Bioleaching of anilite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

In order to characterize the efficiency of copper bioleaching from anilite using pure cultures of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the absence and presence of ferrous sulphate, the experiments were carried out in shake flasks with or without 4 g/L ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) at pH 2.0, 150 r/min and 35°C. The tests show that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is unable to attack anilite in iron-free 9K medium. Anilite is rapidly oxidized by bacterial leaching when ferrous sulphate is added. Chemical oxidation of anilite is slow compared with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans initiated solubilization in the presence of iron. The EDAX analysis of the surfaces of anilite confirms that sulfur coating layer is present as a reaction product on the surface of the bacterially leached mineral.     

Liquid-nitrogen cryopreservation of three kinds of autotrophicbioleaching bacteria

Three kinds of autotrophic bioleaching bacteria strains, including mesophilic and acidophilic ferrous ion-oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans （A. ferrooxidans）, mesophilic and acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans （A. thiooxidans）, and moderately thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Acidianus brierleyi, were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen and their ferrous ion- or sulfur-oxidizing activities were investigated and compared with the original ones. The results revealed that ferrous ion/sulfur oxidation activities of the strains were almost equal before and after cryopreservation. Glycerin was used as cryoprotective agent. In conclusion, liquid-nitrogen cryopreservation is a simple and effective method for autotrophic bioleaching microorganisms.     

Mutagenic breeding of silver-resistant Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans and exploration of resistant mechanism

The silver-resistant Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were isolated from 22 acid mine drainage （AMD） samples collected from Dexing Copper Mine and Chengmen Mountain Mine, Jiangxi Province, China. Isolate DX16 is obtained from the sample taken from Dexing Copper Mine and still carries out ferrous ion oxidation when incubated in 9K medium containing silver nitrate （240 mg/L）. While isolate HI, a less resistant strain taken from Yin Mountain Mine, has a tolerate level of only 60 mg/L. Based on 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing, both bacterial 16SrDNA sequences are 100% similar to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270. Through ultraviolet irradiation induced mutations, isolate mDX16 that is obtained from DX16 carries out ferrous ion oxidation when incubated in 9K medium containing higher concentration of silver nitrate （250 mg/L）. When silver-resistant gene （SilC） analysis is carried out on the two isolates, it is seen that this gene was absent in both.     

镍黄铁矿电化学生物氧化过程的分解机理(英文)

应用表面粘附和没有粘附Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的镍黄铁矿粉末微电极进行电化学测试,以说明镍黄铁矿氧化分解的机理。循环伏安CV结果显示,在-0.2V的低电位区域,在镍、铁离子析出时镍黄铁矿转变为中间相Fe4.5-yNi4.5-xS8-z;当电位在-0.2V到0.2V区间时,有不稳定的紫硫镍矿Fe3Ni3S4和FeNi2S4形成并在表面伴有元素硫的产生;当电位增加到0.2V以上时,不稳定相将全部分解;在高电位0.7V时,析出的亚铁离子被氧化为高铁离子。嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的存在使峰电位增高,反应起始电位负移,并对表面形成的元素硫有氧化去除作用。这一过程可通过-0.75到-0.5V电位区间发生的的还原反应证实。生物浸出和电化学实验结果均表明当pH2时溶液酸度的增加对氧化过程有轻度的阻碍作用。     

Effects of microorganisms on surface properties of chalcopyrite and bioleaching

The alteration of surface properties of chalcopyrite after biological conditioning with Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus caldus was evaluated by Zeta-potential, adsorption studies, FT-IR spectra and contact angle measurement. The Zeta-potential studies show that the iso-electric point（IEP） of chalcopyrite after bacterial treatment moves towards the IEP of pure cells, indicating the adsorption of cells on chalcopyrite surface. The FT-IR spectra of chalcopyrite treated with bacterial cells show the presence of the cell functional groups signifying cells adsorption. Due to the formation of elemental sulfur and intermediate copper sulphides on chalcopyrite surface, the contact angle and surface hydrophohicity of chalcopyrite increase at the initial bioleaching stage. Chalcopyrite bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans has higher copper extraction, which agrees with the fact that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans adsorbed on chalcopyrite surface is much more than Acidithiobacillus caldus. The results support the direct mechanism of sulfide oxidations in bioleaching chalcopyrite.     

Catalytic effect of activated carbon on bioleaching of low-grade primary copper sulfide ores

The catalytic effect of activated carbon on the bioleaching of low-grade primary copper sulfide ores using mixture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans was investigated. The results show that the addition of activated carbon can greatly accelerate the rate and efficiency of copper dissolution from low-grade primary copper sulfide ores. The solution with the concentration of 3.0 g/L activated carbon is most beneficial to the dissolution of copper. The resting time of the mixture of activated carbon and ores has an impact on the bioleaching of low-grade primary copper sulfide ores. The 2 d resting time is most favorable to the dissolution of copper. The enhanced dissolution rate and efficiency of copper can be attributed to the galvanic interaction between activated carbon and chalcopyrite. The addition of activated carbon obviously depresses the dissolution of iron and the bacterial oxidation of ferrous ions in solution. The lower redox potentials are more favorable to the copper dissolution than the higher potentials for low-grade primary copper sulfide ores in the presence of activated carbon.     

黄钾铁矾的生成机理及其对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌有重要作用的离子的影响(英文)

黄钾铁矾的生成对Sarcheshmeh生物堆浸硫化铜矿有不利影响。实验研究了在嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌存在的情况下,生长介质中Fe(II)的初始浓度、pH及温度影响黄钾铁矾沉淀形成的机理。产生最多Fe(III)沉淀的条件为:硫酸亚铁浓度50 g/L、初始pH 2.2、温度32°C。Fe(III)沉淀的生成影响了对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌有重要作用的离子的浓度,比如:Fe3+、SO 2?4、K+、PO 3?4、Mg2+。对于Fe3+和K+,他们有相似的模式,这些离子共沉淀而形成黄钾铁矾的组分。在pH高于1.6时,由于PO 3?4与黄钾铁矾共沉淀以及嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌较快的生长速度而导致合PO 3?4的化合物的溶解度急剧降低。在生物堆浸的初期,由于脉石的溶解,Mg2+浓度增大,随后缓慢降低。     

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite by pure and mixed culture

The bioleaching of chalcopyrite in shake flasks was investigated by using pure Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans and mixed culture isolated from the acid mine drainage in Yushui and Dabaoshan Copper Mine in China, marked as YS and DB, respectively. The mixed culture consisted mainly of Acidithiobacillus fOrrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and Leptospirillum spp. （Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Leptospirillum ferrooxians）. The results show that the mixed culture is more efficient than the pure Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans because of the presence of the sulfur-oxidizing cultures that positively increase the dissolution rate and the recovery of copper from chalcopyrite. The pH value decreases with the decrease of chalcopyrite leaching rate, because of the formation ofjarosite as a passivation layer on the mineral surface during bioleaching. In the bioleaching using the mixed culture, low pH is got from the sulfur oxidizing inhibiting, the formation ofjarosite. The copper extraction reaches 46.27% in mixed culture and 30.37% in pure Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans after leaching for 75 d.     

Microbial aspects of acid mine drainage and its bioremediation

The role of chemolithotrophs such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans which were isolated from some abandoned mines and processed waste tailings in the generation of acid mine drainage and toxic metal dissolution was discussed. Mechanisms of acid formation and dissolution of copper, zinc, iron and arsenic from copper, lead-zinc and arsenopyrite-bearing sulfide ores and railings were established in the presence of Acidithiobacillus group of bacteria. Sulphate Reducing Bacteria（SRB） isolated from the above mine sites could be used to precipitate dissolved metals such as copper, zinc, iron and arsenic. Arsenic bioremediation was demonstrated through the use of native microorganisms such Thiomonas spp. which could oxidize arsenite to arsenate. Bioremoval of arsenic through the use of jarosite precipitates generated by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans was also found to be very effective. Biotechnological processes hold great promise in the remediation of acid mine drainage and efficient removal of toxic metal ions such as copper, zinc and arsenic.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌亚铁氧化系统研究进展

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)是目前研究得最多的浸矿细菌,其能量代谢途径复杂多样。在有氧条件下,A.ferrooxidans以氧化Fe2 、H2或(和)各种还原性硫化物提供能量来生长,在亚铁氧化系统中,A.ferrooxidans的各种菌株氧化亚铁后产生的电子经大致相同的传递途径传递给最终电子受体O2,但是最初电子受体可能有所不同。讨论了A.ferrooxidans亚铁氧化系统中电子顺电势梯度传递的各个电子传递载体的组成,基因结构和特征以及可能的相互作用机制;同时,介绍了A.ferrooxidans生长过程中,少量电子经细胞色素bc1复合体逆电势梯度传递、参与还原力NAD(P)H的生成和CO2固定过程中可能存在的电子传递模式,以及A.ferrooxidans在不同生长基质中生长时rus操纵子的转录调控模式。     

Sulfur activation-related extracellular proteins of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The fractions of the extracellular proteins of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans grown on two different energy substrates, elemental sulfur and ferrous sulfate,were selectively prepared with hot water treatment and distinctly shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.Some protein spots with apparently higher abundance in sulfur energy substrate than in ferrous sulfate energy substrate were identified by using MALDI-TOF/TOE Based on peptide mass fingerprints and bioinformatical analysis,the extracellular ...     

浸矿微生物的研究进展

本文综述了主要浸矿微生物的性质、分类地位、培养条件以及在生物冶金方面的应用及研究进展,涉及到的微生物有嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌、嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌、氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌、硫化叶菌属及硫化芽孢杆菌属.     

Bioleaching of marmatite flotation concentrate by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum f errooxidans

Bioleaching of marmatite flotation concentrate by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans was investigated at 35℃, the initial pH value of 2.0 on an orbital shaker with 160 min^-1 over a period of 10 days. Experimental results indicate that the adapted strains increase markedly the dissolution rate and the leac-hing ratio of marmatite. Pulp density also affects the bioleaching of marmatite. Massive elemental sulfur and jarosite form during the leaching process in the systems inoculating the adapted strains in pure and mixed cultures;and acid product is enhanced, which decreases the pH below to 2.0 in latter leaching period. Marmatite preferentially dis-solves during the bacterial leaching of complex sulfides. Compared with the pure cultures of original and adapted strains, the adapted strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans in mixed cultures are more efficient in the oxidation of marmatite.     

Purification and enzymatic characteristics of cysteine desulfurase, IscS, in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270

A cysteine desulfurase protein,IscS,was encoded by the operon iscSUA in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.The gene of IscS from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli.The protein was purified by one-step affinity chromatography to homogeneity.The final protein yield after affinity chromatography was 12.9%.The enzyme was characterized for thermal stability,pH and kinetic parameters.The molecular mass of recombinant IscS was 46 ku by SDS-PAGE.The optimum pH was 8.0-8.5.The enzyme had a temperature optimum at 30 ℃ and was relatively stable at 40 ℃,with 67% loss of activity.1,5-I-AEDANS significantly inhibited IscS activity.Kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were found to be 0.11 mmol/L and 2.57 μmol/(L-min).     

Effect of Cu~(2+)ions on bioleaching of marmatite

The effect of Cu~(2+)ions on bioleaching of marmatite was investigated through shake leaching experiments.The bacteria inoculated are a mixed culture ofAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Lepthospirillum ferrooxidans.The results show that zinc is selectively leached,and the addition of appropriate content of Cu~(2+)ions has positive effect on the bioleaching of marmatite.SEM and EDX analyses of the leaching residue reveal that a product layer composed of iron sulfide, element...     

Isolation and characterization of acidophilic bacterium from Gaofeng Mine in China

An acidophilic, chemolithotrophic and ferrous oxidizing bacterium strain GF was isolated from the acid mine drainage （AMD） of Gaofeng Mine, Guangxi Province, China using 9K enrichment medium, and then purified on solid ferrous-agarose medium. The physiological experiments show that it can use ferrous or sulfur as sole energy and a low level （0.1%, w/v） of peptone can accelerate the growth of the isolated strain. The optimum pH and temperature for growth are 2.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. The isolated strain shares 99.64% identities of 16S rRNA gene with the type strain Acidthiobacillusferrooxidans ATCC 23270 and 100% identities of iro gene （CDS） with A.ferrooxidans strain Fe-1. These results show that the strain can be considered as A cidthiobacillus ferrooxidans. Because of the high activity of oxidizing ferrous and sulfide mineral, strain GF was used in bioleaching of marmatite. The Zn concentration is 0.273 g/L under the steriled control and 7.30 g/L with adapted GF strain incubated after 29 d in leaching marmatite. The isolated strain GF can be used to leach marmatite in industry application.     

低品位硫化铜矿的细菌浸出

以宁夏某低品位硫化铜矿为研究对象,利用嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans)和嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillusthiooxidans)的混合菌,采用摇瓶浸出、小型柱浸和大型柱浸对矿石可浸性进行研究;采用X射线衍射仪分析矿物及其浸渣的成分;采用扫描电镜分析浸渣表面形貌及其表面元素的含量.结果表明摇瓶矿浆浓度为5%,浸出55d铜浸出率为94.38%;小型柱浸处理矿石2.10kg,矿石粒度小于15mm,浸出226d铜浸出率为62.50%;大型柱浸处理矿石77.85kg,矿石粒度小于25mm,浸出285d铜浸出率为50.63%.柱浸过程中,铜的浸出速率逐渐下降;浸渣中钙含量基本不变,而元素硫的含量明显增加,且存在新的石膏相;浸出后矿石表面元素硫、钙、铁的含量明显增加,在浸出过程中生成的硫酸钙结晶覆盖在矿石表面,铁在矿石表面形成沉淀,使矿石的渗透性变差,导致铜的浸出率逐渐下降.     

EPS对Acidithiobacillus.ferrooxidans在黄铜矿与黄铁矿表面吸附的影响

运用超声波结合离心方法提取Acidithiobacillus.ferrooxidans的胞外多聚物（EPS）,用2-酮基-3-脱氧辛酸（KDO）作为表征EPS含量的指标,采用分光光度法对该提取方法进行评估。通过一系列对比性实验研究EPS对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans在黄铜矿与黄铁矿表面吸附的影响。将未处理的Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans与经处理脱去EPS层的Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans分别与EPS悬液、Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋重新混合,在2h的反应过程中,实时检测混合液中游离的细菌含量。结果表明：细菌表面EPS的存在是其吸附于黄铁矿和黄铜矿表面的一个重要因素。当缺失EPS层时,Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans吸附于矿物表面的能力有所下降,但当重新加入EPS混合液时这种能力能大部分恢复,这种恢复程度在黄铁矿中较黄铜矿中更加明显。当加入EPS和Fe3＋时其细菌吸附于黄铜矿表面的程度有所升高,而加入Fe2＋时吸附程度明显降低,这个结果表明静电的相互作用也许是细菌最初吸附于矿物表面的一个主要原因,并且这也许是细菌生产EPS的一种驱动力以使细菌吸附于硫化铜矿物后重新获得其吸附能力。