真空热处理对镍基单晶高温合金溅射NiCrAlY涂层抗氧化性能的影响

用磁控溅射法在镍基单晶高温合金基体上沉积NiCrAlY涂层，研究了真空热处理对涂层组织结构及抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明，溅射NiCrAlY涂层主要由γ－Ni和β－NiAl两相组成，元素分布均匀；经真空热处理后，涂层主要由γ‘－Ni3Al、β－NiAl相和极少量的α－Al2O3相组成，元素分布变得不均匀，最外层富Al贫Cr。真空热处理可使溅射NiCrAlY涂层表面较早生成保护性能良好的α－Al2O3.1000℃氧化200h，溅射涂层氧化膜有较大部分已经剥落，但真空热处理涂层的氧化膜仍较好地粘附在涂层基体上。真空热处理使溅射NiCrAlY涂层表面生成的氧化膜粘附性更好，提高了溅射NiCrAlY涂层的抗氧化性能。     

热处理对镍基合金碳化钨硬面涂层疲劳强度的影响

为了提高真空熔覆Ni基合金-WC复合涂层的基体硬度和强度，对涂层后的材料进行正火或调质处理，并比较了热处理前后涂层的基体硬度以及涂层的硬度分布。通过旋转弯曲疲劳试验，比较涂层试样与未涂层试样在正火或调质处理后的疲劳强度。试验结果表明，热处理能够提高涂层基体的硬度；经过正火或调质处理后的涂层试样，在高周疲劳时，它们的疲劳强度基本相同；在低周疲劳时，调质涂层试样的疲劳强度比正火涂层试样的大。     

真空热处理对APS-NiCoCrAlY+APS-YSZ热障涂层热循环寿命的影响

通过大气等离子喷涂在HA188合金基材上制备NiCoCrAlY+YSZ热障涂层,然后分别对试样在高真空和低真空中进行1080 ℃的热处理。通过在1100 ℃对热处理前后的热障涂层进行热循环考核,并在具备EDS的扫描电镜下分析了热循环前后的显微组织和成分。结果表明,真空热处理显著提高了APS-NiCoCrAlY+APS-YSZ热障涂层的热循环寿命,一方面是由于真空热处理后在APS-NiCoCrAlY/APS-YSZ界面上形成连续的TGO层受到了抑制,降低了由TGO产生的应力开裂,另一方面真空热处理后的涂层热循环时在APS-NiCoCrAlY的内部产生了更多的氧化物,在一定程度上降低了APS-NiCoCrAlY的热膨胀系数,减少了由APS-NiCoCrAlY/APS-YSZ热膨胀系数不匹配造成的应力开裂。并且低真空热处理的涂层内部失效裂纹没有像高真空热处理的涂层那样均匀连续扩展。     

真空热处理对Ti6A14V基体／NiCrAlY涂层体系组织结构及元素扩散行为的影响

采用电弧离子镀(AIP)技术在Ti6A14V基体表面沉积制备了NiCrAlY涂层。通过金相观察(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱(EDS)分析、X射线衍射(XRD)分析以及显微硬度测试，研究了真空热处理对NiCrAlY涂层组织性能的影响，讨论了Ti6A14V基体／NiCrAlY涂层界面元素扩散规律。结果表明：700℃真空热处理后，NiCrAlY涂层中开始析出γ-Ni3Al相，这提高了涂层的表面硬度；在700℃温度下，Ti6A14V基体／NiCrAlY涂层界面由外至内出现Ni3(Al，Ti)、TiNi和Ti2Ni中间化合物层，并随着温度提高，界面处中间化合物层增厚；700℃时，主要发生了镍、钛元素的扩散，铬元素在870℃开始发生扩散。当温度提高到950℃后，由于镍元素大量向Ti6A14V基体扩散引起涂层的退化失效。     

镀铝对7YSZ热障涂层冲刷性能的影响（英文）

采用磁控溅射在大气等离子喷涂的ZrO_2-7%Y_2O_3(7YSZ)热障涂层表面制备一层厚度约15μm铝膜,对镀有铝膜的热障涂层样品在700、900℃分别保温1h和5h进行真空热处理。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜对经真空热处理前后镀铝热障涂层的微观结构进行表征。采用X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜对经真空热处理前后镀铝热障涂层的物相变化进行分析。对等离子喷涂的7YSZ原始热障涂层和镀铝真空热处理后的热障涂层进行室温粒子冲刷性能对比。结果表明:镀铝热障涂层经真空热处理后在涂层表面出现疏松表层和致密底层,其成分主要为α-Al_2O_3,其中致密底层来源于Al膜与ZrO_2的高温原位反应且该层有较高的显微硬度。此外,冲刷实验后发现镀铝真空热处理后热障涂层的冲刷性能比无镀铝热障涂层有较大的提高。     

真空热处理对多弧离子镀NiCoCrAlY涂层高温氧化行为的影响

采用多弧离子镀技术在镍基高温合金上沉积NiCoCrAlY涂层,通过真空热处理消除涂层内部孔洞。研究了950、1000和1050℃热处理后的涂层在1000℃下的氧化实验,以探究最优的热处理温度。采用XRD、SEM和EDS观察分析涂层的物相组成和表截面形貌。结果表明,真空热处理后,基体与涂层结合紧密,氧化增重相对缓慢,涂层表面能形成均匀致密的氧化膜。其中,1000℃下真空热处理的涂层表现出了良好的抗氧化和防剥落性能。     

热处理对钛涂层结构和性能的影响

采用低温高速火焰喷涂在A3钢表面制备了纯钛涂层,涂层经850℃×4 h真空热处理后对其组织和性能进行了分析。结果表明:涂层内部粒子之间以及涂层与基体之间均发生了扩散,局部形成了冶金结合。XRD分析表明,热处理没有改变涂层的相结构组成;热处理后涂层的显微硬度值是热处理前的2倍,而结合强度超过了50 MPa,对涂层热处理前后的电化学测试表明,热处理后涂层由于致密性提高,其自腐蚀电流密度降低了,涂层的耐腐蚀性能提高了。     

镀铝对7YSZ热障涂层冲刷性能的影响

采用磁控溅射在大气等离子喷涂的ZrO2?7%Y2O3(7YSZ)热障涂层表面制备一层厚度约15μm铝膜,对镀有铝膜的热障涂层样品在700、900°C分别保温1 h和5 h进行真空热处理。采用场发射?扫描电子显微镜对经真空热处理前后镀铝热障涂层的微观结构进行表征。采用X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜对经真空热处理前后镀铝热障涂层的物相变化进行分析。对等离子喷涂的7YSZ原始热障涂层和镀铝真空热处理后的热障涂层进行室温粒子冲刷性能对比。结果表明：镀铝热障涂层经真空热处理后在涂层表面出现疏松表层和致密底层,其成分主要为α-Al2O3,其中致密底层来源于Al膜与ZrO2的高温原位反应且该层有较高的显微硬度。此外,冲刷实验后发现镀铝真空热处理后热障涂层的冲刷性能比无镀铝热障涂层有较大的提高。     

NiCrAlY涂层／Ni基单晶高温合金的元素扩散及界面特性

采用磁控溅射方法在Ni基单晶高温合金上沉积NiCrAlY涂层，研究了真空热处理及高温氧化过程中，NiCrAlY涂层／Ni基单晶合金界面显微结构的变化及元素扩散行为。结果表明，原始涂层成分分布比较均匀，各元素分布在涂层／基体界面呈陡然变化。真空热处理时，涂层与基体间发生互扩散，NiCrAlY涂层的显微结构和相结构发生变化：涂层／基体界面区出现互扩散层(内、外扩散层)；出现γ-Ni3Al和α-Cr两新相，导致涂层局部区域富Cr。1000℃氧化200h后，涂层／基体界面区的互扩散层增厚，并且在其下的基体中出现扩散影响层。Ta在涂层中扩散时，置换了部分γ-Ni3Al相中的Al，导致γ相的晶格常数α0增大。     

真空热处理对冷喷涂Ni-Al_2O_3复合涂层组织与显微硬度的影响

采用冷喷涂制备了Ni-Al2O3复合涂层,并通过真空热处理改善了Ni-Al2O3复合涂层的组织与性能。结果表明,后热处理可使涂层与基体发生冶金结合,同时热处理态涂层的孔洞缩小、层间裂纹间隙有闭合趋势,涂层更致密。但热处理对Al2O3颗粒的尺寸、分布及形貌几乎没有影响。同时热处理态涂层断口表现出韧性断裂特征,基体颗粒之间以及基体与增强体之间的结合增强。热处理后涂层硬度降低为(98.2±19.2)HV0.2,涂层韧性得到提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.