Housing Inequality in the United States: Explaining the White-Minority Disparities in Homeownership

As the homeownership rate in the United States reached its highest ever level in 2004, the distribution of homeownership remained uneven along racial and ethnic lines. Using data from the 2005–2007 3-Year Sample of the American Community Survey (ACS), this paper employs a multivariate regression model and a decomposition technique to delineate the socio-economic and demographic characteristics as well as the immigration and spatial patterns that shape racial and ethnic inequality in homeownership. The findings reveal three distinct patterns; the Asian-white homeownership gap is explained entirely by differences in immigration and spatial patterns of residence, whereas the disadvantage of blacks and Puerto Ricans is attributable to demographic, socio-economic and unobserved factors. For Mexicans and other Hispanics, all four sources influence homeownership patterns, with socio-economic factors relatively important for Mexicans and spatial variables relatively important for other Hispanics.     

Uncovering the Relationship Between Historic Districts and Same-Sex Households

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Despite established connections between the LGBTQ community and historic preservation, there is no analysis of unmarried partnered same-sex households (UPSSHs) and historic districts. Here we investigate the relationship between locally designated and National Register historic districts and demographic, socioeconomic, and housing changes—specifically, UPSSHs, racial and ethnic subgroups, and median household income—in 46?U.S. cities. Although the U.S. Census data capturing UPSSHs are time limited and only capture one segment of the broader LGBTQ community, they are the best available national data. We find significant growth in the share of male UPSSHs from 2000 to 2010 in census tracts where historic districts were established during the 1990s. Tracts with higher shares of male UPSSHs in 2000 are more likely to establish locally designated historic districts from 2000 to 2010. Finally, we also find evidence that historic districts are significantly related to later changes in race, ethnicity, and median household income.

Takeaway for practice: The results indicate that historic districts can help grow the presence of UPSSHs, one segment of the broader LGBTQ community. Planners concerned with protecting queer spaces should consider incorporating preservation-based approaches. The presence of male UPSSHs increases the likelihood of locally designated historic districts, and preservation planners should work to ensure LGBTQ social histories are included in new designations where appropriate. Our findings also suggest losses of racial and ethnic subgroups and increasing median household income after designation, indicating the need for proactive efforts from planners and preservations to help protect existing vulnerable residents. The timing of these changes is not the same for all variables; thus, planners should focus attention on both short- and long-term shifts in historic districts.     

Race and uneven recovery: neighborhood home value trajectories in Atlanta before and after the housing crisis

We use zip-code-level home value data and cluster analysis to define three types of neighborhood housing markets in the Atlanta region based on their levels of volatility and stability before, during, and after the housing crisis. We identify the demographic and housing market characteristics of each of these clusters and use multivariate analysis to measure their predictive association with the neighborhood types. We also examine factors that predict long-term price appreciation over the 2001–2014 period. One key finding is that many black neighborhoods exhibited steep rates of price decline with only little recovery following the crisis. Meanwhile, many predominantly white, middle- and upper-income neighborhoods generally more than recovered from any housing price declines. The findings suggest that the legacies of the mortgage crisis may have long-lasting implications for housing wealth inequality and housing markets. Implications include a call for a renewed commitment to fair housing, community reinvestment, and equitable housing finance policies to support more evenness in recovery.     

单位视角下的中国城市空间重构

中国城市空间重构表现为均质的城市空间向异质的多元的城市空间转变。单位转型是城市空间重构的缩影和重要组成部分。一方面,单位的空间和社区特点对于构建单位退休者社区和基于新单位制的低碳城市空间组织具有重要意义;另一方面,单位的制度因素和社会特征和居民迁居,对于重塑城市居住空间具有重要影响,单位居民迁居和单位隐性化作用是城市空间重构的中心环节。因此,基于单位视角解读中国城市空间重构具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

外滩通道基坑开挖对既有隧道结构影响分析

采用数值模拟方法计算隧道附加纵向变形值,应用三次样条插值对其进行拟合,并通过曲线拟合方程计算基坑影响范围内隧道纵向变形曲率的分布,以判别隧道纵向差异变形的敏感位置,从而评价在不同抽条开挖方式与不同开挖工况下隧道的变形状态,为基坑支护的设计提供依据。研究表明:基坑中心位置隧道的纵向变形最大,隧道纵向变形曲率变化最大的区域为隧道纵向基坑围护结构的位置,说明对于基坑开挖引起近接隧道的保护问题,在严格控制坑底隆起量的同时,更应关注基坑围护刚度对隧道结构变形的影响。通过施工工法、隧道纵向变形及隧道纵向曲率变化三方面的综合评价,得出顺向抽条开挖方式对隧道保护更加有利。     

住宅小区规划设计的主题与文化

简要论述了住宅小区规划的重要性,同时介绍了住宅小区规划的基本要求。从主题化、差异化、前瞻性等方面论述了住宅小区规划的设计思路。并通过住宅小区规划要以人为本、建筑与环境要和谐、倡导和发扬本土文化的规划理念等方面,提出了住宅小区规划的创新思路。     

完整锚杆纵向振动问题的求解与分析

本文建立了完整锚杆纵向振动问题的数学力学模型并推导出相应的解析解 ,研究分析了不同参数对锚杆顶端瞬态动力频幅响应的影响。并将瞬态激振条件下得到的理论曲线与反射波法测得的实际曲线进行了拟合对比 ,结果表明两者吻合很好     

Home Foreclosures as Early Warning Indicator of Neighborhood Decline

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Ideally, planners would intervene in neighborhood processes before substantial forces of decline have gained momentum. Unfortunately, currently there is no guidance about which neighborhood indicators forecast future neighborhood changes. This study seeks a neighborhood early warning indicator that is readily available, frequently updated, and that predicts with substantial foresight and accuracy future changes in key aspects of neighborhood market processes and quality of life. We search over a range of neighborhood indicators for one or more that clearly lead others in a temporal sense, instead of lagging behind them. We employ Granger causality tests with indicators related to public safety, housing market, and economic activity that are based on data from Chicago neighborhoods between 1998 and 2009. Our key finding is that only one indicator analyzed, completed home foreclosures, systematically precedes other neighborhood indicators but does not systematically follow after them. All other indicators are enmeshed in complicated, often mutually causal temporal patterns, which render them inappropriate for forecasting. We conclude that completed home foreclosures is an appropriate early warning indicator of neighborhood decline in several dimensions.

Takeaway for practice: Planners interested in identifying imminently emerging problems in their constituents’ neighborhoods should regularly acquire and map data on home foreclosures as soon as they become available, and then undertake compensatory actions as quickly as feasible.     

社区建成环境微观尺度评估工具开发框架：基于模块化视角

社区建成环境的微观尺度评估方法在公共健康研究、社区更新实践中被广泛应用。本文梳理社区建成环境微观尺度评估的特征,探讨目前研究与实践的不足之处,进一步提出能够自由整合多元目标的模块化评估工具框架。以“高密度城市社区建成环境评估工具（HEAT）”的“无障碍通行环境”模块为例,开发并检验模块化评估工具的可行性与信度。应用这一评估工具,在重庆选取典型十五分钟生活圈,验证“确定目标—生成工具—实施评估—发现问题—解决方案”的精细化社区更新路径。在此基础上,探讨社区建成环境微观尺度评估方法对健康社区政策、实践与研究的重要价值。     

Side Setback Areas as Side Yards Architectural and Psychological Evaluation of Side Setback Areas in Residential Buildings Using a Multidimensional Measure – Case Study of Sapporo Neighbourhoods,Japan

In urban environments, front yards and backyards are valued by residents for the opportunities they provide for enriching residential activities and promoting neighbourly ties. This article extends previous inquiries to identify the preferred uses and attributes of side setback areas in a comparatively dense urban environment. While front yards or backyards may contribute to sociability, no such effects have been reported for the side setback areas, with their function being instrumental rather than social. On the basis of a 2013 survey, the average side setback area in Sapporo (Japan) is <2 m wide and its typical use is for storage. A series of cross-statistical analyses was used to investigate possible correlations and to predict the role of the physical attributes of adjacent facades on the perceptions of the respondents. This was followed by an in-depth interview of those who volunteered. The results indicated that side setback areas that were lesser than 1-m wide were perceived as abandoned and assumed to have no function. However, those wider than 1 m were seen as secondary storage areas. Regardless of this, respondents valued the light and ventilation provided by side setback areas.     

西安外国语学院长安校区学生公寓设计

在西安外国语学院长安校区学生公寓建筑设计中,将＂街区＂的理念融入其中,通过立体空间加强学生之间的交流从而形成＂邻里＂关系,并充分考虑规划、景观、建筑以及外部空间的整体性效果。     

老车站纵向约束长度对换乘站基坑变形影响的敏感性分析

由于受到场地限制,新建的地铁车站紧靠老地铁车站,形成平行换乘。为了保证基坑开挖过程中既有车站的安全,用隔墙将新地铁车站长条形基坑分成小基坑间隔开挖。老地铁车站纵向有几百米长,而隔墙范围内的基坑开挖段只有几十米,开挖段车站结构的变形受到两侧纵向车站结构的影响。采用三维板壳有限元进行分析时,改变隔墙两侧老车站纵向约束长度,对该参数影响基坑变形的趋势和程度进行了敏感性分析,提出了推荐值。