Change of formation velocity of Bi-2212 superconducting phase with annealing ambient

This exhaustive study enables the researchers to recognize the role of the annealing conditions (temperature and time) on the microstructural, mechanical, electrical and superconducting properties of the Bi-2212 superconducting material with the aid of ρ-T, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Vickers microhardness (H_v) measurements. For this aim, the superconducting samples are elaborated by standard solid-state reaction route at different annealing temperature and different annealing duration. The results show that the annealing temperature of 840 °C and the annealing duration of 72 h are the best for the formation velocity of Bi-2212 superconducting phase. In this study we have focused on microhardness measurements to investigate the mechanical properties. Vickers microhardness, Young’s modulus, fracture toughness and yield strength values are calculated separately for all samples. Experimental results of hardness measurements are analyzed using the some models. Finally, the Hays–Kendall model is determined as the most successful model describing the mechanical properties of our samples.     

Refinement of some basic features of Zr surface-layered Bi-2223 superconductor with diffusion annealing temperature

This study aims to investigate the influences of diffusion annealing temperatures on structural, morphological, electrical, and superconducting features of Zr surface-layered Bi-2223 ceramics. The present study also covers an in-depth understanding of correlations between disorders and transition temperatures. The Zr diffusion is carried out via an annealing process between 650 and 840 °C. The observed results depict that the Zr ions can easily diffuse into the deeper level of Bi-ceramics and possible Zr/Bi substitution has occurred due to the driving force of high thermal energy. Besides, it is found that the Zr diffusion improves the general crystallinity quantities of Bi-2223 ceramic up to 800 °C annealing temperature. In addition, better intergranular couplings with a smoother plate-like structure are extensively observed in surface morphology for the samples annealed at 800 °C. Significant refinements of both basic electrical resistivity, hole carrier densities, and critical temperatures with narrow transitions are also obtained for the Zr surface-layered Bi-2223 ceramics after the 800 °C annealing process. The obtained improvements in critical fundamental features can be attributed to the optimum pairing mechanism, best crystal structure quality, ideal Cu–O₂ interlayer coupling strengths, and enhanced interaction between adjacent superconductive layers. Besides, the first-order derivative of electrical resistivity versus temperature graphs indicates that the best annealing temperature enables to triggers to stabilize the superconductivity in the homogeneous regions. It can be concluded that the Zr impurity diffusion at 800 °C is promising for the improvement in the basic features of Bi-2223 superconducting systems for future applications in superconductor technology.

     

Increased homogenous clusters in superconducting paths with diffusion of optimum Ni impurities into Bi-2223 crystal

This study deals with variations of electrical and superconducting features of Bi-2223 superconducting materials exposed to Ni impurity diffusion at different annealing temperatures (650 °C?≤?T?≤?850 °C) by temperature-dependent resistivity measurements. It is found that the characteristic properties improve with annealing temperature up to 700 °C as a result of enhancement in the truly-metallic characteristics, interaction quality, formation of Cooper-pairs and overlapping of Cu-3d and O-2p wave functions. Similarly, the optimum annealing temperature of 700 °C diminishes the omnipresent flaws and structural defects. Additionally, we design a strong theory (Percolation) to discuss the role of nickel impurities on fundamental aspects of material science and physical quantities as regards stabilization of superconductivity in the homogeneous regions and formation of superconducting clusters in the paths for the first time. Further, we develop an empirical relationship between the structural problems and transition temperatures to obtain a superconductor exhibiting the highest electrical and superconducting features.     

Influence of Diffusion-Annealing Temperature on?the?Physico-Mechanical Properties of Au-doped Bi-2223 Superconductors

In order to investigate the influence of Au doping and diffusion-annealing temperature on the mechanical and superconducting properties of Bi-2223, Bi_1.8Pb_0.35Sr_1.9Ca_2.1Cu₃O _y superconductors were prepared by standard solid-state reaction methods. Doping of Bi-2223 was carried out by means of gold diffusion during sintering from an evaporated gold film on pellets. The investigation consisted of scanning electron microscopy, dc resistivity and hardness measurements. Electrical-resistivity measurements indicated that the room-temperature resistivity value decreased with decreasing diffusion-annealing temperature from 830 to 500?°C and these samples (G830, G800, G750, G700, G600 and G500) show the resistive behavior above the onset critical transition temperature with the zero-resistivity transition temperatures of 104 K, 80 K, 98 K, 95 K, 102 K and 103 K, respectively. To investigate mechanical properties of the samples, we have measured the diagonal length as a function of test load in the range of 0.245?C2.940 N. Mechanical properties (microhardness, Young??s modulus, yield strength and fracture toughness) of the samples are found to be load and diffusion-annealing temperature dependent. In addition, we have calculated the load independent hardness, Young??s modulus, yield strength, and fracture toughness of the samples. The possible reasons for the observed changes in superconducting and mechanical properties due to Au diffusion and diffusion-annealing temperature were discussed.     

Deformation of Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Hays–Kendall Approach in Bi-2223 Superconducting Core After Eu Inclusions

Mechanical features of Bi_1.8Pb_0.4Eu _x Sr₂Ca_2.2Cu₃O _y superconductor samples (x=0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, and 0.3) are elaborated by traditional solid-state reaction route. The deformation of the mechanical properties belonging to the Bi-2223 crystal structure by Eu impurities with the aid of Vickers hardness (H _v ) measurements are conducted at different indentation loads from 0.245 N to 2.940 N for the first time. Further, the H _v values extracted from experimental results are investigated using five different models so as to demonstrate the role of Eu addition on Bi-2223 samples. Based on these results, we observed that the undoped sample reveals the indentation size effect (ISE) feature, whereas the Eu-doped Bi-2223 superconducting core demonstrates the reverse indentation size effect (RISE) nature. Additionally, it is attained that the models (Meyer’s law, EPD, and PSR) fail to determine the estimate of the microhardness with the applied load. Nonetheless, the HK approach is observed to be superior to other models for the pure sample showing the ISE feature, while the IIC model is found to be the most successful model for the explanation of the mechanical characteristics of the Eu impurities in Bi-2223 bulk ceramics obeying RISE nature.     

Evaluation of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Ag-Diffused Bulk MgB2 Superconductors

Electrical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of undiffused and Ag-diffused bulk MgB₂ superconductors are systematically studied using dc resistivity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Vickers microhardness (H _V ) measurements. The resistivity (at room temperature), critical (onset and offset) temperature, variation of transition temperature, hole-carrier concentration, surface morphology, Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus, and yield strength values of the samples are obtained and compared with each other. One can see that all superconducting parameters given above depend on the Ag diffusion on MgB₂ system. The obtained results illustrate that the room temperature resistivity reduces with the increment of diffusion annealing temperature because of the hole filling when the onset ( $T_{c}^{\mathrm{onset}}$ ) and offset ( $T_{c}^{\mathrm{offset}}$ ) critical temperatures determined from the resistivity curves are obtained to enhance from 38.4 to 39.7 K and from 36.9 to 38.8 K, respectively. Further, SEM studies carried out for the microstructural characterization demonstrate that the surface morphology and grain connectivity also improve with the increase of the diffusion annealing temperature. In fact, the best surface morphology is observed for the Ag-diffused bulk MgB₂ superconductor exposed to 850 °C annealing temperature. Besides, it is obtained that the load-dependent microhardness values reduce nonlinearly as the applied load increases until 2 N, beyond which the curves shift to the saturation region, presenting that all the samples exhibit the indentation size effect (ISE) behavior. Further, the elastic modulus and yield strength values observed decrease with the enhancement of the applied load.     

The Effect of Sintering Temperature in Bi1.7Pb0.2Sb0.1Sr2Ca2Cu3O y Superconductors

In this study, the effects of sintering temperature on the Bi-2223 phase formation and the influence of minor phases on the intergranular properties of Sb substituted Bi-2223 samples were investigated. The samples were prepared by solid-state reaction method with different sintering temperatures ranging from 800 to 855 °C. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and density measurements. We observed the optimal temperature of the Sb + Pb substituted Bi-2223 system as 845 °C.     

Influence of diffusion-annealing temperature on physical and mechanical properties of Cu-diffused bulk MgB2 superconductor

This study reports not only the effect of Cu diffusion on physical and mechanical properties of bulk MgB₂ superconductors with the aid of Vickers microhardness (H_v) measurements but also the diffusion coefficient and the activation energy of copper (Cu) in the MgB₂ system using the resistivity measurements for the first time. Cu diffusion is examined over the different annealing temperature such as 650, 700, 750, 800 and 850 °C via the successive removal of thin layers and resistivity measurement of the sample. Further, Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus, yield strength, fracture toughness and brittleness index values of the samples studied are evaluated from microhardness measurements. It is found that all the results obtained depend strongly on the diffusion annealing temperature and applied load. The microhardness values increase with ascending the annealing temperature up to 850 °C owing to the increment in the strength of the bonds between grains but decreasing with the enhancement in the applied load due to Indentation Size Effect behaviour of the bulk samples. Moreover, the diffusion coefficient is observed to enhance from 2.84 × 10^?8 to 3.22 × 10^?7 cm² s^?1 with the increase of the diffusion-annealing temperature, confirming that the Cu diffusion is more dominant at higher temperatures compared to lower ones. Besides, temperature dependence of the Cu diffusion coefficient is described by the Arrhenius relation D = 2.66 × 10^?3 exp(?1.09 ± 0.05 eV/k_BT) and the related activation energy of the Cu ions in the MgB₂ system is obtained to be about 1.09 eV. Based on the relatively low value of activation energy, the migration of the Cu ions primarily proceeds through defects such as pore surfaces and grain boundaries in the polycrystalline structure, resulting in the improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of the bulk MgB₂ samples.     

Physical Properties and Diffusion-Coefficient Calculation of Iron Diffused Bi-2223 System

This study includes two parts: (I)?investigation of the effect of different annealing time (10?h, 30?h, and 60?h) on physical, superconducting, and microstructural properties of Fe-diffused Bi-2223 superconductor ceramics prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method with the aid of the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dc resistivity (???CT) and transport critical current density (J _c ) measurements, and (II) determination of the diffusion coefficient and the activation energy of iron in the Bi-2223 system. In the former part, the zero-resistivity transition temperature (T _c ), phase purity, volume fraction, hole-carrier concentration, lattice parameters, surface morphology, texturing, crystallinity, grain connectivity, grain size, and room temperature resistivity values of the bulk samples are found and compared with each other. The results obtained show that both the zero resistivity transition temperature (T _c ) and transport critical current density (J _c ) regularly enhance with the increment in the diffusion-annealing time. The maximum T _c of 107±0.2 K and J _c of 50.0?A?cm^?2 are observed for the sample annealed at 830?°C for 60?h. As for the XRD investigations, according to the refinement of cell parameters done by considering the structural modulation, the enhancement in the diffusion-annealing is confirmed by both a decrease of the cell parameter a and an increase of the lattice parameter c of the samples, meaning that the greatest Bi-2223 phase fraction belongs to the sample annealed at 830?°C for 60?h. Moreover, SEM images display that the sample has the best crystallinity, grain connectivity, and largest grain size. Based on the results, the superconducting and microstructural properties improve with the increase in the diffusion-annealing time. In the latter part, Fe diffusion in the Bi-2223 system is examined in a range of 500?C830?°C by the variation of the lattice parameters evaluated from the XRD patterns. The temperature dependence of the Fe diffusion coefficient is described by the Arrhenius relation D=4.27×10^?5exp(?1.27±0.10) eV/k_BT, and the related activation energy of the iron in the Bi-2223 system is found to be about 1.27?eV. The relatively low value of activation energy obtained illustrates that the migration of the Fe ions primarily proceeds through defects such as pore surfaces and grain boundaries in the polycrystalline structure, leading to the improvement of the microstructural and superconducting properties of the samples, supported by the results of part?I. All in all, the aim of the present study is not only to analyze the role of diffusion-annealing time on superconducting and microstructural properties of Fe-diffused Bi-2223 superconductors, but also to find the diffusion coefficient and activation energy of Fe in the Bi-2223 system.     

Investigation of mechanical and superconducting properties of iron diffusion-doped <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bi</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">2223</Emphasis> superconductors

The mechanical and superconducting properties of the Fe diffusion-doped (Bi-Pb)-2223 superconductor have been investigated. First, iron was evaporated on Bi-2223 superconductor and then the Fe layered superconductor was annealed at 830 °C for 10, 30 and 60 h. Static Vickers hardness, dc electrical resistivity, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microcopy have been carried out to assess the effects of Fe doping. These measurements indicates that Fe doping, in comparison with the undoped samples, increased the critical transition temperature, and improved formation of high T _c phase, while decreasing the number and size of voids. Moreover, both microhardness and grain size were also enhanced by increasing the amount of diffusion. The values of microhardness were found to be load dependent. In addition, we have investigated the indentation size effect (ISE) behavior using some models such as the Kick’s law, modified proportional specimen resistance (MPRS) model and the Hays- Kendall (HK) approach. Among them, both HK and MPRS models are successful. In this study, the possible reasons of noticed improvement on mechanical and physical properties due to iron diffusion are discussed.     

Degeneration of mechanical characteristics and performances with Zr nanoparticles inserted in Bi-2223 superconducting matrix and increment in dislocation movement and cracks propagation

This study explains the role of Zr concentration level on mechanical characteristics and performance belonging to the bulk Bi-2223 superconducting materials by means of standard Vickers microhardness (H _v ) measurements at different applied loads in the range of 0.245–2.940 N and evaluated theoretical calculations. The experimental measurement results obtained display that the mechanical performances regress with the increment of the Zr addition level due to the increased artificial disorders/damages/breaks/voids/cracks and irregular grain orientation distribution. In other words, the Zr addition accelerates both the dislocation movement and especially the cracks/voids propagation of as a consequence of the decrement in the Griffith critical crack length, being one of the most striking points deduced from this work. These vital findings are also favored by the extracted parameters of Young’s modulus, yield strength, fracture toughness and brittleness index. Nevertheless, it is found that every sample studied exhibit typical indentation size effect (ISE) behavior due to the production of the elastic and plastic deformations simultaneously in the system. Moreover, the load dependent microhardness values are theoretically analyzed with the aid of six available models such as six available approaches: Meyer’s law, proportional sample resistance model, modified proportional sample resistance model, elastic/plastic deformation, Hays–Kendall (HK) and indentation-induced cracking model for the first time. The results obtained show that the HK approach exhibits perfectly performance on the analysis of the mechanical characteristics of the superconducting materials exhibiting ISE behavior whereas the other models are inadequate to explain the load independent mechanical characteristics of the Bi-2223 system added by the Zr nanoparticles.     

Role of diffusion-annealing time on the superconducting, microstructural and mechanical properties of Cu-diffused bulk MgB2 superconductor

In this study, the effect of various annealing time (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 h) on microstructural, mechanical and superconducting properties of the Cu-diffused bulk MgB₂ superconducting samples is investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers microhardness (H _v ) and dc resistivity measurements for the first time. The critical transition temperature, grain size, phase purity, lattice parameter, surface morphology, crystallinity and room temperature resistivity values of the bulk samples prepared are compared with each other. Electrical-resistivity measurements show that the sample (annealed at 850 °C for 1 h), exhibiting the highest room temperature resistivity, obtains the maximum zero resistivity transition temperature (T _c ). From the XRD results, all the samples contain MgB₂ as the main phase with a very small amount of Mg₂Cu phase. Moreover, SEM investigations conducted for the microstructural characterization illustrate that not only does the grain size of the samples studied enhance gradually, but the surface morphology and grain connectivity also improve with the increase in the diffusion-annealing time up to 1 h beyond which all the properties obtained start to degrade. Indeed, the worst surface morphology is observed for the Cu-diffused bulk MgB₂ superconductor exposed to 2 h annealing duration. At the same time, Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus, load independent hardness, yield strength, fracture toughness and brittleness index values are calculated separately for the pure and Cu-diffused samples. It is found that the microhardness values depend strongly on the diffusion-annealing time. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient of the Cu ion in the bulk MgB₂ superconductor is obtained to change from 1.63 × 10^?7 to 2.58 × 10^?7 cm² s^?1. The maximum diffusion coefficient is observed for the sample prepared at 850 °C for 1 h whereas the minimum one is noted for the sample annealed at 850 °C for 2 h, confirming that the annealing-time of 1 h is the best ambient to improve the mechanical, microstructural and superconducting properties of the samples produced.     

Improvement of the Nature of Indentation Size Effect of Bi-2212 Superconducting Matrix by Doped Nd Inclusion and Theoretical Modeling of New Matrix

Neodmium (Nd) inclusions at different stoichiometric ratios (x=0.0, 0.001 %, 0.005 %, 0.01 %, 0.05 %, 0.1 %) are doped in the Bi-2212 superconducting samples and the samples obtained are subjected to the sintering process at 840 ^°C constant temperature for 72 hours. The effect of Nd doping on the structural and mechanical properties of prepared samples is investigated by the standard characterization measurements. XRD and SEM measurements are performed to obtain information about surface morphology, phase ratios, lattice parameters and particle size. Moreover, Vickers microhardness (H _V ) measurements are exerted to investigate the mechanical properties of the all samples in detail. It is found that all the properties given above retrogress with the increase of the Nd concentration in the Bi-2212 superconducting core. However, the ISE nature of the materials improves systematically. Additionally, the experimental results of microhardness measurements are analyzed using Meyer’s law, PSR, MPSR, EPD models and HK approach. The results show that Hays–Kendall approach is determined as the most successful model.     

Some physical properties and Vickers hardness measurements of Fe diffusion-doped Bi<Subscript>1.8</Subscript>Pb<Subscript>0.35</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>1.9</Subscript>Ca<Subscript>2.1</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>y</Subscript> superconductors

In this study we have investigated the influence of iron diffusion and diffusion-annealing time on the mechanical and the superconducting properties of bulk Bi_1.8Pb_0.35Sr_1.9Ca_2.1Cu₃O_y superconductors by performing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers hardness, dc resistivity (ρ-T) and critical current density (J_c) measurements. The samples are prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method. Doping of Bi-2223 was carried out by means of iron diffusion during sintering from an evaporated iron film on pellets. Then, the Fe layered superconducting samples were annealed at 830 °C for 10, 30 and 60 h. The mechanical properties of the compounds have been investigated by measuring the Vickers hardness (H_v). The mechanical properties of the samples were found to be load dependent. The load independent Vickers hardness (H₀), Young’s modulus (E), yield strength (Y), and fracture toughness (K_IC) values of the samples are calculated. These all measurements showed that the values of the Vickers hardness, critical current density, and critical transition temperature and lattice parameter c increased with increasing Fe doping and diffusion-annealing time.     

Research on MgB2 bulk superconductors exposed to Ag nanoparticles diffusion

Studies of microstructural, mechanical and superconducting properties of Ag diffused MgB₂ superconductors by way of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Vickers microhardness measurements. A systemic examination of the magnetoresistance measurements for our prepared samples is exerted under applied magnetic fields started from 0.0 up to 7 T, and their results are described according to thermally activated flux creep. Further, this study reveals explanations of the diffusion coefficient (diffusivity) and activation energy of Ag impurities in the MgB₂ materials using the resistivity measurements for the first time. Additionally, all the samples display the indentation size effect nature under the applied indentation test load. Regarding the theoretical modeling of the microhardness evidences, the calculations performed by HK approach are quite closer to the values of the load dependent microhardness.     

A comprehensive study on mechanical properties of Bi1.8Pb0.4Sr2MnxCa2.2Cu3.0Oy superconductors

This study manifests the crucial change in the mechanical performances of Bi_1.8Pb_0.4Sr₂Mn_xCa_2.2Cu_3.0O_y superconductor samples (x = 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6) prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method by use of Vickers microhardness (H_v) measurements carried out at different applied loads, (0.245 N ≤ F ≤ 2.940 N). Load dependent microhardness, load independent microhardness, Young’s (elastic) modulus and yield strength values being account for the potential technological and industrial applications are evaluated from the hardness curves and compared with each other. It is found that the H_v, elastic modulus and yield strength obtained decrease (increase) with the enhancement of the applied load for the undoped (doped) samples. Surprisingly, the results of the H_v values illustrate that the samples doped with x = 0.03, 0.06, 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 exhibit reverse indentation size effect (RISE) feature whereas the pure sample obeys indentation size effect (ISE) behavior. Furthermore, the experimental results are examined with the aid of the available methods such as Meyer’s law, proportional sample resistance model (PSR), elastic/plastic deformation (EPD), Hays–Kendall (HK) approach and indentation-induced cracking (IIC) model. The results inferred show that the hardness values calculated by PSR and EPD models are far from the values of the plateau region, meaning that these models are not adequate approaches to determine the real microhardness value of the Mn doped Bi-2223 materials. On the other hand, the HK approach is completely successful for the explanation of the ISE nature for the pure sample while the IIC model is obtained to be the best model to describe the hardness values of the doped materials exhibiting the RISE behavior. Additionally, the bulk porosity analysis for the samples reveals that the porosity increases monotonously with the increment in the Mn inclusions inserted in the Bi-2223 system, presenting the degradation of the grain connectivity.     

The influence of WO3 nano-particle addition on the structural and mechanical properties of Bi1.8Sr2Ca1.1Cu2.1Oy ceramics

The effect of nano-sized WO₃ (40 nm) addition on the physical and magnetic properties of Bi-2212 superconductors was investigated by X-rays diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, dc electrical resistivity, magnetic hysteresis loop measurements and Vickers microhardness measurements. XRD observations indicated that the number and type of nonsuperconductor phases changes with increasing nano-sized WO₃ content. With increase in W content the critical temperature decreases and the resistivity value at room temperature for sample W4 significantly increases. In addition, the adding of W into the samples causes a remarkable decrease of the area enclosed hysteresis cycles. The critical current density (J_c) at 10 K of the all W-doped samples was lower than that of the pure sample, indicating that superconductor properties of samples negatively affect when nono-sized W particles enters into the structure. In addition, the obtained microhardness values in this work indicated that the all samples have the typical indentation size effect behavior.     

Structural and mechanical characterization of Bi1.75Pb0.25Sr2Ca2Cu3−xSnxO10+y superconductor ceramics using Vickers microhardness test

In this work we investigated the role of Sn doping on mechanical and structural properties of Bi_1.75Pb_0.25Sr₂Ca₂Cu_3?xSn_xO_10+y (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) superconducting ceramic material. All samples were fabricated with glass ceramic method. The prepared samples were characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) and static microhardness indenter. Surface morphology, orientation of grains, and elemental composition analysis of the samples were made by SEM and EDS measurements, respectively. Texturing and lattice parameters a and c were determined by XRD measurements. Load dependent and load independent microhardness, elastic modulus, yield strength and fracture toughness were obtained by hardness measurements. In this work we focused on Vickers microhardness measurements in order to characterize the mechanical properties of our samples. Experimental results of Vickers microhardness measurements were analyzed by using Meyer’s law, the elastic/plastic deformation model, proportional sample resistance model (PSR), modified PSR model and Hays-Kendall (HK) approach. From these analyses, HK approach was determined as the most successful model describing the mechanical properties of our samples. Finally in this study, the changes on the mechanical and microstructural properties of Sn doped Bi-2223 superconductors and their possible reasons were also discussed in detail.     

Optimization of spark plasma sintering parameters for NiTiCu shape memory alloys

Nanostructured nickel titanium copper-shape memory alloys (NiTiCu-SMAs) were fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) by varying the significant process parameters. The NiTiCu elements with different particle size were consolidated in a temperature range of 700–900°C and pressure from 20 to 40 MPa with 5 min of soaking time. The sintered products were subjected to mechanical analysis such as density and microhardness. Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques were used with integrated artificial neural network (ANN) to optimize the SPS process parameters to obtain better mechanical characteristics. The results indicate that the density and microhardness can be enhanced by the reduction of particle size and increase in pressure and temperature. A maximum density of 6.21 g/cc and Vickers hardness of 766 Hv were obtained the optimal for process parameters of temperature, pressure, and particle size of ~ 800°C, ~ 26 MPa and ~ 6 µm, respectively, in case of NiTiCu nanostructured SMAs.