阿维菌素对南方根结线虫的生物活性

采用直接触杀法测定了阿维菌素对南方根结线虫的杀线活性。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC对南方根结线虫具有很强的杀线活性,其LC50为1.48mg/L,而10%噻唑膦GR的LC50为13.90mg/L,表明1.8%阿维菌素EC对南方根结线虫的杀线活性明显高于对照药剂10%噻唑膦GR,具有广阔的应用前景和开发价值。     

6种杀线剂对水稻根结线虫的防效评价

[目的]为筛选防治水稻根结线虫有效药剂,进行田间防效试验。[方法]35%威百亩AS和98%棉隆MG进行土壤熏蒸处理,其他药剂进行沟施,调查土中2龄幼虫和根结数量,计算相应防效。[结果]20%噻唑膦EW和10%噻唑膦GR的防效最好,98%棉隆MG和35%威百亩AS的防效次之,1.8%阿维菌素EC的防效较好,5亿活孢子/g淡紫拟青霉GR的防效较差。[结论]10%噻唑膦GR、20%噻唑膦EW、35%威百亩AS和98%棉隆MG对水稻根结线虫具有良好的防效,可作为水稻根结线虫防治的首选药剂。     

56％磷化铝片剂对黄瓜根结线虫的防效和对黄瓜生长的影响

[目的]为替代溴甲烷防治植物根结线虫,探讨了磷化铝对植物根结线虫的防效.[方法]利用储粮熏蒸剂56％磷化铝片剂进行了防治黄瓜根结线虫病的田间药效试验,系统观察了熏蒸剂对黄瓜生长的影响.[结果]56％磷化铝片剂以18.75、37.50、56.25 kg a.i./hm2熏蒸处理土壤后能明显减少根结线虫数,降低根结指数.黄瓜移栽后第80天,对黄瓜根结线虫的防治效果分别达到51.35％、62.50％、68.75％.并对黄瓜生长有显著促进作用.[结论]磷化铝从是较好的防治黄瓜根结线虫的药剂.     

二硫氰基甲烷对番茄苗安全性及其对根结线虫的防效

离体毒力测定表明,二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫（Meloidogyne spp．）2龄幼虫EC50及EC95分别为0．720、1．663mg／L。温室试验表明76mg／L二硫氰基甲烷土壤处理,对间隔7、9d移栽的6周龄番茄苗安全。38、63mg／L药剂对番茄根结线虫的防治效果在30d和60d时分别达65．20％、86．94％和41．53％、46．15％;对土壤线虫的抑制在30d和50d时分别达58．57％、77．33％和38．22％、61．45％,各处理差异显著。     

吡虫啉对5种植物寄生线虫的室内毒力测定

采用浸渍法,测定了不同质量浓度和时间下吡虫啉药剂对花生根结线虫2龄幼虫、程氏滑刃线虫、贝西滑刃线虫、松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫的毒力,并考察了其对花生根结线虫卵孵化抑制率。结果表明,花生根结线虫对吡虫啉药剂最为敏感,腐烂茎线虫最不敏感。在100 g/L质量浓度下,处理后48 h,吡虫啉药剂对花生根结线虫、程氏滑刃线虫、贝西滑刃线虫、松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫的致死率分别为91.00%、65.70%、45.70%、44.00%、9.67%。对花生根结线虫的卵孵化抑制率随着药剂浓度的升高而升高。     

4种杀线虫剂对南方根结线虫的室内活性测定

通过藏红T染色法,确定线虫染色时间,并测定4种常规药剂对南方根结线虫的室内活性。结果显示,染色1 h后,线虫的染色率达到100%。1.8%阿维菌素EC和40%灭线磷EC对南方根结线虫具有良好的活性,LC_(50)值分别为14.926 3 mg/L和15.306 8 mg/L;40%辛硫磷EC和200 g/L丁硫克百威EC活性较差。     

6种药剂对红麻根结线虫的防治效果

[目的]筛选出能有效防治红麻根结线虫的高效低毒药剂。[方法]选用6种药剂进行田间药效试验,分别调查施药后30、60、90、120 d对红麻根结线虫的防治效果。[结果]6种药剂对红麻根结线虫均有一定的防治效果,其中41.7%氟吡菌酰胺SC防效最好,施药后30、60 d对红麻根结线虫2龄幼虫防效分别为94.15%、85.78%,90、120 d的根结防效为83.25%和72.35%;3%阿维菌素CS防效次之,施药后30、60 d对红麻根结线虫2龄幼虫防效为87.96%、76.70%,90、120 d的根结防效为76.90%和71.12%。[结论]41.7%氟吡菌酰胺SC 104 g a.i./hm~2和3%阿维菌素CS 6 g a.i./hm~2对红麻根结线虫防治效果好,持效性长,可作为红麻根结线虫的防治药剂推广应用。     

O.5%阿维菌素颗粒剂防治胡椒根结线虫田间药效试验

田间药效试验表明,0．5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对胡淑根结线虫具有较好的防治效果。用量75kg／hm^2（制剂含量,下同）时,药后60d,防效能保持在95％以上,显示了该药剂具有较好的持效期及良好的推广、应用前景。     

6种杀线剂对胡椒根结线虫病的防效

研究选用了6种常用杀线剂对胡椒根结线虫病进行了田间药效试验。结果表明各供试药剂对胡椒根结线虫病均有防效,其中以10%噻唑磷GR表现最佳,药后30、60d10%噻唑磷GR30kg/hm2对幼虫的防效分别为83.68%和89.15%,10%噻唑磷GR22.5kg/hm2处理次之。试验结果表明,10%噻唑磷GR对胡椒根结线虫病不但防效高,且持效期长,是理想的杀线剂。     

5种闷棚处理防治根结线虫药剂的大田药效试验

[目的]对目前市场主流的5种低毒防治闷棚处理根结线虫药剂进行大田药效试验。[方法]选择3个根结线虫发病重,棚内根结线虫2龄幼虫虫口密度基本一致的大棚,以根结线虫易感寄主甜瓜作为寄主。通过增产率、防治效果、2龄幼虫虫口减退率综合评价供试药剂的药效。[结果]35%威百亩AS、1.4%复硝酚钠AS效果最好;1.8%阿维·高氯EC与0.5%苦参碱AS+辣根素效果中等,但0.5%苦参碱AS+辣根素药效比1.8%阿维·高氯EC差,98%棉隆微粒剂+5.5%阿维·噻唑膦颗粒剂效果最差。[结论]低毒高效的35%威百亩AS和1.4%复硝酚钠AS推荐在根结线虫发生严重地区推广使用,98%棉隆微粒剂+5.5%阿维·噻唑膦颗粒剂不建议在根结线虫发生比较严重的地块使用。     

6%增效阿罗蒎兹微乳剂防治黄瓜根结线虫

用6%增效阿罗蒎兹微乳剂(有效成分:苦豆子水提取物、阿维菌素)处理温室土壤防治黄瓜根结线虫试验表明:阿罗蒎兹微乳剂可较好地控制黄瓜根结线虫危害.阿罗蒎兹微乳剂7.5、15.0、22.5 L/hm2三个处理,药后90 d土壤中2龄幼虫减退率分别为-12.23%、31.50%、43.52%,而对照药剂1.8%阿维菌素15 L/hm2处理的线虫减退率为-37.65%.药后90 d 6%增效阿罗蒎兹微乳剂及各处理防治效果分别为54.52%、70.16%、74.84%.而对照药剂为50.81%.阿罗蒎兹微乳剂可有效地控制黄瓜根结线虫的危害,有较高的推广应用价值.     

Fluoroalkenyl-Grafted Chitosan Oligosaccharide Derivative: An Exploration for Control Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita

The exploration of novel, environmentally friendly, and efficient nematicides is essential, and modifying natural biomacromolecules is one feasible approach. In this study, 6-O-(trifluorobutenyl-oxadiazol)-chitosan oligosaccharide derivative was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR, and TG/DTG. Its bioactivity and action mode against root-knot nematode M. incognita were estimated. The results show that the derivative shows high nematicidal activity against J2s, and egg hatching inhibitory activity at 1 mg/mL. The derivative may affect nematode ROS metabolism and further damage intestinal tissue to kill nematode. Meanwhile, by synergism with improving crop resistance, the derivative performed a high control effect on the nematode with low phytotoxicity. These findings suggested that chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives bearing fluoroalkenyl groups are promising green nematicides.     

新颖杀线虫种衣剂——Poncho/Votiv0

新型种衣剂Poncho/Votivo由杀虫剂噻虫胺和生物杀线虫剂坚强芽孢杆菌组成。它可防治玉米、棉花、大豆、甜菜、高粱的肾形线虫、根瘤线虫、大豆孢囊线虫、金针虫、小地老虎、种蝇、蛴螬、初期蚜虫、葡萄肖叶甲、越冬豆叶甲虫和玉米种子蛆等。它对线虫具有高效性、持效性和高的安全性。     

Efficacy of a Chitin-Based Water-Soluble Derivative in Inducing Purpureocillium lilacinum against Nematode Disease (Meloidogyne incognita)

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause severe economic losses annually which has been a persistent problem worldwide. As current nematicides are highly toxic, prone to drug resistance, and have poor stability, there is an urgent need to develop safe, efficient, and green strategies. Natural active polysaccharides such as chitin and chitosan with good biocompatibility and biodegradability and inducing plant disease resistance have attracted much attention, but their application is limited due to their poor solubility. Here, we prepared 6-oxychitin with good water solubility by introducing carboxylic acid groups based on retaining the original skeleton of chitin and evaluated its potential for nematode control. The results showed that 6-oxychitin is a better promoter of the nematicidal potential of Purpureocillium lilacinum than other water-soluble chitin derivatives. After treatment, the movement of J2s and egg hatching were obviously inhibited. Further plant experiments found that it can destroy the accumulation and invasion of nematodes, and has a growth-promoting effect. Therefore, 6-oxychitin has great application potential in the nematode control area.     

Strong repellency of the root knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita by specific inorganic ions

Simple inorganic salts of the ions K⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , Cs⁺, NO ₃ ^– , and Cl^– are strongly repellent to infective second-stage larvae of the root knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita. Some of these salts are known to be beneficial to plant growth. The results suggest a new means of plant protection.     

不同地理种群甘薯茎线虫对不同类型杀线剂的敏感性

采用浸渍法和沙柱法测定了河北省昌黎、涿州、卢龙和抚宁四地的甘薯茎线虫对涕灭威、灭线磷、阿维菌素的敏感性。浸渍法结果表明,昌黎甘薯茎线虫种群对涕灭威、灭线磷的LC50分别为891．73、743．82mg／L,其它三地涿州、卢龙和抚宁甘薯茎线虫种群对涕灭威、灭线磷的敏感性均有所降低,与昌黎种群相比较,其对涕灭威的抗性倍数分别为4．0、3．5和3．7倍,对灭线磷的抗性倍数分别为3．8、2．1和1．6倍;阿维菌素在400mg／L以下时,各种群的死亡率均在45％以下,为600mg／L时其死亡率陡增,均为90％以上,且无显著性差异。沙柱法结果表明,5mg／L的涕灭威和50mg／L的灭线磷对线虫的活动能力具有很好的抑制作用,50mg／L的阿维菌素抑制作用则相对较低。     

Suppressive Impact of Glucosinolates in Brassica Vegetative Tissues on Root Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus neglectus

The potential of tissue amendments from a variety of wild and cultivated Brassica spp. to kill the root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus) in soil was assessed in laboratory experiments. Soil amended with leaf tissues was highly nematicidal, killing 56.2–95.2% of exposed nematodes. Amendment with root tissues was less effective, causing 0–48.3% mortality. Little of the suppressive impact by leaf tissues could be related to either total contents or any individual glucosinolate as determined by HPLC analysis. While the levels of total glucosinolates within root amendments had a nonsignificant relationship to nematode mortality, levels of 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate within root amendments significantly correlated with nematode suppression (P < 0.001). Amendment of soils with equimolar levels of purified 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate resulted in comparable levels of nematode mortality, suggesting that 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate has a role in the suppressive impact of Brassica spp. root tissues.     

Effect of VAM inoculation on plant growth,nutrient level and root phosphatase activity in papaya (Carica papaya cv. Coorg Honey Dew)

Papaya (Carica papaya cv. Coorg Honey Dew) plants inoculated with the VA mycorrhizal fungiGlomus mossae andG. fasciculatum in sterilized nursery soil showed improved plant height, dry matter as well as P, N and Zn concentrations with no or low levels of phosphorus application. There was an enhanced alkaline and acid phosphatase activity on the root surface and also in the enzyme extract of the root of papaya     

Solvent-assisted extraction of oil from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds: evaluation of its physiochemical properties and fatty-acid composition

ABSTRACT

The present work reports the solvent-assisted extraction of oil from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds. Various operating parameters such as solid solvent ratio, temperature and time on oil yield, and its effects have been investigated using response surface methodology. The experimental oil yield (20.30 ± 0.03%) at optimal condition was well agreed with the predicted value. The compositions from GC-FID results showed saturated fatty acid (20.94%), monounsaturated fatty acid (73.12%), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (4.96%). It was also found that the solvent-assisted extraction is a simple and effective method for extraction of oil from papaya seeds.