古维亚司法大楼

精选理由法院这种建筑应该始终庄重肃穆,并具有象征意义,白色混凝土建筑的单体形式与突出的特性就充分体现了这一点,尤其是坚实的立面向内侧深挖出巨大的凹槽,仿佛悬在广场上方。     

Etude physicochimique de la chloration de l'eau de mer artificielle contenant de l'azote ammoniacal

Chlorine added to ammonia-free sea-water gives rise to a fast and quantitative oxidation of bromide to hypobromite and hypobromous acid. However as ammonia nitrogen levels commonly found in coastal and estuarine sea-water are sufficiently high and thus not negligible compared to the chlorine dose introduced formation of monochloramine to compete with oxidation of bromine leading to bromamines. The relative importance of these two reactional pathways is estimated considering both bromine determination and study of the electron absorption spectra of chlorinated seawater. In order to avoid substitution reactions taking place in the presence of organic compounds, preliminary experiments have been carried out in artificial and u.v. photo-oxidized sea-water.The nature of the species formed depends on the molar ratio added chlorine vs ammonia-nitrogen concentration of seawater. With Cl/N larger than 1.5, only bromide derivatives are obtained: dibromamine, tribromamine and bromine(I) (HBrO + BrO⁻). Cl/N smaller than 1.5 leads to a mixture of monochloramine, dibromamine and some monobromamine: monochloramine clearly predominates when ammonium concentrations reach higher values. Stoichiometry of ammonia to nitrogen oxidation by chlorine explains this ratio of 1.5 and a strong decrease of the total oxidant concentration is observed under these conditions. Bromamines decompose within the following 30–60 min; only stable compounds remain: either bromine(I) or monochloramine according to Cl/N values. A similar behaviour is observed in natural seawater previously doped with ammonia as to the nature of the products formed for a given Cl/N ratio; however, bromamines decompose more rapidly due to bromination of organic components.     

Etude physicochimique de la chloration de l'eau de mer artificielle

Inorganic reactions occurring during ammonia-free sea-water chlorination have been considered. Experiments have been carried out in artificial or UV-photooxidized sea-water in order to avoid slow reactions of chlorine and bromine with organic compounds in sea-water. Results obtained either from bromine determination, using phenol red as a reagent, or from electronic absorption spectra of chlorinated sea-water show a fast and quantitative oxidation of bromide to hypobromite and hypobromous acid. No bromate formation was detected in our experimental conditions.     

Etude de l'evolution de la qualite des eaux de riviere

In France, the creation of a “Ministère de l'Environnement et du Cadre de Vie” and “Agences Financieres de Bassin” has made it possible to obtain information on the water quality of rivers and on the measures necessary to improve water quality. Particularly in the Adour-Garonne Basin, much information is now available. The methodology needed to draw conclusions concerning the quality of the rivers and to show the effectiveness of control measures has been developed.This method has been tested in two catchments (Fig. 1): L'Adour (15,000 km²) and La Dordogne (24,000 km²). The steps that were necessary before this method could be used were: critical assessment of the available data; identification and measurements of pollution sources. This called for the collection of information, annual statistics for each sampling station and information concerning the value and importance of measured parameters.Detailed information is available from 1971 and 1976 and this is shown by maps and graphical representations of the variations in the value of different parameters (Fig. 2).Statistical analysis has also been carried out on the information available for the period 1971–1976.Two methods were used: analysis of the principal components, the method most used being shown by Figs 3 and 4 and the “STATIS” method developed recently which treats the whole data “At 3 indices” (Fig. 5).Research has been carried out on the causal relations between the water quality and the sources of pollution.A simple graphical method is proposed to explain the effect of a strongly preponderant pollutant source. It allows easy visualisation of the change in the relationship between two series of variables (Fig. 8).In general cases of several sources of pollution a simplified method using BOD exclusively has been developed. It consists in comparing the values measured in the river and the estimates obtained from inflows of various sources and those from upstream basins (Fig. 9).The application of this method has made it possible to distinguish local or general tendencies in reference to the intervention realised by the “Agence Financiere de Bassin”.Attention has been given to the variations obtained between laboratories and research information and the necessity to extend application of the statistical method to parameters other than BOD₅.Comparable action is being taken for the whole basin of the Rhone (French). The information obtained for “L'Adour and La Dordogne” has led to a study not only of the concentration of pollutants but two types of flow, with flow measurements and concentration being taken into account in order to eliminate hydraulic effects.     

Modelisation de la cinetique d'oxydation en phase liquide de liqueur noire de papeterie par l'oxygene de l'air

Wet air oxidation is a process in which organic materials in the aqueous phase are oxidized by air at temperature between 450 and 600 K. To improve our understanding of the process, its kinetics were studied using a soda black liquor. The aim of the research was to define the regime where the reaction rate is kinetically controlled, to develop a model for the reaction rate. A power rate expression was developed which adequately described the oxidation of soda black liquor.     

Biodegradation de quelques agents de surface cationiques

Cationic surfactants were shown to have no bacteriostatic or bacteriolytic action on the heterotrophic bacterial populations isolated from sewage and river waters, contrary to what happens with pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus. The cationic surfactant biodegradation in sewage and river water was studied, measuring the reduction of the active substance by a colorimetric method using sodium alizarine sulfonate. Among the ten products tested (15 ethoxymethyl distearyl ammonium chloride—hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride and bromide—dodecylpyridinium iodide—hexadecylpyridinium bromide—laurylpyridinium chloride—diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl benzyl dimethylammonium chloride—quaternary alkylimidazolium compound—ethoxylated tertiary alkyl primary amines—dimethyldistearylammonium chloride) and in experimental conditions clearly specified, half of them, including straight-chain alkylammonium compounds, are degraded, the other half are not. These are cyclical alkylammonium compounds and petroleum derived cationics. Extent of biodegradation is then assessed by infrared spectroscopy.     

Mouvements de terrain en zone urbaine exemple de la ville de Lyon

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Cet article tire quelques enseignements généraux sur les types de mouvements de terrain survenus depuis 1930 sur les versants des...     

Les betons de demolition source de granulats

In spite of the circumstances, the consumption of aggregates in France is still important. The opening of new gravel pits encounters a more severe regulation and the populations' reticence. Otherwise, in the big agglomerations, a lot of constructions are no longer in accordance with present requirements. So, two solutions are available to meet the requirements: the restoration or the demolition. When the latter solution is chosen, the tipping of the waste concrete is very expensive. From this point of view, the recycling of demolished concrete could become very interesting. The demolished concrete elements already used for filling can be improved in using them as aggregates for new concrete, which will minimize the nomber of extractions of good aggregates, and will partly eliminate the tipping problems. We have shown that the use of all sizes of aggregates coming from the concrete crushing was not suitable. If the concrete exclusively contains aggregates above 4 mm, its mechanical properties approaches those of the reference normal concrete but the characteristics of concrete including recycled sands prove to be very poor. Thus, to specify their influence, we realized some tests on mortar. In that case, the main criterion isn't the size, but the total volume of the recycled particles. Two parameters influence the weakening of mechanical properties: the shape and the nature of particles. For concretes containing only recycled aggregates above 4 mm, concretes present creepings and shrinkages which are 30 % higher than those of the reference concrete, but which have similar strengths. The density and the elasticity modulus, are slightly lower (2 to 4 %).     

Utilisation de calcaires lies au bitume dans les couches de surface de chaussees

Numerous expeirmentations show that the utilization of calcareous materials is available in different types of wearing courses. Through the given results, the limits and rules for the uses are defined as to preserve the antiskidding properties.     

Toxicite des eaux de ruissellement de la fonte de neige en milieu urbain

There is a current paucity of information on the characteristics of water originating from melting snow in urbanized areas. In fact no data exist on the potential chronic toxicity of waters originating from melting snow combined with sewage waters of industrial and domestic activities. Bioassays were conducted on the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum to evaluate the composite effect of all pollutants occurring in waters originated from melting snow in urbanized areas and also to determine the long-term bioavailability of selected toxicants in these waters.The publication resumes a sampling study of two outfalls (Curotte-Papineau and Meilleur-Atlantique) from collector systems on the island of Montréal, Québec, Canada (see Fig. 1). Both sewer systems are of the combined surface runoff-wastewater type, are self contained and drain watersheds of 11.7 and 22.2 km² area respectively (see Table 1). The sampling program carried out in spring (March–May) 1978, was oriented towards the analysis of flow-quality relationships during two dry and three snowmelt periods. The flow from the intrusion of snowmelt into the sewage networks were due not only to high air temperature and solar radiation conditions but also to a heavy rainfall (9.67 mm; maximum intensity of 4.6 mm h⁻¹. The principal water quality parameters studied were BOD₅, COD, Cl⁻, N_in, P_i, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cn⁻ and SS (see Table 2).In addition a bioassay based on the fertility potential [the Selenastrum capricornutum Printz algal assay bottle test; U.S.E.P.A. (1978)] on filtered samples (1.2 μm GF/C) of waste water was used to detect any toxological qualities of the outfalls during both dry and snowmelt periods. An analysis of the relationship between chemical quality and the toxological properties of the samples from both sewage networks showed that water collected during a period of snowmelt without rain had a greater potential chronic toxicity and greater mean ratios of B_EDTA/B than combined water collected during a dry climatic period (see Table 3). This toxicity is due mainly to inorganic compounds. However, the increase in water discharge rate during periods of snowmelt accompanied by rain results in an apparent dilution of the aquatic toxicants. The potential chronic toxicity of water during the latter periods is consequently reduced compared with combined waters during dry periods.Knowledge of relationships between water flow and the chronic toxicity characteristics of waste water from urban snowmelt is necessary in the planning of any future combined water treatment system.     

Application de la teledetection a la recherche de sites d'exploitation de granulats et a l'etude de leur impact sur l'environnement

A statistic sampling of publications concerning “aggregates” prospecting and environment impact studies shows that remote sensing is not so often used, contrarily to what heppens generally in the geological field. Which can be the reasons of that under-use?

- pecularities and traditions in prospecting?

- redundency of the results of remote sensing studies with the result of other methods?

- inadequation or underperforming of remote sensing in the peculiar field of “aggregates” prospecting.

In a first part, that note defines what seems to be the most common wishes of the users concerning remote sensing. In a second part, the various tools of remote sensing are described and their performances evaluated. In a third part, a comparison between the tools and the needs of the users try to evaluate the adequation of remote sensing. After some considerations about environmental impact studies the conclusion shows that Remote Sensing, even if not able to solve all the problems, offers to the users a great variety of usefull tools which, combined with other methods, give valuable results in efficiency and cost-effectiveness.     

Evaluation de la charge virale dans les eaux d''une station d''epuration biologique au moyen de deux methodes de concentration de virus par adsorption-elution sur poudre de verre ou sur microfibre de verre

Two methods of adsorption-elution on glass powder or on glass microfibre have allowed to determine the virus quantity at the entrance and at the exit of a biologic sewage farm. Almost the same results are obtained by comparing the two techniques. The frequency of virus isolation is very important both in the affluent and in the effluent. The rate of reducing the quantity of virus in the effluent is in the region of 78%. The identification of the virus has shown the systematic existence of Enterovirus. If one has to choose between the two techniques, the method of adsorption-elution on glass powder is more advisable, because there is no problem of blockage.     

Application de l'analyse des correspondances a des resultats d'essais de traitement d'eaux de surface

Many results show that if a conventional coagulation-flocculation-clarification treatment line is combined with pre-ozonation, removal efficiency as regards pariculate and dissolved organics is substantially enhanced. However, research on the optimum balance between pre-ozonation and coagulation treatment has turned out to be difficult because of the numerous parameters that are involved. In order to identify the most significant among clarification criteria it was in fact necessary to develop a more elaborate model than is required for conventional statistical analysis, capable of comparing all the intervening factors. This we finally achieved by a program based on stepwise regression analysis.Measuring samples and parametersSamples. Samples were taken from the pilot plant located at Choisy-le-Roi on premises belonging to the Paris Suburbs Water Authority, over a period of 3 months from 1 April to 24 June, i.e. exactly 43 days of research.The plant shown in Fig. 1 consists of 4 trains working in parallel arrangement. This layout allows practically two complete treatment runs daily so that 8 different ozone-coagulations could be tested each day on the same quality of raw water. 387 samples were thus taken with 344 treated waters and 43 raw waters. The campaign was designed over this rather long period to achieve two ends:

1. (1) to gather enough results to give real significance to the mathematical computation. During the 43 day experimental campaign, each ozone-WAC combination was repeated more than 10 times;

2. (2) to find a means of allowing for fluctuation in the river in relation to phenomena of great amplitude such as rises in temperature and changes in flow rate, so that acquired results could eventually be extrapolated for application to industrial treatment plant management.

Parameters. Twenty-two parameters were measured in respect of each sample of raw and treated water. The aim of the research being to define the main parameters on which to base the combination, it was essential to begin with a study of all the magnitudes normally representative of suface waters.These parameters can be divided into various types:

treatment parameters: WAC + O₃; the concentration tested are shown in mg l⁻¹ in Table 2 and Fig. 2;

parameters concerning suspended solids: total number of particles per ml (NT) and their equivalent diameter (D), turbidity (Tu) expressed in drops of mastics and zeta potential (Z_p);

parameters concerning organics: total organic carbon (COT) in mg l⁻¹ of C, KMnO₄ in mg l⁻¹ of O₂, dissolved O₂ in mg l⁻¹, u.v. absorption at 254 nm, NTK and ammonia (NH₄⁺), both in mg l⁻¹.

Besides pH and temperature which vary very little in Siene river water, total aluminium (ALT) in mg l⁻¹ and residual ozone (RO₃) were monitored.Analysis of data. The basic data represented in the following matrix (I × J), in which I is the sum of the sampling steps and J the sum of the concentrations of the different chemical elements, are too vast for conventional statistical analysis. By factor analysis, one can obtain as a final result a geometrical figure in a two-dimensional space but that simultaneously accounts for all the combinations of I and J. We thus obtain a factorial chart analysing the proximity between variables in terms of correlation and that between individual points in terms of similarity of behaviour toward these variables as a whole.Each component i of I and j of J is represented in profile form ƒ_jⁱ (or ƒ_I^j)=k(i,j)/k(i) as shown in the matrix below:

Full-size image (1K)

All of the profiles and I and J, each with a volume allocated pro rata the complete line (or column), make up a set of points with a corresponding volume in a multi-dimensional space. In the case under study, each components i (sampling steps) are in a space with 22 dimensions and each variable j (concentrations) in a 387-dimensional space. The purpose of the analysis is to obtain from the cloud as true a representation as possible brought down to a 2-dimensional space. This dimensional reduction consists in finding a sub-space in which the space between individual points i or j are as close as posible to the initial distances in IR₂₂ (or IR₃₈₇). The distance used in factor analysis is the distribution distance expressed as: . The plane thus located is defined by 2 perpendicular straight lines. They are the factorial or inertia axes. Inertia measures the total dispersal area of the cloud on one axis and shows the ratio between the points projected in space and the sum of the square-roots of the distances between the initial points. It measures the dispersion of data on the axis. The axes are called “factors”.Using this method, it becomes possible to described the accumulated data and quantify the phenomena that control both the variable parameters and their components (I or J) without any preconceived hypothesis as to the relative importance of the initial data. And, furthermore, we have a simultaneous geometric representation of samples and variables.Results. The first (horizontal) axis, F₁ represent the abatement of suspended particles and organics. The second (vertical) axis enables the different treatment trains to be interpreted in terms of ozone and residual ozone. Four distinct groups appear on plane F₁ × F₂:

Group 1: Group 1 represents water with no WAC or ozone treatment nor residual ozone. Characteristics include a very high suspended particles content and a certain amount of organics (i.e. variables N, D₁, D₂…D₁₀ and KMnO₄). This group is representative of raw waters in general.

The variable KMnO₄ factor quite realistically reflects the clarification treatment, a high KMnO₄ value indicating the presence of raw water, a low content the presence of treated water.

Group 2: This is an intermediate group between raw water and the water in trains A and B. It is characterized by poor abatement of both suspended solids and organics and corresponds to the majority of waters in train D with no pre-ozonation and train A with low-rate ozonation (0.3 mg l⁻¹).

Group 3: A high WAC rate and an average ozone rate are the predominant features of this group in which residual ozone is very low. A good level of suspended solids and organic removal was obtained, as is the case of treatments in general, and as practically demonstrated by trains A and B.

Group 4: This group corresponds to the treated water with a high ozone injection rate, hence a high residual ozone content. A good level of suspended solids and organics removal is obviously obtained, most of the water having been treated on train C. This maximum ozone residual for a similar abatement of organics concentration indicates that the extra ozone added was in excess of the amount required in order to oxidize the quantity of organics in the effluent. The optimum ozone dose must therefore be somewhere near that of the previous group, i.e. trains A and B.

In conclusion, analysis by stepwise regression identified the five main variables that define the complete clarification process: N_T, KMnO₄, TOC, WAC and ozone. As regards the last two mentioned, differentiation between groups 3 and 4 provides a means of determining the optimum dose rate for ozone in the treatment concerned, i.e. less than for train C (group 3) where the residual ozone rate is higher, hence approximately the same as for trains A and B—in the region 0.3–0.8 mg l⁻¹.     

Etudes Françaises de materiaux de substitution

The authors examine the substitution materials studies realized in France during the last 10 years with the “Tax on Aggregates” financial support. The different types of substitution are first looked into:

-substitution of crushed hard rocks to fluviatile sands and gravels, whose reserves are becoming exhausted or sterilized by environmental constraints;

-materials not respecting standard specifications of aggregates: 1) soft rocks; 2) soils (fine sands, clayey sands, moraines, superficial deposits); 3) quarries, mines and industrial wastes.

Technical possibilities of uses for these “out of standards” materials are examined for natural or treated materials.     

我们城市的空气，我们城市的阳光

我依然记得2010上海世博的那句口号——“城市，让生活更美好”，这句言简意赅的口号，表达的大概是人类对自己所居住的城市一种美好的希望和期待吧。事实上，这也是众多城市努力营造自己的一种动力。只是。抛开作为硬件的众多因素不谈，这一次，我更愿意把目光，放到与我们密切相关的自然因素之上……