1100 mg/g and Methylene blue value 252 mg/g.The yield of activated carbon obtained from the pre-oxidized coal is 10% higher than the yield from parent coal but the activated carbons have the same adsorption properties.     

用表面修饰的活性碳吸附废水中的铜离子

活性碳去除重金属的效率取决于重金属的种类及活性碳的表面特征 .本研究将一种商品活性碳用浓硝酸修饰 ,再以氢氧化钠进一步处理 .结果显示修饰过程主要导致活性碳表面化学特征的改变而不是物理性质的变化 .测试显示修饰对活性碳表面积的影响极小 .酸碱滴定表明 ,修饰作用明显改变了活性碳对H+ 及OH-的吸附行为 .研究表明 ,溶液pH值对铜离子的吸附有显著影响 .固定缓冲pH条件下测定修饰活性的吸附能力发现 ,金属吸收容量主要取决于活性碳表面的酸碱功能团 ,因而其吸附行为可用表面酸碱理论进行解释 ,所获数据可用于建立活性碳吸附平衡和动力学模型 .     

有序介孔碳的制备及吸附Cr（Ⅵ）性能比较

利用模板炭化法,以不同温度下合成的SBA-15为模板,制备3种具有不同孔径大小的介孔碳．研究并比较3种不同孔径的介孔碳材料对铬Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附能力．结果表明,介孔碳的投入量、pH值、振荡时间因素等均对铬Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果存在一定影响．研究显示：在3个介孔碳中,CMK-3-150对铬的吸附能力最大,可以达到99．2％;当pH=2．0—4．0时,介孔碳对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附最有利,3个介孔碳吸附能力都超过90％;吸附量随着振荡时间的延长而增加．同时对介孔碳CMK-3-100与传统商用活性碳CAC对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能进行比较,结果表明：与CAC相比,CMK-3吸附量大,吸附速率快,到达平衡时间短,是一种较优的吸附剂．     

Comparison of capacitive behavior of activated carbons with different pore structures in aqueous and nonaqueous systems

The pore structures of two activated carbons from sawdust with KOH activation and coconut-shell with steam activation for supercapacitor were analyzed by N2 adsorption method. The electrochemical properties of both activated carbons in 6 mol/L KOH solution and 1 mol/L EtgNPF4/PC were compared, and the effect of pore structure on the capacitance was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance and charge-discharge measurements. The results indicate that the capacitance mainly depends on effective surface area, but the power property mainly depends on mesoporosity. At low specific current （1 A/g）, the maximum specific Capacitances of 276.3 F/g in aqueous system and 123.9 F/g in nonaqueous system can be obtained from sawdust activated carbon with a larger surface area of 1 808 m^2/g, butat a high specific current, the specific capacitance of coconut-shell activated carbon with a higher mesoporosity of 75.1% is more excellent. Activated carbon by KOH activation is fitter for aqueous system and that by steam activation is fitter for nonaqueous system.