Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐sodium acrylate) hydrogels: Interactions with surfactants

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐sodium acrylate) [poly(NIPAM‐co‐SA)] hydrogels were modified with three different kind of surfactants (cationic, anionic, and nonionic) to study the effect on the swelling properties. The structural variation of the surfactant‐modified hydrogels was investigated in detail. The interaction between the surfactants and the hydrogel varies and strictly depends on the surfactant type. The variation in thermal stability of the modified surfactant hydrogels was investigated and compared with unmodified hydrogel. Further, the hydrogel swelling/diffusion kinetic parameters were investigated and diffusion of water into hydrogel was found to be of the non‐Fickian transport mechanism. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3423–3430, 2007     

Influence of the synthesis conditions and ionic additives on the swelling behaviour of thermo-responsive polyalkylacrylamide hydrogels

Temperature-responsive poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels were synthesised by free radical polymerisation at room temperature with different crosslinker and constant initiator/accelerator concentration. At low crosslinker concentration transparent or translucent gels were obtained, while the gels produced at high crosslinker concentration were opaque. Whereas little difference could be observed between these gels in regard to the temperature of collapse, the swelling/deswelling behaviour showed discrepancies, in that the opaque gels (higher degree of crosslinking) showed a lower swelling ratio, but more efficient water release and more pronounced relative water uptake (reswelling). Low molecular weight additives (potassium salts) had an effect on the on the critical temperature and the swelling ratio; the strength of the observed effect corresponded to the position of the anion in the Hoffmeister series. For most salts the critical temperature was found to decrease (‘salting out’ effect) almost linearly with increasing salt concentration. A linear relationship could be established between the change in critical temperature of the gels and the ‘Viscosity B Coefficient’ of the added anion. Low concentrations of KI showed a ‘salting in’ effect for all investigated gels, while low amounts of KCl showed such an effect only in the case of the poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) gels. The ‘salting in’ effect was accompanied by an increase in the maximum swelling ratio below the critical temperature. In a cytotoxicity test with Jurkat cells the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gels, but less the poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) gels negatively influenced the morphology, if not the number and viability of the cells, after a contact time of 6 h.     

Properties and preparation of olefin block copolymer/thermoplastic polyurethane blends

The properties of olefin block copolymer (OBC)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends with or without maleic anhydride (MA) modification were characterized and compared. Compared with the OBC/TPU blends, OBC‐g‐MA/TPU blends displayed finer morphology and reduced domain size in the dispersed phase. The crystallization temperatures of TPU decreased significantly from 155.9 °C (OBC/TPU) to 117.5 °C (OBC‐g‐MA/TPU) at low TPU composition in the blends, indicating the inhibition of crystallization through the sufficient interaction of modified OBC with TPU composition. The modified systems showed higher thermal stability than the unmodified systems over the investigated temperature range due to the enhanced interaction through inter‐bonding. The highest improvement in tensile strength was more than fivefold for OBC‐g‐MA/TPU (50/50) in comparison with its unmodified blend via the enhanced interfacial interaction between OBC‐g‐MA and TPU. This also led to the highest Young's modulus of 77.8 ± 3.9 MPa, about twofold increase, among the investigated blend systems. A corresponding improvement on the ductility was also observed for modified blends. The modification did not vary the glass transition temperature and crystalline structure much, thus the improvement in the mechanical properties was mainly attributed to the improved compatibility and interaction from the compatibilization effect as well as increased viscosity from the crosslinking effect for modified blends. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43703.     

Phase analysis and microwave dielectric properties of LTCC TiO2 with glass system

Glass–ceramic composites containing TiO₂ (anatase, rutile) and modified borosilicate glasses were prepared and their sintering behaviour, phase evolution, interface reactions, and microwave dielectric properties were investigated as new candidates for low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) materials. It was found that the addition of small amounts of borosilicate glasses lowered the sintering temperature of TiO₂ from 1400 to 900 °C. X-ray diffraction results showed that second phases, including Zn₂SiO₄, were formed when TiO₂+zinc-borosilicate glass was used, while no crystalline phase except rutile could be found using unmodified borosilicate glass. High-density TiO₂+zinc borosilicate glass material showed promising microwave dielectric properties: relative dielectric constant (ε_r)=74, quality factor (Q×f)=8000 GHz, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ_f)=340 ppm/°C. The effect of borosilicate glasses on the anatase–rutile phase transition was also investigated.     

Novel bionanocomposites of poly(vinyl alcohol) and modified chiral layered double hydroxides: Synthesis,properties and a morphological study

The effect of novel modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) on thermal and structural properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was investigated. Organically modified chiral LDH was prepared via ion exchange reaction of LDH in a solution of N,N′-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid in distilled water. The modified Mg-Al LDH materials showed an increase in interlayer distance as compared to the unmodified Mg-Al LDH by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Bionanocomposites of PVA with the modified chiral LDH were prepared with different compositions of LDH by solution-intercalation method using the ultrasound-assisted technique. The effect of LDH contents on thermal, physicomechanical, and morphological properties of PVA films was investigated using XRD, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The TGA of the obtained bionanocomposites showed an increase in thermal stability. The uniform distribution of clay due to the intimate interaction between clay and polymer appeared to be the reason for the improved properties.     

Study of three different families of water-soluble copolymers: synthesis, characterization and viscoelastic behavior of semidilute solutions of polymers prepared by solution polymerization

Polymer chains consisting of water-soluble polyacrylamides, hydrophobically modified with low amounts of N,N-dialkylacrylamides (N,N-dihexylacrylamide (DHAM) and N,N-dioctylacrylamide (DOAM)) have been prepared via free radical solution polymerization, using two hydrophobic initiators derived from 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA) containing long linear chains of 12 (C12) and 16 (C16) carbon atoms. This procedure resulted in polyacrylamides containing hydrophobic groups along the chain as well as at the chain ends. This class of polymers, termed ‘combined associative polymers’, has been studied and compared with the multisticker (with hydrophobic groups along the polymer chain) and telechelic (with hydrophobic groups at the chain ends) associative polymers, which were prepared with DHAM or DOAM and with the hydrophobic initiator (ACVA) modified with alkyl chains of two different lengths. The viscoelastic properties of these different families of associative polymers were investigated using steady-flow and oscillatory experiments. The effect of type, localization and concentration of the hydrophobic groups on the viscosity of the associative polymer solution was investigated. All viscosity curves clearly show two different regimes within the semidilute range: a first unentangled regime where the viscosity increases moderately; and a second entangled regime where the viscosity varies according to a power law, proportional to C⁴. The relaxation time, T_R, and the plateau modulus, G₀, showed relatively high values which increased with the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic groups. The combined associative polymer (PAM-co-DHAM/ACVA12) showed relaxation times that remained relatively constant along the concentrations studied, but very high values of G₀.     

Effect of inorganic electrolytes on dissolution behavior of mixed anionic-amphoteric surfactant systems

The effects of some inorganic electrolytes on the dissolution behavior of anionic-amphoteric mixed surfactant systems have been studied in terms of dissolution temperature of a hydrated solid surfactant; these systems are sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) - N^α,N^α-dimethyl-N^ɛ-lauroyl lysine (DMLL), including different inorganic electrolytes (NaCl, NaSCN, or CaCl₂). The dissolution temperatures of mixed surfactant systems are lower than those of pure surfactant solutions and become less than 0 C at a certain mole fraction of surfactants. As the concentration of NaCl increases, the dissolution temperatures of systems at a DMLL mole fraction lower than 0.4 increase, while those of systems at a ratio higher than 0.9 remain almost the same. With increasing concentration of NaSCN, the dissolution temperatures of systems at a DMLL mole fraction lower than 0.4 increase, while those of systems at a ratio higher than 0.9 decrease. For CaCl₂ systems, there exists a maximum in the dissolution temperature at a certain composition, because addition compound formation between anionic and zwitterionic surfactants occurs due to the presence of calcium ions.     

Studies on viscosity behaviour of alkali halides in aqueous N,N′ dimethyl urea solution

The viscosity behaviour of ternary systems comprising alkali halides (concentration range 0.125–3 M) in aqueous N,N′ dimethyl urea (0.6 M) solution, over the temperature range 25–40°C has been investigated. It has been found that Moulik's equation (ν/ν_$\text{0}$)² = M + KC² holds good for these systems for the concentrated region. From the relative viscosity data, the “effective” rigid molar volume, V_e and apparent B coefficient have been computed employing the Breslau-Miller procedure at temperatures 25, 30, 35 and 40°C. These data have been used to explain the structuring effect in N,N′ dimethyl urea solution.     

Zinc Corrosion in Acidic Solutions Containing Single and Mixed Surfactants

The influence of surfactant synergism on Zn corrosion inhibition in 0.1-M HCl aqueous solutions has been determined at room temperature. Solutions of single and mixed surfactants consisting of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-amine oxide (DDAO) in water and in 0.1-M HCl were also prepared at room temperature. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) data were obtained through surface tension measurements as a function of mixing composition. A regular solution model was considered to analyze CMC values. The interaction parameter (β), the composition of mixed micelles (x) and the activity coefficients (f) were estimated by a regular solution model for all amphoteric–anionic mixed systems. β Vvalues showed synergism for the binary mixtures of these solutions in the absence and presence of 0.1-M HCl at all investigated compositions. Zinc corrosion in single and binary SDS/DDAO mixed solutions at 5-mM total surfactant concentrations in the presence of 0.1-M HCl was also investigated at static and dynamic conditions. The weight loss data revealed corrosion inhibition activity obeyed the following order: binary (0.75 DDAO + 0.25 SDS) > binary (0.50 DDAO + 0.50 SDS) > single DDAO > single SDS, suggesting an enhancement in the corrosion inhibition activity of DDAO in the presence of a proper amount of SDS. Conductivity time measurements show a similar trend as that obtained by a weight loss method at (0.50 DDAO + 0.50 SDS). The results were illustrated on the basis of synergistic interaction between the mixed surfactants.     

Development of Novel Amidosulfobetaine Surfactant–Polymer Systems for EOR Applications

Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the thermal stability and rheological properties of novel surfactant–polymer (SP) systems for enhanced oil recovery applications. One in-house synthesized amphoteric amidosulfobetaine surfactant 3-(N-pentadecanamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)propanesulfonate and three different polymers were evaluated. Polymer A was a terpolymer of acrylamide, acrylamido tert-butyl sulfonate, and acrylic acid, whereas polymers B and C were terpolymers of acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, and acrylamido tert-butyl sulfonate with different anionicity. Long-term thermal stability of the surfactant was assessed using FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR. The surfactant was compatible with seawater at 90 °C and no precipitation was observed. Structural analysis showed good thermal stability and no structural changes were observed after aging at 90 °C. The effects of surfactant concentration, shear rate, salinity, and polymer concentration on rheological properties of the SP systems were determined. Polymer A showed highest viscosity among the investigated polymers in deionized and seawater. The interactions between the surfactant and polymer A were assessed using rheological measurements. In the presence of salts, the viscosity of all three polymers reduced significantly as a result of charge screening. At low shear rates, the added surfactant slightly decreased the viscosity and storage modulus of polymer A. At high shear rates, the effect of the surfactant on the viscosity and storage modulus of polymer A was insignificant.     

Upper critical solution temperature—type cononsolvency of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) in water—organic solvent mixtures

The behaviour of linear poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAM) chains was studied by turbidimetry and viscometry in mixtures of water with the polar organic solvents methanol, dioxane and acetone. The swelling-deswelling behaviour of PDMAM gels in the same solvent mixtures was also investigated. Contrary to the behaviour in water-methanol mixtures, in water-dioxane and water-acetone mixtures a significant shrinkage of polymer chains and deswelling of polymer gels, followed by phase separation, was observed for high organic solvent fractions. Cononsolvency phenomena were found to be temperature-dependent, as demixing occurred upon decreasing temperature. This upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase separation behaviour in mixed solvents was studied by turbidimetry and compared to the well-known lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behaviour of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in similar solvents mixtures.     

Probing the association behavior of poly(ethyleneglycol) based amphiphilic comb-like polymer in the presence of cationic surfactant

The interaction between an amphiphilic comb-like polymer—poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) copolymer esterified with brij-35—and a cationic surfactant, N-cetyl-N,N-diethanolyl-N-methyl ammonium bromide (CDMAB), was investigated at pH 6.2. Our earlier experiments (Polymer 42, 7801, 2001) revealed that at this pH the polymer forms intramolecular aggregates and these self-aggregates behave as polyelectrolyte due to the partial ionization of the backbone of the polymer. When surfactant is gradually added to the polymer solution in the present study, binding of the surfactant to the polymer takes place even at lowest surfactant concentration. Initially binding occurs due to electrostatic interaction, leading to compact aggregates. After complete charge neutralization of the polymer backbone, the surfactant hydrophobes are adsorbed into the microdomains formed by the polymer due to hydrophobic interactions. An exothermic enthalpy change is associated with both kinds of interactions, electrostatic as well as hydrophobic.     

Miscibility and viscoelastic properties of acrylic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-poly(methyl methacrylate) blends

We investigate the miscibility of acrylic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) [characteristic size d≈2 nm] and poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) in order to determine the effect of well-dispersed POSS nanoparticles on the thermomechanical properties of PMMA. Two different acrylic POSS species (unmodified and hydrogenated) were blended separately with PMMA at volume fractions up to ?=0.30. Both POSS species have a plasticizing effect on PMMA by lowering the glass transition temperature T_g and decreasing the melt-state linear viscoelastic moduli measured in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow. The unmodified acrylic-POSS has better miscibility with PMMA than the hydrogenated form, approaching complete miscibility for loadings ?<0.10. At a loading ?=0.05, the unmodified acrylic POSS induces a 4.9 °C decrease in the T_g of PMMA, far less than the 17.4 °C decrease in the glass transition temperature observed in a blend of 5 vol% dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in PMMA; however, the decrease in the glass transition temperature per added plasticizer molecule is nearly the same in the unmodified acrylic-POSS-PMMA blend compared with the DOP-PMMA blend. Time-temperature superposition (TTS) was applied successfully to the storage and loss moduli data and the resulting shift factors were correlated with a significant increase in free volume of the blends. The fractional free volume f₀=0.046 for PMMA at T₀=170 °C while for a blend of 5 vol% unmodified acrylic-POSS in PMMA f₀=0.057, which corresponds to an addition of 0.47 nm³ per added POSS molecule at ?=0.05. The degree of dispersion was characterized using both wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Diffraction patterns for both blend systems show clear evidence of phase separation at ?=0.20 and higher, but no significant phase separation is evident at ?=0.10 and lower. The storage modulus measured in DMA indicates appreciable phase separation for unmodified acrylic POSS loadings ?≥0.10, while no evidence of phase separation is present in the ?=0.05 blend in DMA.     

Graft copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide with 3-(methacryloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane on ultrafine silica and its application in chromatography separation

Thermosensitive core-shell particles were synthesized through graft copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide with [ 3-(methacryloxy) propyl]trimethoxysilane (MPT) coupled on the surface of ultrafine silica beads. The copolymerization was carried out using polyvinyl alcohol as a surfactant, water and cyclohexanol as mixed solvent, and 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) as an initiator. The effect of surfactant concentration and the composition of the mixed solvent on the graft rate were investigated. The structure of modified silica was confirmed by infrared spectra. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has revealed the thermosensitivity of the particles. The thermosensitive particles were used as packing materials of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns for separating naphthalene derivatives. Satisfactory separation was obtained by controlling the temperature of the column. In contrast, the packing material of silica-MPT has no such separation efficiency due to the lack of thermosensitivity. The effect of the composition of the mobile phase on the separating efficiency was also investigated. The temperature-controlled separation was effective only when the water content was higher than 90% (v/v) in the water-methanol mobile phase. The mechanism for the temperature-controlled separation is attributed to a polarity change of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) which undergoes volume phase transition on the silica surface as the temperature increases. __________ Translated from Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2007, 8(8): 765–769 [译自: 高分子学报]     

New aromatic–aliphatic hyperbranched polyesters with vinylic end groups of different length as modifiers of epoxy/anhydride thermosets

The synthesis and characterization of two new aromatic–aliphatic hyperbranched polyesters modified with long and short vinylic chains was reported. These hyperbranched polymers were used as toughening modifiers of epoxy/anhydride thermosets. The curing of mixtures of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and hexahydro-4-methylphtalic anhydride with different proportions of both hyperbranched polymers using N,N-benzyldimethylamine as catalyst was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The kinetic of curing process was established using an isoconversional integral procedure. The characterization of these materials was done by means of several thermal analysis techniques and their morphology was investigated by electron microscopy. The addition of highly branched structures led to homogeneous morphologies and a more toughening fracture of the thermosets in comparison to the neat epoxy/anhydride material. The modified thermosets presented slightly lower glass transition temperature than the unmodified one and the thermal stability barely changed by the addition of the modifiers.     

Enhanced ionic conductivity of Sm,Gd-doped ceria induced by modification of powder synthesis procedure

Nanostructured Ce_0.85Gd_0.05Sm_0.10O_2?δ powders have been obtained by a classical and a modified Pechini method. The textural parameters of the synthesized powders were evaluated using N₂ adsorption–desorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the powders were single phase with fluorite-type structure. The dilatometry measurements evidenced a strong influence of the synthesis procedure of Gd, Sm-co-doped ceria on its sintering behavior. A decrease in powder sintering temperature down to 1200 °C was obtained when Triton X-100 was added into the synthesis reaction mixture. The AC impedance spectroscopy of the sintered pellets was also performed in the 200–800 °C temperature range, in air. The sample prepared using the non-ionic surfactant exhibited higher ionic conductivities and lower activation energies than the sample synthesized by classical Pechini method over the entire investigated temperature range.     

Chromate removal from wastewater using micellar enhanced crossflow filtration: Effect of transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity

Removal of chromate from wastewater was investigated using Micellar Enhanced Crossflow Microfiltration Technique (MEMF) with cationic surfactant, cetyltrimetylammoniumbromide (CTAB). The variation of chromate, surfactant rejections and permeate flux with time were measured at two different CTAB concentrations as a function of transmembrane pressure drop (ΔP) and crossflow velocity, while CTAB/chromate, membrane pore size, temperature and pH of the feed solution was kept constant. For low CTAB concentration, it was observed that the efficiencies of chromate and surfactant removal increased with increasing ΔP, but decreased with increasing crossflow velocities. It was also observed that the effects of crossflow velocities and ΔPs on the rejections decreased for high CTAB concentration. It was found that fouling of the membrane by surfactant is very rapid at low crossflow velocity and high ΔPs at low CTAB concentration. As a result of this case, both transient permeate flux (J) and steady state permeate flux (J^?) decreased with decreasing crossflow velocity and increasing ΔP for both CTAB concentration. Unlike, modified fouling index (MFI) values increase with decreasing crossflow velocity and increasing ΔP. It was also observed that the effect of surfactant concentration in the 150, 200, and 250 kPa pressure and 3, 4, and 5 m/s crossflow velocity intervals dominates at high surfactant concentration.     

Thermoreversible swelling behaviour of hydrogels based on N-isopropylacrylamide with a hydrophobic comonomer

Hydrogels were prepared by free radical polymerisation in aqueous solution of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and of NIPA with di-n-propylacrylamide (DPAM), di-n-octylacrylamide (DOAM) or di-dodecylacrylamide (DDAM) as hydrophobic comonomer. N,N-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) and glyoxal bis(diallyacetal) (GLY) were used as crosslinkers. A series of copolymers with three different comonomer contents was synthesised and for some polymers three different crosslinker concentrations were employed. The swelling equilibrium of these hydrogels was studied as a function of temperature, hydrophobic comonomer species and content in aqueous solutions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In pure water the gels showed a discontinuous volume phase transition at 33 and 30 °C for PNIPA and hydrophobically modified PNIPA copolymeric hydrogels, respectively. The swelling ratio r and the transition temperature (LCST) increased at low temperatures with the addition of SDS, this is ascribed to the conversion of non-ionic PNIPA gels into polyelectrolyte gels through the binding of SDS. At SDS concentration below 0.5 wt%, gels exhibited a single discontinuous volume transition at 36-38 °C. However, for SDS concentration above 0.5 wt%, two discontinuous volume transitions at 36-40 and 70 °C were observed. Additionally, the replacement of BIS by the novel octafunctional crosslinker glyoxal bis(diallylacetal) (GLY) yielded an increase in the swelling ratio.     

N-Hydroxysuccinimide-terminated self-assembled monolayers on gold for biomolecules immobilisation

Pure and mixed N-hydroxysuccinimide-terminated and butanethiol monolayers were prepared on flat gold (1 1 1) surfaces with the intent of developing suitable platforms for the direct biomolecules immobilisation. The self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were characterised by electrochemical reductive desorption of the thiolate from the gold surface. The data have shown that certain solution proportions of the two compounds yield modified electrodes exhibiting intermediate electrochemical behaviour of the corresponding pure SAMs. The reactivity of the terminal N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) towards amine functionalities has been tested for the covalent attachment of Dopamine. The cyclic voltammetric responses of the investigated monolayers, after contacting with a Dopamine solution, have confirmed the chemical coupling of the amine as well as the formation of mixed SAMs. The Dopamine surface coverage increased with the amount of surface NHS. Laccase was also successfully immobilised onto this modified electrodes. The electrochemical behaviour of the modified SAMs with Laccase indicates direct electron transfer between the immobilised enzyme and the gold surface. Evidence for Laccase immobilisation was also provided by atomic force microscopic measurements.     

Phase Behavior of Glycerol Trioleate‐Based Ionic Liquid Microemulsions

Glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions are promising biolubricant alternatives. This study presents the formation and the phase behavior of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions. Areas of the single‐phase domain were calculated to illustrate the phase‐forming capacities of the designed systems. The effects of ionic liquid anions and cations, oxyethylene groups’ number of surfactant, mass ratio of surfactant to co‐surfactant, chain length of co‐surfactant, and temperature on the phase behavior and phase‐forming capacities of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions were investigated using pseudo‐ternary phase diagrams. The results showed that the phase‐forming capacities of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions with different ionic liquids were Tf₂N^?‐based > PF₆^?‐based > BF₄^?‐based, OMIM⁺‐based > HMIM⁺‐based > BMIM⁺‐based > EMIM⁺‐based. The designed systems contained ionic liquid‐glycerol trioleate amphiphilic balance; thus, glycerol trioleate‐surfactant micelles achieved the maximum solubilization capacity for the ionic liquid when the surfactant had approximately five oxyethylene groups with a surfactant to co‐surfactant mass ratio of 4:1. Moreover, increasing the temperature and the aliphatic chain length of co‐surfactant from C2 to C6 enhanced the ability of glycerol trioleate and ionic liquids to form microemulsions.