方向图重建方法及其在自适应阵列互耦校准中的应用北大核心CSCD

介绍了方向图重建方法,并将该方法应用在自适应阵列的互耦校准中。该方法基于天线方向图与阵列接收信号间的关系,通过对阵列单元方向图的变换得到阵列互耦校准矩阵。方向图重建方法对于阵列单元结构具有广泛的适应性,不仅可用于线天线阵列,也可用于由微带天线这类平面单元构成的阵列中。论文推导了互耦校准矩阵的公式,并采用一个对称振子阵列、一个微带阵列和一个柱面共形阵列验证了本方法的有效性。     

分布式阵列方向图综合方法研究

针对分布式阵列孔径栅瓣或旁瓣抑制问题,结合分布式阵列结构与方向图乘积定理, 提出了一种分布式阵列双程方向图设计方法。首先,通过综合适当的阵列因子和子阵方向图函数来最大限度地消除栅瓣并降低旁瓣级;其次,采用 Minimax 准则进行发射方向图权值设计来进一步抑制存在的栅瓣;最终,采用独立的发射和接收天线阵列,基于方向图相乘可以获得无栅瓣影响的大孔径分布式阵列。仿真分析结果表明,该方法能够有效抑制分布式阵列的栅瓣和旁瓣,获得期望的阵列方向图性能,有助于提高雷达探测能力。     

基于NLS的MIMO雷达方向图综合

与传统相控阵雷达方向图综合不同,MIMO雷达通过优化发射波形的协方差矩阵来实现发射方向图综合,从而实现数字阵列雷达的多功能特性。该文通过数学变换,把传统相控阵雷达非线性最小二乘方向图综合法推广到MIMO雷达方向图综合。首先对发射波形的协方差矩阵进行分解,然后构造非线性最小二乘法代价函数优化分解因子,从而使综合方向图最大限度地逼近期望方向图。与现有MIMO雷达方向图综合方法相比,文中方法能通过罚函数,灵活调节综合方向图的过渡带宽度和主瓣波动幅度,且具有更小的均方误差,仿真实验验证了方法的有效性。     

考虑互耦影响的阵列综合

阵列天线综合一般是基于理想的单元天线方向图，而不考虑阵元间的互耦。本文提出了一种考虑互耦的基于遗传算法的阵列天线综合方法。该方法首先利用商用仿真软件分别计算阵列中各个阵元在阵列中的方向图，再通过遗传算法优化出目标方向图。通过实例比较可以看出，这种方法能够比较精确的仿真计算阵列的方向图，易于在工程上实现高性能的天线阵列系统。     

基于通道合成的数字阵列通道校准方法

通道校准是数字阵雷达的重要技术之一,校准精度影响波束指向、副瓣电平等多个波束形成指标,从而影响整个雷达性能。随着数字阵列规模的不断提升,通道校准对测试时间和测试精度的要求也随之提高。文中首先介绍了一种基于通道合成的数字阵列通道校准方法原理和组成,给出了该测试方法的校准算法;然后,与传统数字阵列通道校准方法的信噪比、记录量、测试时间、幅相标准差等校准性能进行比较;最后,给出了实际测量形成的天线方向图,验证了该方法的有效性。     

天线方向图自动测试系统的设计

天线方向图是雷达的一项重要性能指标,方向图的自动测试在雷达性能测试中占有极其重要的位置。介绍了天线方向图测试原理,设计了一种雷达天线方向图自动测试系统。分析了该方向图自动测试系统的电路组成及信号采集与数据处理原理。控制电路由单片机组成,角度录取采用角度-数字转换模块。该系统在信号录取、角度录取、数据处理、方向图绘制方面全部实现了自动化,具有精度高、测量速度快、性能稳定、价格低廉的特点。     

基于阵元方向图的相控阵雷达辐射源识别技术

为了实现对相控阵雷达辐射源的个体识别,分析了相控阵雷达天线的方向图形成方式,提出一种基于阵元天线方向图的相控阵雷达辐射源识别技术。通过双站侦察数据得到相控阵雷达天线阵面的指向角,进而算得相控阵雷达的阵列因子函数,经过比对接收的雷达天线方向图和阵列因子函数,得到组成阵列的天线阵元方向图,最终将计算得到的天线方向图与数据库中的天线方向图进行匹配,完成对相控阵雷达辐射源的个体识别。该方法通过提取相控阵雷达天线方向图的不变个体特征,实现了对相控阵雷达辐射源的个体识别。仿真实验结果表明所提方法能够有效地对相控阵雷达辐射源进行识别。     

带限周期函数的Fourier插值法在天线测量中的应用

天线远场测量是获得其辐射特性的一种常用方法,为得到方向图的细节,测量方向图的角度间隔一般应小于待测天线半功率波束宽度的1/10,否则会导致方向图相关参数如半功率波束宽度、副瓣电平等的不准确. 针对高增益、窄波束天线的远场测量,为了得到精确测量结果,测量间隔要求非常小,导致测试时间长,测试效率低下. 文中提出了一种基于带限周期函数的Fourier插值法的高效率方向图测试方法,此方法将采样间隔增加到待测天线半功率波束宽度量级,仍然可以准确重构出角度间隔任意小的方向图,从而能够显著提高测试效率. 仿真和实测结果证明了本方法的可行性.     

平面近场反演技术

介绍了一种基于探头补偿的平面近场反演算法,为验证算法的有效性,在暗室对某阵列天线进行了近场反演和远场方向图比对验证。结果表明,该算法反演精度高,可在近场校准完毕后对方向图实现情况进行快速测试验证,提升阵列天线测试效率,有很好的工程实用性。     

频率分集阵列的距离角度解耦的波束形成(in English)

常规频率分集雷达(FDA)在发射阵元采用均匀的频率间隔,从而可以形成距离-角度耦合的波束方向图。但是该方向图在多个距离上均形成多峰值波束,当干扰位于任一波束最大指向的距离时,将会带来信干噪比损失。针对上述问题,该文通过分析波束形成的表达式,从原理上提出一个关于频率分集雷达阵列配置的基本原则,能够在指定的距离角度范围内,形成单峰值的波束方向图。几种特例和仿真结果均证明了该原则的有效性。      

Monitoring techniques for phased-array antennas

The problem of monitoring phased-array antennas in general and microwave landing system (MLS) in particular is considered. Various methods of monitoring phased-array antennas are suggested. One is based on changes in the far-field radiation pattern arising from defects in the array. Another method uses the near-field to far-field transformation, based on the concept of the plane-wave spectrum, for the detection of defects in the antenna. A third method is based on near-field measurements and uses the properties of the Fresnel integral. The methods were simulated on the computer and, where possible, were tested by experiment. A comparative assessment of the methods is given, and an operational monitoring system is suggested for the MLS phased army.     

Analysis of phase-focused near-field testing for multiphase-centeradaptive radar systems

Airborne or spaceborne radar systems often require tests before deployment to verify how well the system detects targets and suppresses clutter and jammer signals. The radar antenna diameter can be large and thus the conventional far-field test distance is impractical to implement. The theory and simulations of phase-focused near-field testing for adaptive phased array antennas is discussed. With near-field source deployment, standard phased-array near-field phase focusing provides far-field adaptive nulling equivalent performance at a range distance of one aperture diameter from the adaptive antenna under test. Both main beam clutter sources and sidelobe jammer sources are addressed. The phased array antenna elements analyzed are one-half wavelength dipoles over the ground plane. Bandwidth, polarization, array mutual coupling, and finite array edge effects are taken into account. Numerical simulations of an adaptive antenna that has multiple displaced phase centers indicate that near-field and far-field testing can be equivalent     

阵列天线在UXB系统标校中的应用

测量船基地现有标校塔与测量船距离只有980 m,无法满足高频段统一X频段（UXB）系统天线的远场标校距离条件。针对这一难题,提出了一种利用阵列天线合成准平面波的方法,实现在近场距离条件下的远场标校。在现有标校塔上架设安装阵列天线设备,利用16个单喇叭天线组成4×4的天线阵,并通过控制单个喇叭天线元的幅度和相位,使得传播到测量船UXB天线口面处由阵列天线合成的电磁波是准平面波,满足X频段天线远场标校要求。综合运用最优化理论和遗传算法,对阵列天线元的幅度和相位权值进行调节和优化,使得合成的电磁波更为接近准平面波。计算机仿真实验和外场条件下的实际测试均验证了该方法生成的准平面波能够满足UXB天线远场标校要求。     

Beamformer architectures for active phased-array radar antennas

In active phased-array antennas, the transmit and receive functions are distributed at the antenna aperture using transmit and receive (T/R) modules. The use of T/R modules provides a significant improvement in antenna performance and flexibility in the choice of array architectures. We present a review of various beamformer architectures for active phased-array antennas. This review is limited to corporate-fed active phased-array antennas for radar applications. Beamformer architectures for narrow and wide bandwidth arrays, including the choice of applying an amplitude taper in the T/R module or beamformer network are discussed. Beamformer architectures that increase antenna reliability are also presented     

Linear array characteristics with one-dimensional reactive-regionnear-field scanning: simulations and measurements

A model for simulating the performance of a phased-array antenna with one-dimensional near-field scanning is addressed. Measurements and simulations in the reactive near-field region for a linear array with monopole elements are described. The array and near-field probe characteristics are simulated by using the method of moments. Measurements and simulations of the array near-zone received voltage, plane-wave spectrum, and far-field data, using centerline scanning at less than one wavelength distance from the antenna, are shown to be in good agreement. The presence of evanescent grating lobes in the plane-wave spectrum is observed. It is shown that a V-dipole theoretical probe antenna can accurately model a practical near-field measurement probe     

Near- and Far-Field Characterization of Planar mm-Wave Antenna Arrays with Waveguide-to-Microstrip Transition

We present the design and characterization of planar mm-wave patch antenna arrays with waveguide-to-microstrip transition using both near- and far-field methods. The arrays were designed for metrological assessment of error sources in antenna measurement. One antenna was designed for the automotive radar frequency range at 77 GHz, while another was designed for the frequency of 94 GHz, which is used, e.g., for imaging radar applications. In addition to the antennas, a simple transition from rectangular waveguide WR-10 to planar microstrip line on Rogers 3003? substrate has been designed based on probe coupling. For determination of the far-field radiation pattern of the antennas, we compare results from two different measurement methods to simulations. Both a far-field antenna measurement system and a planar near-field scanner with near-to-far-field transformation were used to determine the antenna diagrams. The fabricated antennas achieve a good matching and a good agreement between measured and simulated antenna diagrams. The results also show that the far-field scanner achieves more accurate measurement results with regard to simulations than the near-field scanner. The far-field antenna scanning system is built for metrological assessment and antenna calibration. The antennas are the first which were designed to be tested with the measurement system.     

A nonlinear algorithm for output power maximization of an indooradaptive phased array

An adaptive receiving phased-array antenna is considered as one of the desirable features of the next generation of personal wireless indoor system. Such a feature will render this communication system much less sensitive to the signal fluctuations due to multipath propagation. This paper presents a prototype adaptive phased array based on an original nonlinear method. This adaptive algorithm which uses as performance criterion the maximization of the array output power to adjust a phase angle, is developed and applied to antenna system in order to control automatically its directivity pattern. Numerical results for a linear eight element array are presented. To test the algorithm experimentally, an eight element 20-GHz array, constructed using horn antennas and analog phase shifters, was used. The results obtained so far with such an array are discussed in the context of its eventual, implementation in MHMIC     

Phased array antenna calibration and pattern prediction usingmutual coupling measurements

A technique which utilized the inherent mutual coupling in an array to both calibrate and predict the radiation patterns of a phased-array antenna is investigated. The only restriction of the technique is that the ability to transmit and receive with pairs of the array elements is required. The theory associated with array mutual coupling and its relationship to both array calibration and array patterns is discussed. The design of a test bed phased-array antenna is covered. The mutual coupling technique (MCT) is used experimentally to calibrate the test array as well as to predict the array radiation patterns. It is shown that the results obtained by MCT are in good agreement with conventional far-field measurements     

基于小型阵列试验的相控阵单元互耦特性研究

相控阵天线辐射单元的互耦特性对天线整体性能有着重要影响,而互耦与具体单元形式相关,因此模型复杂, 难以精确计算和预测。在阵元的小型阵列试验过程中,采用互耦测试的方法,对准八木振子、微带贴片、Vivaldi 单元 等几种典型宽带相控阵单元的互耦特性进行了实验研究,结果表明互耦对不同类型的单元影响大不相同,对单元特性 不仅有传统认为的负面作用,还可能有改善性能的作用,分析结果可供相控阵天线设计时参考;同时,利用测试数据 分析了小型试验阵列的规模对结果的影响,提出了小型阵列的规模依据。     

Evaluation of adaptive phased array antenna, far-field nullingperformance in the near-field region

A theory for analyzing the behavior of adaptive phased array antennas illuminated by a near-field interference test source is presented. Conventional phased array near-field focusing is used to produce an equivalent far-field antenna pattern at a range distance of one to two aperture diameters from the adaptive antenna under test. The antenna is assumed to be a linear array of isotropic receive elements. The interferer is assumed to be a bandlimited noise source radiating from an isotropic antenna. The theory is developed for both partially and fully adaptive arrays. Results are presented for the fully adaptive array case with single and multiple interferers. The results indicate that near-field and far-field adaptive nulling can be equivalent. The adaptive nulling characteristics studied in detail are the array radiation patterns, adaptive cancellation, covariance matrix eigenvalues, and adaptive array weights