Determination of IPFC operating constraints in power flow analysis

In recent years, the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers have been widely used to enhance the controllability, security and flexibility in power transmission networks. Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a versatile member of FACTS devices that can be used to control the power flow in multiple lines in network. Modeling of IPFC with handling its operating constraints is an important issue to determine the practical capabilities of this device. This paper presents a simple modeling with strategies for handling all operating constrains of IPFC in Newton–Raphson (NR) load flow algorithm. The various operating constraints such as; the injected series voltages, injected line currents passing through the converters and exchanged powers among the series converters are investigated. The developed IPFC model with these constraints is validated using standard IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems.     

Comprehensive modelling of the unified power flow controller for power system control

In this paper, comprehensive modelling of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) for power flow, voltage, angle and impedance controls is presented. The control modes include some thirteen different power flow, voltage, angle and impedance control functions. The similarities and differences between some of the control modes and those of traditional transformers and series compensation devices are also discussed. The control modes were successfully implemented in a Newton power flow algorithm. Numerical examples are given on the IEEE 30-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system to illustrate the feasibility and the performance of the Newton power flow algorithm.     

含线间潮流控制器的电力系统联合潮流计算

线间潮流控制器(IPFC)能实现线路间的潮流转移和分配,可用于解决电力系统中潮流不均引起的一系列问题,具有较大的应用潜力和价值。为评估IPFC工程应用价值,需实现含IPFC的大系统潮流计算,但目前我国多用于电网规划设计的大型电力系统分析软件中没有开发IPFC模型。为解决上述问题,提出了一种基于Matlab与PSD-BPA的含IPFC电力系统的联合潮流计算方法。首先推导了IPFC功率注入模型的数学表达式,并设计了Matlab与BPA联合潮流计算的计算框架,由Matlab进行IPFC求解计算,BPA进行大电网潮流计算,通过数据交换接口完成两种仿真软件的交互与交替求解。进一步对IPFC功率注入模型进行改进,提出了一种基于PI控制器的变步长潮流迭代策略提高了计算方法的收敛性。以南通西北片电网为例,对提出方法进行了仿真验证,计算结果表明了提出方法的正确性和有效性。     

含广义统一潮流控制器(GUPFC)的最优潮流模型和算法研究

广义统一潮流控制器(GUPFC)作为比统一潮流控制器(UPFC)控制能力更强大的FACTS装置，其对最优潮流(Optimal Power Flow)的影响需要深入地研究。根据GUPFC的控制原理，基于功率注入法建立了含GUPFC的OPF数学模型，并采用基于信赖域内点法的最优潮流算法予以求解。该算法采用多步中心校正原一对偶内点法连续求解线性规划子问题，通过信赖域决定线性化步长的选取。对IEEE30和118节点系统作了数值计算，结果表明，GUPFC不仅可控制节点电压而且可控制多条线路潮流，显示出强大的控制能力，同时也说明了含GUPFC的OPF数学模型和算法的可行性和有效性。     

线间潮流控制器应用评估策略研究

随着社会负荷不断增长、网架结构日益复杂,骨干网络潮流分布不均、电压支撑能力不足等问题已成为制约系统输送能力的重要因素。线间潮流控制器(Interline Power Flow Controller, IPFC)是一种潮流控制能力强大的新型FACTS装置,可应用于多条通道的潮流控制和暂态稳定控制,提升稀缺廊道资源的输电效率。考虑到目前缺乏对IPFC应用效果评估的理论研究和指导规划,本文提出了一种基于模糊层次分析的综合评判方法。首先,从静态、暂态、动态等方面定义了电网柔性评估指标,建立评估层次结构,并给出各指标的权重赋值方法。进一步地,在大系统中选取关键输电断面,通过多组算例获取各指标的标度,评估IPFC在典型应用场景下的控制潜力、安全指标及投资价值。最后结合模糊分析给出IPFC方案的综合分值和整体评价,量化装置对系统的作用,为IPFC的规划应用工程提供一定理论依据和技术支撑。     

计及统一潮流控制器的电力系统双层协调弹性调度

极端天气造成的故障会引发潮流转移,触发连锁故障,从而增加了大规模停电事故发生的概率。高比例电力电子设备接入电网的趋势增加了电网调度的灵活性。因此,提出计及统一潮流控制器的电力系统双层协调弹性调度策略。采用随机场景生成的方法模拟极端天气事件;通过潮流熵定量描述极端天气下潮流分布的不均衡性,以表征发生连锁故障的风险;将弹性调度代价最低和潮流熵最低分别作为上下层模型的目标函数,同时基于统一潮流控制器的调节潮流特性,构建双层弹性调度模型;基于KKT条件和对偶原则,将原双层调度模型转化为单层混合整数线性优化模型进行求解,并通过装有统一潮流控制器的IEEE 39和IEEE118节点系统进行算例仿真,验证了所提模型在降低大规模停电事故概率和提升系统弹性方面的有效性。     

计及FACTS装置的可用输电能力计算

利用功率注入法,建立广义统一潮流控制器(generalized unified power flow controller,GUPFC)和线间潮流控制器(interline power flow controller,IPFC)的数学模型。将GUPFC和IPFC的目标控制约束及运行约束即内部功率平衡约束和考虑等效功率注入模型的潮流约束嵌入到最优潮流计算模型中,得到计及GUPFC和IPFC的可用输电能力(available transfer capability,ATC)计算模型,并利用跟踪中心轨迹内点法对模型进行求解。IEEE-30节点系统的仿真计算显示GUPFC对节点电压和多条线路甚至某一子网络潮流的灵活控制能力及IPFC对线间潮流的合理分配能力;同时验证模型和算法的有效性和可行性。     

Damping forced oscillations in power system via interline power flow controller with additional repetitive control

With the continuous expansion of power systems and the application of power electronic equipment, forced oscillation has become one of the key problems in terms of system safety and stability. In this paper, an interline power flow controller (IPFC) is used as a power suppression carrier and its mechanism is analyzed using the linearized state-space method to improve the system damping ratio. It is shown that although the IPFC can suppress forced oscillation with well-designed parameters, its capability of improving the system damping ratio is limited. Thus, combined with the repetitive control method, an additional repetitive controller (ARC) is proposed to further dampen the forced power oscillation. The ARC control scheme is characterized by outstanding tracking performance to a system steady reference value, and the main IPFC controller with the ARC can provide higher damping, and further reduce the amplitude of oscillations to zero compared with a supplementary damping controller (SDC). Simulation results show that the IPFC with an ARC can not only greatly reduce the oscillation amplitude, but also actively output the compensation power according to the reference value of the ARC tracking system.     

Unified power flow controller models for three-phase power flow analysis

In this paper, three models of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) suitable for three-phase power flow analysis in polar coordinates are presented. The symmetrical components control model can be used to control the positive-sequence voltage of the shunt bus and the total three-phase active and reactive power flows of the transmission line while the injected shunt voltages and the series voltages are balanced, respectively; the general three-phase control model can be used to control the three shunt phase voltages and the six independent active and reactive power flows of the transmission line; the hybrid control model can be used to control the positive-sequence voltage of the shunt bus and the six independent active and reactive power flows of the transmission line. The proposed UPFC models were successfully implemented in a three-phase Newton power flow algorithm in polar coordinates. In the implementation of these UPFC models, transformers of some common connection types, which connect the UPFC with the network, are explicitly represented. Numerical results based on a five-bus system and the modified IEEE 118-bus system are given to illustrate the UPFC control models and demonstrate the computational performance of the three-phase Newton power flow algorithm.     

Modeling of the generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC)in a nonlinear interior point OPF

With the progress of installing the latest generation of FACTS devices, namely, the convertible static compensator (CSC), several innovative operating concepts have been introduced to the historic development and application of FACTS. One of the novel concepts is the generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) or multi-line UPFC, which can control bus voltage and power flows of more than one line or even a sub-network. The GUPFC should have stronger control capability than the UPFC. A mathematical model for the GUPFC consisting of one shunt converter and two or more series converters is developed and implemented in a nonlinear interior point OPF algorithm. Numerical results with various GUPFC devices based on the IEEE 30 bus system and IEEE 118 bus system demonstrate the feasibility as well as the effectiveness of the GUPFC model established and the OPF method proposed     

Constraints Violation Handling of GUPFC in Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC) is one of the newest Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices based on voltage source converters. This paper presents a developed model of GUPFC based on power injection approach. The series converters of GUPFC is represented by injected complex loads as function of the specified powers flow, while the shunt converter is represented as a synchronous condenser that provides the reactive power compensation to control the bus voltage magnitude. The main advantage of the developed model is that the original structure and symmetry of the admittance and Jacobian matrices can still be kept avoiding the changes of the original Jacobian matrix. Consequently, the complexities of the load flow are reduced. This model includes simple strategies for handling the operating constraints of GUPFC, including the injected series and shunt voltages magnitude, currents of the series and shunt converters, and the real powers exchanged in the converters. The strategies are based on decreasing one or more values of specified values or by modifying the specified values as a function of the required constraint limits. The developed model and proposed strategies for handling violation of GUPFC operating constraints are tested on IEEE test systems such as 57-bus and 118-bus systems.     

潮流和最优潮流分析中FACTS控制器的建模

综述了最近FACTS控制器的数学模型在电力系统潮流和最优潮流分析中的新进展.不仅讨论了单换流器FACTS控制器,如静止同步并联补偿器(STATCOM)和静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC);而且也讨论了多换流器FACTS控制器,如统一潮流控制器(UPFC)、相间功率控制器(IPFC)、通用统一潮流控制器(GUPFC)和电压源型直流输电(VSC HVDC).此外还讨论了基于电压源换流器技术的HVDC的数学模型.不仅涵盖FACTS控制器的单相数学模型,而且也涉及FACTS控制器的三相数学模型.此外,还探讨了多换流器FACTS控制器的电流、电压以及功率等不等约束在潮流计算中的数学模型及计算机实现.     

ATC enhancement in electricity markets with GUPFC and IPFC – A comparison

Available transfer capability (ATC) needs to be declared well in advance by the system operator to reserve transactions and avoid any congestion in the network. In this paper, an optimal power flow based approach has been utilized for bilateral/multi-transactions deregulated environment to obtain the ATC. The ATC has been obtained with generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) and interline power flow controller (IPFC) for intact and line contingency cases. The impact of ZIP load model has been evaluated on the ATC with both the devices. The main contribution of the paper is the comparison of the ATC obtained with. GUPFC and IPFC for intact and contingency cases with constant P,Q load model and ZIP load model. The results have been determined for intact and line contingency cases taking simultaneous as well as single transaction cases. The results obtained are also compared with DC/AC and PTDFs. The proposed method have been applied for IEEE 24 bus RTS.     

基于树木生长算法的含UPFC的最优潮流计算

最优潮流(OPF)计算是一个非凸优化问题,统一潮流控制器(UPFC)的引入增加了OPF问题的非凸程度,使得基于内点法的传统优化算法难以获取全局最优解。文中提出基于树木生长算法(TGA)的计及UPFC的最优潮流计算方法,将发电成本与有功网损、电压偏移加权作为目标函数,并考虑网络与UPFC设备的安全运行约束,优化了OPF模型。最后基于IEEE 30节点系统以及南京西环网116节点实际系统进行算例测试,对比TGA、粒子群与内点法的结果,并使用蒙特卡洛方法对不同的启发式算法分别进行50次计算,验证了TGA具有更好的求解精度与鲁棒性。     

一种新型的UPFC控制策略设计

针对给定的UPFC的控制目标,提出了一种在全论域范围内带有自调整因子的变间距模糊交互控制策略,并将其应用于UPFC的控制系统设计中,减少了多个调整因子寻优的复杂性,克服了等间距模糊量化在提高系统稳态精度和提高系统的动态性能之间存在的矛盾以及解耦控制在电力线运行点不确定的情况下很难做到精确解耦的缺点。并对含有UPFC的单机无穷大系统进行了仿真研究,仿真结果表明所设计的UPFC控制系统可以有效地控制线路潮流、节点电压和UPFC直流侧电容电压,并且响应速度快、超调小、控制精度高、鲁棒性强。     

A current-based model of an IPFC for Newton–Raphson power flow

In this paper a new approach to modeling an interline power flow controller (IPFC) for power flow calculations by applying the Newton–Raphson method is presented as a continuation of the ideas already applied to static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The presented approach differs from the methods proposed by other authors in terms of the interpretation of the device's branches. They are considered on the basis of their currents, and so it can, therefore, be denoted as a current-based model of an IPFC. First, the basic features of the IPFC are presented; as this is the basis for the current-based model that is incorporated into the Newton–Raphson load-flow model. Next, the basic equations are derived from the generic IPFC model. Further handling of the constraints is then discussed. The derived model was tested on the IEEE 57, IEEE 118 and IEEE 300 bus systems. The effectiveness of the proposed model's iteration procedure is compared with other models. The comparison is based on data available in the references. We have shown that the proposed model exhibits a faster convergence than other models, and in addition, the number of iterations needed to achieve the prescribed accuracy is almost constant, regardless of the location, a consideration of the constraints or the selection of the controlled variable.     

UPFC与IPFC提升系统输电能力比较研究

随着电力系统负荷及网架的日益发展,由系统潮流分布不均而引起的输电阻塞问题越来越严重,极大地制约了电力系统的输电能力与效率。利用FACTS设备提升电力系统输电能力相较于传统方案具有占地面积小、可控性高等多方面的优势。UPFC与IPFC作为先进的第三代FACTS装置,在潮流调控方面均有着突出的应用优势。因此有必要对两者在提升系统输电能力方面进行技术经济比较研究,用以指导实际工程的解决方案选择。首先基于附加功率注入法分别对UPFC及IPFC进行稳态建模,推导了其数学表达式。之后以江苏南通西北片电网为例,将所建模型应用于实际电力系统,计算结果显示两者均能大幅提升系统输电能力以及安全可靠性。最后在多种工况下对这两种解决方案进行了技术经济比较分析,结果表明IPFC相较于UPFC而言在潮流调控方面的作用更为全面与突出。     

含统一潮流控制器的拟线性化动态最优潮流

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)具有强大的潮流控制能力,但是目前工程中的控制策略仅停留在控制站层面;含UPFC的动态最优潮流计算可以有效提高电网的安全性和经济性,但是其计算效率低、收敛性差,难以满足电网实时性要求。基于此,通过解耦、代换、热启动和迭代更新4个步骤,提出对初值不敏感的线性化动态最优潮流模型,并研究拟线性化的UPFC模型,最终建立含UPFC的拟线性化动态最优潮流模型。基于等值原理,从地区电网数据中提取南京西环网117节点等值系统,采用简化原对偶内点法对其进行求解测试,算例结果表明所建模型具有较高的计算效率和计算精度。     

A Novel Power Injection Model of IPFC for Power Flow Analysis Inclusive of Practical Constraints

This paper describes a novel power injection model (PIM) of interline power flow controller (IPFC) for power flow analysis. In this model, the impedance of the series coupling transformer and the line charging susceptance are all included. In this situation, it is proved that the original structure and symmetry of the admittance matrix can still be kept, and thus, the Jacobian matrix can keep the block-diagonal properties, and sparsity technique can be applied. The IPFC state variables are adjusted simultaneously with the network state variables in order to achieve the specified control targets. Furthermore, the model can take into account the practical constraints of IPFC in Newton power flow. Numerical results based on the IEEE 57-bus and IEEE 300-bus systems are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the IPFC model     

Stochastic optimal power flow incorporating offshore wind farm and electric vehicles

In this paper, an optimal power flow model of a power system, which includes an offshore wind farm and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) connected to grid, is presented. The stochastic nature of wind power and the uncertainties in the EV owner’s behavior are suitably modelled by statistical models available in recent literatures. The offshore wind farms are assumed to be composed of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) having reactive power control capability and are connected to offshore grid by HVDC link. In order to obtain the optimal active power schedules of different energy sources, an optimization problem is solved by applying recently introduced Gbest guided artificial bee colony algorithm (GABC). The accuracy of proposed approach has been tested by implementing AC–DC optimal power flow on modified IEEE 5-bus, IEEE 9-bus, and IEEE 39-bus systems. The results obtained by GABC algorithm are compared with the results available in literatures. This paper also includes AC–DC optimal power flow model, implemented on modified IEEE-30 bus test system by including wind farm power and V2G source. It has been shown that the uncertainty associated with availability of power from wind farm and PEVs affects the overall cost of operation of system.