求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程的自适应变分多尺度方法

本文基于变分多尺度方法提出了非定常Navier-Stokes方程的一种稳定化方法,并利用一个与实际误差等价的后验误差估计子,结合自适应算法,得到了非定常Navier-Stokes方程的自适应变分多尺度稳定化方法。该方法简单、直观,且易于程序实现。数值算例验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于对偶理论的椭圆变分不等式的后验误差分析（英文）

本文基于对偶理论对椭圆变分不等式的正则化方法提供一个相对全面的后验误差分析.我们分别考虑了摩擦接触问题和障碍问题,通过选取一种不同形式的有界算子和泛函,推导了其对偶形式并给出了正则化方法的H~1范后验误差估计.最后,利用凸分析中的对偶理论建立了障碍问题的残量型后验误差估计的一般框架.同时我们选取一种特殊的对偶变量和泛函形式得到该问题的残量型误差估计及其有效性.数值解的后验误差估计是发展有效自适应算法的基础而模型误差的后验误差估计在分析问题中数据的不确定影响时是非常有用的.     

基于对偶理论的椭圆变分不等式的后验误差分析（英）

本文基于对偶理论对椭圆变分不等式的正则化方法提供一个相对全面的后验误差分析．我们分别考虑了摩擦接触问题和障碍问题,通过选取一种不同形式的有界算子和泛函,推导了其对偶形式并给出了正则化方法的 $H^1$ 范后验误差估计．最后,利用凸分析中的对偶理论建立了障碍问题的残量型后验误差估计的一般框架．同时我们选取一种特殊的对偶变量和泛函形式得到该问题的残量型误差估计及其有效性．数值解的后验误差估计是发展有效自适应算法的基础而模型误差的后验误差估计在分析问题中数据的不确定影响时是非常有用的．     

基于混合有限差分格式的非线性奇异摄动问题的最大范数的后验误差估计

自适应移动网格算法在奇异摄动微分方程的数值解法中占有非常重要的地位,其关键技术是构造出有效的离散格式和相应的后验误差估计。基于此,对一类带参数的一阶非线性奇异摄动初值问题,给出了其连续解的稳定性估计及相关推论。然后,在任意非均匀网格上,利用向后欧拉公式和一阶中心有限差分格式建立了一个混合有限差分格式,并严格分析了离散解的稳定性。同时,基于连续解的稳定性估计和分段线性插值技术,推导出混合有限差分格式的最大范数的后验误差估计。利用该后验误差估计选择了一个最优的网格控制函数,并结合网格等分布原理设计了一个自适应网格生成算法。最后的数值实验验证了自适应移动网格算法的有效性,且算法的平均收敛阶可达到二阶。数值结果进一步表明自适应移动网格的误差明显小于 Shishkin 网格的误差,且其收敛阶也高于 Shishkin 网格计算得到的收敛阶。     

自然对流问题两重网格算法的残量型后验误差估计(英文)

本文得到了自然对流问题基于牛顿迭代两重网格算法的残量型后验误差估计.相对于标准有限元一层方法的后验误差估计,牛顿迭代两重网格算法的后验误差估计多了一些额外项.通过研究这些额外项的渐近行为,本文得到了这些额外项在误差估计中所起的作用.对于牛顿迭代两重网格方法的最优粗细网格匹配尺寸,这些额外项的收敛阶不高于离散解的收敛阶.数值算例验证了理论分析结论.     

基于多分辨率分析的结构物理参数识别贝叶斯估计方法:方法推导与验证

在观测噪声和模型误差等不确定性因素的影响下,结构物理参数识别问题是一个不确定性问题.针对此问题,该文从结构运动微分方程出发,利用小波多分辨率分析原理,建立结构多尺度动力方程,由该方程以结构激励和响应信息在多尺度上的细节信号和最大尺度上的概貌信号为观测量推得物理参数线性回归模型,对该模型应用贝叶斯估计理论得到物理参数后验...     

小周期结构Helmholtz方程的多尺度计算

本文研究小周期结构Helmholtz方程的多尺度计算.我们用各向异性多尺度方法(HMM)求解小周期结构Helmholtz问题.借助于渐近分析技术,在对HMM方法深入分析的基础上,我们给出了精确解与HMM方法近似解之间的误差估计,并讨论和分析了利用微结构信息校正HMM逼近解的技巧.最后,我们用数值例子验证了理论结果的正确性.     

大坝有限元分析应力取值的研究

提出了基于误差控制下的自适应网格的有限元应力取值标准:即给定一全局误差限作为自适应有限元网格剖分的准则,以此网格计算所得应力即为有限元应力取值。应用适用于工程计算的Z2后验误差估计方法以及h-型自适应策略,对一个典型的重力坝剖面进行了线弹性自适应有限元计算。计算结果表明:给定一个全局误差限,网格剖分调整若干次后即可满足误差要求,不会出现因角缘应力集中出现剖分不收敛的情况;存在一个全局误差限,使得当继续降低误差限时,坝踵和坝趾的角缘应力趋于稳定值。     

三维电子光学模拟器的网格自适应研究

根据微波管电子光学系统有限元数值分析的特点,介绍了微波管电子光学系统有限元网格自适应的后验误差估计方法和网格自适应加密策略,并成功地在微波管模拟器套装电子光学模拟器中实现了网格自适应技术。以单阳极无栅电子枪为例,给出了网格自适应方法的计算结果,同时比较了均匀加密与网格自适应加密的计算结果,结果表明:网格自适应加密具有更好的收敛性以及更快的收敛速度,同时也表明提出的网格自适应方法是有效的。     

考虑焊接球节点变形的网壳结构多尺度有限元分析方法

为了同时分析焊接球节点的局部受力和网壳的整体受力,根据多尺度有限元法的思想,将焊接球节点以及它所连接的杆件长为S的一小段作为微观尺度模型采用实体单元离散,结构的其余部分作为宏观尺度模型采用梁单元离散。根据经典欧拉梁理论的平截面假定推导了两种尺度模型界面上的位移增量约束方程,并给出了基于Updated Lagrangian法的位移增量约束方程引入方法。给出了S的估计值并采用Zienkiewicz-Zhu后验误差估计理论来确定它是否合理。以考虑节点屈服的单层球面网壳弹塑性静力稳定性分析为例说明了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from