FDD-CDMA的下行链路的波束形成

本文研究了在智能天线在ＦＤＤ－ＣＤＭＡ中的下行链路的应用，利用上行链路接收数据，估计了下行链路的信道相关矩阵和对其它小区用户的相对干扰总量，给出下行链路的波束形成方法，即在保证一定的有效发送功率的同时，使得对其他小区的用户干扰最小。计算机仿真表明：（在多小区蜂窝ＣＤＭＡ环境中，采用上述方法比仅保证用户方向的最大发送功率，有更小的中断率。     

Downlink channel covariance matrix (DCCM) estimation and itsapplications in wireless DS-CDMA systems

The downlink channel covariance matrix (DCCM) is of vital importance in determining downlink beamforming weights for base station (BS) antenna array systems. For the frequency-division-duplex (FDD) mode, DCCM is difficult to obtain due to a lack of direct measurement of downlink channel responses. In this paper, a novel technique is proposed for estimating DCCM using uplink channel responses only, which does not need direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and its association. The downlink beamforming scheme is then proposed for wireless DS-CDMA systems, using the obtained DCCM information together with the so-called virtual uplink beamforming and power control technique. Computer simulations show that using the BS antenna array together with this new beamforming technique can provide larger system capacity than traditional DOA-based approaches, which just direct the main beam toward the desired user     

Performance of a Digital Beamforming Concept in a GSM1800 Downlink: A Simulation Study

A smart antenna concept was studied in the context of a GSM1800 downlink. In practice, it is not possible to estimate the actual downlink channel when using frequency division duplexing (FDD). Therefore, the current approach is based on uplink direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation. The downlink beam is then directed to the DoA obtained from the uplink. The purpose was to study the dependence of downlink performance on the angular and delay distribution of the desired signal. The downlink beamforming was studied in this work using simulations with 2D channel models for different test environments. The probability of error in DoA estimation of the desired mobile station was evaluated in conjunction with DoA averaging. In addition, downlink BER performance was examined in a noise-limited situation and compared to the results of the corresponding uplink and a conventional 2-branch GSM receiver. With a 1*8-element antenna configuration, downlink performance degradation compared to the corresponding uplink case was approximately 1.3 dB, 2.4 dB, and 0 dB in typical Urban, Suburban, and Rural environments. The losses were greater in environments with very large angular spread. It was also found that increasing accuracy in uplink DoA estimation does not necessarily correspond to improved downlink performance.     

Adapting a downlink array from uplink measurements

In a frequency division duplex system, a transmitter adaptive antenna array can potentially improve the performance of a wireless downlink, but because the uplink and downlink channels have different wavelengths, and, therefore, different responses, direct downlink adaptation based on channel estimates of the uplink is generally not feasible. Instead, there has been some interest in adaptations that require only the second-order statistics of the uplink and downlink to be similar. These algorithms derive adaptive weights from the covariance of the received signal to apply to a downlink transmitter array. We make two contributions to this area. First, we introduce an array configuration employing M+1 elements with log-periodic spacing that comprises two overlapping subarrays, each with M elements, that are scaled versions of each other, with the scale factor equal to the ratio of the uplink wavelength to the downlink wavelength. This array has identical beampatterns at the two wavelengths, thus helping to fulfill the requirement that the uplink and downlink second-order statistics be the same. Second, we demonstrate that obtaining a good estimate of the uplink covariance matrix is not essential for the successful operation of the adaptive scheme. Even when the mobile is at rest and the uplink information comprises only a single snapshot from the receiver array, an adaptive scheme can improve the SNR     

Comparison of beamforming techniques for W-CDMA communication systems

Different beamforming techniques are employed in a wideband code-division multiple-access base station, and their uplink and downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) performances are compared. It is found that the direction of arrival (DOA) method and the complex conjugate method have almost the same uplink SINR performance, but the complex conjugate method shifts the downlink main beam direction slightly due to the difference between the uplink and downlink carrier frequency. However, the degradation in the downlink mean SINR performance is less than 1 dB compared with that obtained by the DOA method. In the downlink, the SINR performances obtained by the single-beam method and multiple-beam beamforming technique are compared. It is found that the single-beam method has a poorer SINR performance in the low SINR region because it is more likely to suffer from deep fading. In the moderate or high SINR regions, the single-beam method has a much better SINR performance because it has a higher gain in the main path direction and a smaller angular coverage of the mainlobe, which results in a stronger signal level and smaller multiple-access interference at the mobile receiver.     

Cochannel interference reduction in dynamic-TDD fixed wireless applications, using time slot allocation algorithms

In this paper, we consider a fixed wireless cellular network that uses dynamic time division duplex (D-TDD). We analyze the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) outage performance of a D-TDD fixed cellular system, and propose a scheme to improve the outage probability performance. First, outage probability is evaluated using an analytical model, when omnidirectional antennas are deployed at a base-station site and a subscriber site. Our model is verified, using Monte Carlo simulations. According to our investigation, the outage performance of the D-TDD system is severely limited by a strong interference from the cochannel cell on the downlink, while the reference cell is in the uplink cycle. To improve the outage performance during uplink receptions, we introduce two time-slot allocation methods, combined with sector antennas: max min{SIR} and max{SIR}. Max min{SIR} is an exhaustive search algorithm for assigning subscribers to a few extra uplink time slots, so as to maximize the minimum SIR expectation value over the extra uplink time-slots region. It is used as a performance benchmark in our analysis. Meanwhile, the max{SIR} is a simpler and efficient algorithm for improving the outage performance. It is established that the performance difference between the two algorithms is not noticeable. Especially, the difference is negligible, when the dynamic range of the traffic pattern between uplink and downlink is small. Also, the outage performance of a system that employs the max{SIR} algorithm combined with sectored antennas is compared to that of a system employing adaptive-array antennas. The proposed system shows promise, and offers a compromise between system complexity and network guaranteed availability.     

Downlink beamforming for DS-CDMA mobile radio with multimediaservices

Downlink beamforming is a promising technique for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems with multimedia services to effectively reduce strong interference induced by high data rate users. A new downlink beamforming technique is proposed that converts the downlink beamforming problem into a virtual uplink one and takes into account the data rate information of all users. Since the main complexity of this method is due to the existence of multidelay paths, two simplified algorithms are suggested using an equivalent one-path channel vector to replace multipath channel vectors. Computer simulation results are given to evaluate the downlink capacity of DS-CDMA systems using a base station antenna array and the new algorithms proposed     

Experimental studies of direction of arrivals using a smart antenna testbed in wireless communication systems

This paper presents some preliminary results from experimental studies on space‐division‐multiple‐access (SDMA) for wireless communications. A smart antenna system utilizing direction‐of‐arrival (DOA)‐based beamforming techniques can enhance signal quality by reducing co‐channel interference from mobiles located at angles spatially distinct from the base station. Adopting both smart uplink and downlink beamforming, a communication system with an antenna array can increase the cell coverage of a base station and significantly boost capacity compared with conventional antenna systems. However, successful implementation of DOA‐based beamforming techniques depends on the DOA characteristics. This paper presented the feasibility of direction finding and DOA variation with respect to frequency. Furthermore, the angle spread was studied for selected environments. The results demonstrate the feasibility of applying proposed smart antenna system utilizing DOA‐based beamforming algorithm for increasing channel capacity and improving system performance in frequency‐division‐duplex (FDD) wireless communication systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-cell uplink-downlink beamforming throughput duality based on Lagrangian duality with per-base station power constraints

Despite significant research efforts in beamforming, the maximum achievable downlink throughput with beamforming in a multi-cell environment is not available due to difficulty in finding optimal downlink beamforming. Thus, to reformulate the problem into a more solvable form, we derive dual uplink throughput optimization problem to multi-cell downlink beam- forming throughput maximization with per-base station (BS) power constraints based on Lagrangian duality. The optimal downlink beamforming is shown to be a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) beamforming in the dual uplink. It is also shown that the dual uplink problem achieves the same optimal throughput as the primal downlink problem.     

一种新型圆形智能天线阵互耦补偿研究

本文研究了一种新型圆形智能天线阵在3G通信系统所在频段的互耦补偿.采用矩量法分析了阵列的互耦和导引向量、阵列流形的补偿,在此基础上实现了下行链路波束形成和上行链路DOA算法的补偿,同时通过实验验证了互耦补偿的有效性.     

Two suboptimal algorithms for downlink beamforming in FDD DS-CDMAmobile radio

Two suboptimal algorithms are proposed for downlink beamforming in FDD DS-CDMA mobile radio by using uplink beamforming weights. One is a null-constrained method, which maintains the same null positions for both uplink and downlink beam patterns; the other is a frequency-calibrated method which constrains the same main beam positions for both patterns. We also evaluate the multicell downlink capacity of DS-CDMA systems using a per-user-per-weight beamforming scheme. Outer cell interference is modeled as an AWGN process whose variance is proportional to the average intracell total transmitted power. Computer simulations are given to compare the single cell and multicell capacities using different downlink beamforming weight generation algorithms     

TD-SCDMA系统中基于上行参数的下行波束赋形算法

在TD－SCDMA系统中，我们在基站发送端进行波束赋形来提高下行链路的性能。以最优准则－最大信干噪比特征分解算法为例，我们分析基于上行参数进行下行赋形的基本原理，模拟了不同环境下赋形算法的性能，并与全向情况进行比较，得出了相应的结论。     

TD-LTE系统中动态下行波束赋形算法性能分析

根据加权粒度的差别,介绍了per-RB-MRT算法和full-BW-EBB算法的原理,并对这两种算法的特点以及性能差异进行了理论分析.构建了符合3GPP规范定义的TD-LTE系统上下行仿真平台,对这两种算法在有信道估计误差(包括信道估计精准度和信道信息时延)的情况下的其性能进行了理论分析和仿真研究.仿真结果表明,per-RB-MRT算法在上行信道估计值和下行信道实际值契合较好的情况下能够趋于最佳理论性能,而full-BW-EBB算法由于利用了相对稳定的信道空间相关特性,因而能够在较差的信道环境中保持较高的性能鲁棒性.这些仿真结果对于实际场景中的算法选择提供了重要的参考依据.     

CDMA系统下行波束赋形算法

未来的移动通信业务需求将导致下行容量远大于上行容量。在基站端采用智能天线下行波束赋形技术可以解决这一问题。本文系统分析了CDMA系统下行波束赋形的两个主要技术难点,即下行信道协方差矩阵的估计和下行波束赋形算法．并简要介绍了几种下行波束赋形算法。     

一种基于特定干扰图样的下行多用户MIMO预编码方法

本文在研究线性迫零类下行多用户MIMO预编码方法的基础上,提出了一种适用于单天线用户的预编码矩阵生成方法.利用信道补矩阵的奇异值分解,可以将下行多用户MIMO信道分解为多个带有基于干扰图样产生的多用户干扰的并行单用户信道.同时本文给出了一种特殊的干扰图样以及相应的显式参数优化方法,包括波束成型和功率分配.通过计算机仿真,重点在4天线场景下分析了该预编码器的系统性能.结果显示,相对于线性迫零类算法,本文提出的预编码方法可以有效的提高系统性能.在Pout等于0.1时,相对于单天线的BD方法,PBIF-Rp将损耗信道容量提高了超过45%,而PBIF-Op提高了100%以上.仿真结果和分析都证明了本方法的进一步研究的潜力.     

TDD系统中非理想互易条件下双流波束赋形的容量分析

在时分双工(TDD)多天线系统中,由于上行信道估计误差和上下行传输时延,上下行链路信道的互易性并不理想.针对非理想互易条件下基于最小均方误差线性接收准则的双流波束赋形,通过推导其后验信干噪比,得到了容量上界的闭合表达式.数值和仿真结果表明:所得上界与准确值较为接近;且与理想互易情形相比,非理想互易性对系统的复用增益没有影响,而只会降低系统的阵列增益.     

Analysis of a multiple-cell direct-sequence CDMA cellular mobileradio system

The performance of a multiple-cell direct-sequence code division multiple-access cellular radio system is evaluated. Approximate expressions are obtained for the area-averaged bit error probability and the area-averaged outage probability for both the uplink and downlink channels. The analysis accounts for the effects of path loss, multipath fading, multiple-access interference, and background noise. Two types of differentially coherent receivers are considered: a multipath rejection receiver and a RAKE receiver with predetection selective combining. Macroscopic base station diversity techniques and uplink and downlink power control are also topics of discussion     

基于深度学习的毫米波系统波束成形

针对高移动用户在毫米波系统中用户与基站之间频繁切换增大延迟开销问题,提出了一种新颖的集成深度学习协调波束成形(Deep Learning Coordinated Beamforming,DLCBF)解决方案.该方案通过协调多个基站同时为一个移动用户服务,接收用户上行导频序列和预编码码本训练模型,进而预测最佳下行波束向量...     

时分双工系统波束赋形块长优化

提出了一种优化时分双工系统波束赋形块长的方案.在该系统中,由于上下行链路的信道互易性,基站可以通过上行导频估计出当前时刻的信道状态信息,从而计算出下一时刻的发射波束赋形向量或矩阵.当给定归一化导频开销时,不同的波束赋形块长对应不同的上行信道估计误差和上下行传输时延,进而导致不同的系统性能.以块平均后验信噪比为目标函数,...     

The effect of carrier frequency offsets on downlink and uplinkMC-DS-CDMA

In this paper, we study the sensitivity of uplink and downlink MC-DS-CDMA to carrier frequency offsets, assuming orthogonal spreading sequences. For both uplink and downlink MC-DS-CDMA, we show that the performance rapidly degrades for an increasing ratio of maximum frequency offset to carrier spacing. We point out that the degradation in the uplink is larger than in the downlink because only the former is affected by multiuser interference. For a given (small) ratio of maximum frequency offset to carrier spacing, enlarging the spreading factor in a fully loaded system does not affect the downlink degradation but strongly increases the uplink degradation. Finally, we show that the downlink degradations of MC-DS-CDMA and fully loaded MC-CDMA are the same, provided that for both systems the ratio of frequency offset to carrier spacing is the same