贫铀表面脉冲电镀镍的电化学腐蚀行为

为了防止放射性污染,减缓铀的腐蚀,广泛采用在贫铀表面电镀镍.利用线性极化、动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱技术对贫铀表面脉冲电镀镍的电化学腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,在含50μg cl-的KCl溶液中,镍的腐蚀电位高于贫铀,镍镀层对贫铀是一种阴极性镀层;与直流电镀镍相比,铀表面脉冲电镀镍腐蚀电位更高,极化电阻更大,腐蚀电流更小,电化学阻抗幅值更大,对铀基体具有良好的防腐蚀性能;随着浸泡时间的推移,脉冲电镀镍腐蚀电位下降,极化电阻减小,腐蚀电流增大,电化学阻抗幅值降低,电极过程由一个时间常数向两个时间常数转变,腐蚀特性由点蚀向电偶腐蚀转变.     

注铌法改善铀及铀铌合金抗蚀性的研究

利用离子注入表面优化技术,在贫铀及铀铌合金基体上进行了离子注入铌表面改性处理,并主性层元素的分布、化学急及耐腐蚀性能进行了分析和测试。实验结果表明,离子洲主铌可不同程度地提高贫铀及Ｕ－Ｎｂ（１）全合的抗电化学腐蚀、水汽腐蚀及热氧化腐蚀能力。最后讨论了注铌改性腐蚀性提高的原因。     

基片偏压与氩分压对铀表面铝镀层结构与界面特性的影响

采用磁控溅射离子镀技术在贫铀表面以不同基片偏压与不同氩分压制备铝镀层,利用扫描电镜分析了镀层的表面和界面形貌,利用俄歇电子能谱仪分析了界面元素分布,利用透射电镜分析了镀层的微观结构.结果表明:钠表面脉冲偏压所得锚镀层较直流偏压所得镀层致密,脉冲偏压在-500～-1000V范围内镀层的致密性较好.铀表面脉冲偏压铝镀层与铀基体之间界面结合紧密,且存在"伪扩散层";随着脉冲偏压的提高,"伪扩散层"增宽.铝镀层为柱状结构,降低工作氩分压,可以细化铝镀层的晶粒,提高镀层的致密性.     

铀表面纳米铌镀层的组织结构与力学性能研究

采用磁控溅射离子镀技术在贫铀表面以不同偏压制备了铌镀层,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对镀层的组织结构进行了表征,采用纳米压痕仪与摩擦磨损仪对镀层的力学性能进行了分析。结果表明:铌镀层平整致密,但存在靶材飞溅颗粒形成的镀层缺陷,铌镀层为体心立方结构,镀层存在择优取向与晶粒细化等特性且为纳米镀层;铌镀层为典型的柱状结构。铌镀层在加载卸载压力的过程中发生了一定的弹性变形和塑性变形,-500 V脉冲偏压所得铌镀层具有较好的综合力学性能,其弹性模量和纳米硬度分别为195.1 GPa,12.9 GPa,摩擦系数约为1.0。     

铀表面激光合金化处理层成分及相结构分析

应用激光技术对铀上铌镀层进行表面合金化处理,并应用能谱和X射线衍射仪对处理层中的铌元素分布和相结构进行了分析.结果表明,铌元素沿处理层深度方向有一定的浓度梯度,距离处理层表面越近,铌含量越高;处理层中铌和铀相互作用生成了相铀铌合金.     

真空热处理对石墨涂覆铀表面氧化和电化学腐蚀的影响

为了探讨石墨涂层铀表面经真空热处理后对铀抗蚀性能的影响,通过增重法和电化学方法研究了处理样在100℃和150℃、含有一定量O2和H2O(g)气氛中的抗氧化腐蚀性和50μg/g Cl-溶液中的抗化学介质腐蚀性.抗氧化腐蚀试验表明,当热处理时间(5 h)不变时,在600℃处理要优于在500℃处理.电化学试验表明,处理样品的抗蚀性能与热处理时间(2.5～10.0 h)和温度(500～650℃)有关,且在600℃处理5 h的样品的抗化学介质腐蚀性能最佳.真空热处理可以提高石墨涂层铀表面的抗蚀性能.     

电化学方法研究腐蚀介质对热浸镀Al-Zn-Si-RE合金镀层腐蚀行为的影响

为研究腐蚀介质对热浸镀Al-Zn-Si-RE合金镀层腐蚀行为的影响,利用电位-时间曲线、Tafel曲线和电化学阻抗谱技术研究了合金镀层在不同盐度、温度和pH值的NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察不同腐蚀介质下极化测试后合金镀层的腐蚀形貌.结果表明:随着NaCl溶液温度或浓度的提高,热浸镀Al-Zn-Si-RE合金镀层均出现腐蚀电位负移、镀层腐蚀倾向增大、腐蚀速率增加、腐蚀抗力降低的现象;此外,酸性和碱性条件均会加快镀层在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速率,其中镀层在pH值为11.0的碱性条件下,腐蚀电流最大,阻抗谱容抗弧幅值最小,说明镀层腐蚀速率最快,耐蚀性最差.     

X100钢表面Ni-WS2镀层在油田采出水中的耐蚀性能研究

为了提高X100管线钢在油田采出水中的耐蚀性,在X100钢表面上采用电镀技术制备了Ni-WS2镀层,考察了其在60℃、流速0.6 m/s的腐蚀液中浸泡24.0 h后的电化学性能;使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察镀层腐蚀前后的微观组织结构及厚度,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析镀层腐蚀前后的相组成;采用动电位极化曲线(PDP)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试对镀层的耐腐蚀性能进行评价.结果 表明:Ni-WS2镀层的腐蚀产物由Fe3C和FeOOH组成,相较于X100钢基体具有更正的腐蚀电位、较高的阻抗值,且腐蚀电流密度较低,腐蚀形貌显示镀层腐蚀程度较轻且仍致密均匀.由此可见,在X100管线钢表面电镀Ni-WS2镀层可以大幅提高X100管线钢的耐腐蚀性.     

氮合金化堆焊硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能研究

在马氏体不锈钢中加入氮合金,并通过铌、钒、钛固氮形成氮合金化堆焊硬面合金,进行了电化学腐蚀和化学侵蚀实验,研究了硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:堆焊硬面合金的氮合金化,抑制了铬的碳化物的析出,有效增强了钝化膜的稳定性,使硬面合金的自腐蚀电位从-345mV提高到-264mV,增强了堆焊硬面合金抗电化学腐蚀性能;氮合金化堆焊硬面合金均匀细小的组织形态,使得在FeCl3溶液中发生点蚀的蚀坑小且分散,提高了硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

NdFeB表面离子液体电沉积Al-Mn和Al镀层的耐蚀性

为了进一步探讨离子液体电沉积Al及Al-Mn层的耐蚀性及其机理,在NdFeB基体表面离子液体电沉积制备了Al-Mn合金镀层及Al镀层,采用电化学测试动电位极化曲线、静态全浸腐蚀试验,研究了2种镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为;利用SEM和EDS考察了2种镀层腐蚀前后的表面、截面形貌及成分。结果表明:Al镀层的腐蚀电位较NdFeB高,对基体形成阴极保护,而Al-Mn合金镀层的腐蚀电位较NdFeB低,对基体构成牺牲阳极保护;Al-Mn合金镀层腐蚀速度慢,是一种性能优异的NdFeB耐蚀保护镀层。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...