地基水荷载对混凝土坝位移影响研究

分析了地基变形模量随深度逐渐增加、渗透系数随深度逐渐减小、坝基渗透系数各向异性、坝踵设置帷幕排水,以及考虑渗流场和应力场耦合等对混凝土坝位移分量的影响,得出如下结论:作用在地基上的水荷载,使混凝土坝坝顶相对参考基点(倒垂锚固点或坝踵正下方1倍坝高处)的水平位移指向上游,而参考基点的水平位移随地基截取范围的增大而增大.由于大坝工程上常将倒垂线锚固在岩基深处,并认为该倒垂线测值为绝对位移.当考虑作用在地基上的水荷载时,将倒垂线测值作为绝对位移的认识存在局限性.为了获得精度良好的参数反演值,必须考虑参考基点的位移,应采用大坝有限元数值计算的坝体位移和基点位移的相对值,联合实测位移分离出的水压分量进行参数反分析.     

锦屏一级高拱坝物理模型试验研究

采用地质力学物理模型试验方法,以锦屏一级水电站大坝为对象,研究高拱坝、地基和库水相互作用下大坝和山体发生变形和开裂破坏的全过程,为复杂条件下高拱坝的失效破坏机理和安全度评估的研究提供试验依据。试验结果表明：大坝基础经过处理后,在正常工况下,拱冠梁顶部最大位移为87.0 mm,坝体位移呈线性变化;超载3.5倍设计荷载以前,坝体和坝肩的位移变化比较稳定,断层的相对位移较小;3.5倍设计荷载以后进入塑性状态;超载到5.5倍设计荷载时,坝体上有许多测点的位移变化发生突变,且有裂缝出现;继续增大到7.0倍设计荷载时,坝体、坝肩附近岩体上都出现了较大裂缝,岩体各断层的相对位移较大,但从整体上看,大坝仍具有一定承载能力;7.0倍设计荷载以后,坝肩附近山体位移变化率增大,裂缝进一步发展,断层的相对位移变化率明显增加;当超载到8.0倍设计荷载时,坝体和基础整体破坏较严重。     

高混凝土坝水荷载引起的位移分量研究

 研究了高混凝土坝不同水荷载和水荷载的不同作用方式对位移分量的影响,得到结论：①当地基截取范围逐渐增大时,无论作用在地基上的水荷载按面荷载考虑还是按渗流体荷载考虑,都将引起参考基点(倒垂线锚固点或坝踵正下方1倍坝高)的水平位移逐渐增大。由于工程上常将倒垂线锚固在岩基深处,并认为该倒垂线测值为绝对位移,当考虑作用在地基上的水荷载时,将倒垂线测值作为绝对位移的认识是有局限性的。②为了获得精度良好的参数反演值,必须考虑到参考基点的位移,应采用大坝有限元数值计算的坝顶位移和基点位移的相对值,联合实测位移分离出的水压分量进行参数反分析。     

刘家峡混凝土主坝水压变形三维有限元计算

针对刘家峡大坝地形结构特点，采用三维有限单元法，对混凝土主坝及其一定范围的围岩进行了单元划分，应用ＳＡＰ５结构分析软件，对大坝在不同水位荷载上的变位特性进行了分析计算，结果表明，此模型的理论计算位移值和大坝的实测位移相当吻合，说明该模型的基本假设符合大坝的实际情况，对今后刘家峡大坝水位荷载计算具有实际意义。     

刘家峡混凝土主坝水压变形三维有限元计算

针对刘家峡大坝的地形结构特点，采用三维有限单元法，对混凝土主坝及其一定范围的围岩进行了单元划分，应用ＳＡＰ５（ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｐｒｏｇｒａｍ）结构分析软件，对大坝在不同水位荷载作用下的变位特性进行了分析计算。结果表明，此模型的理论计算位移值和大坝的实测位移相当吻合，说明该模型的基本假设符合大坝的实际情况，对今后刘家峡大坝水位荷载计算具有实际意义。     

考虑时间效应的地基水荷载对大坝位移的影响

基于等效介质模型研究了饱和地基非稳定渗流对混凝土坝位移的影响,对比分析了不同地基渗透系数以及坝基帷幕排水等因素对大坝位移的影响。结果表明:岩基内的水头随时间而变,初期变化较大,后期变化较小;岩基渗透系数减小,水头趋于稳定的时间更长;大坝的位移在蓄水初期变化较大,蓄水后期变化较小,随着地基渗流场趋于稳定,坝顶相对基点的水平位移逐渐增大,上游地基的沉降逐渐减小,下游地基上抬逐渐增大,随着地基渗透系数减小,大坝位移趋于稳定的时间更长。     

重力坝分层浇筑模拟对应力变形结果影响分析

在高混凝土重力坝坝体变形和应力状态数值分析中，是否考虑混凝土分层浇筑过程和分步施加自重荷载对其计算结果有重要影响。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS的单元生死功能，模拟大坝浇筑过程，分步施加自重荷载，得到施工期坝体的变形和应力状态，并与一次性施加自重荷载方式的计算结果比较，研究混凝土分层浇筑对坝体变形和应力的影响。结果表明，一次性施加自重荷载的方式使坝体倾向上游的变形增大，坝踵压应力和坝趾拉应力增大；而考虑混凝土分层浇筑过程得出的坝体变形和应力结果更加符合实际。     

不确定性地基水荷载的智能识别初探

实际地基水荷载存在不确定性,地基水荷载作用方式不同,引起的效应量差异较大,如果人为地将地基水荷载作为面荷载或作为稳定渗流体荷载进行数值计算,参与优化反分析,反演获得的参数值得商榷.将监测点相对位移作为输入,坝体混凝土、岩基材料参数和坝基面一定深度测点水头作为输出,建立了不确定性地基水荷载识别神经网络模型,采用均匀设计原理进行材料参数组合,采用饱和地基非稳定渗流分析获得不同渗流体荷载分布,获得样本进行学习,以此训练好的网络模型描述大坝混凝土、岩基材料参数及地基水荷载和坝体变形的非线性关系.将大坝实测位移分离出的水压分量输入训练好的网络模型,可自动识别出大坝混凝土和岩基的材料参数以及地基水荷载.算例分析表明,本文建立的不确定性地基水荷载识别神经网络模型是可行的.     

重力坝—库水—淤沙—地基系统的地震波动分析

将淤沙层模拟为液固两相饱和介质,并取计算边界(包括地基、库水上游和淤沙上游边界)至结构的距离L≥c T/2,采用逐步扩大有限元网格,避开地基、库水上游和饱和淤沙上游边界处能量反射问题,建立了重力坝—库水—淤沙—地基体系的动力有限元模型。采用该模型对一典型重力坝进行地震波动分析,结果表明,该模型相比传统方法能够有效降低坝体的应力、位移和坝面动水压力(孔隙水压力)。     

江口双曲拱坝整体稳定地质力学模型试验研究

为了对江口坝基础处理方案进行验征，弄清大坝在正常荷载作用下的位移场，了解拱坝和拱座的整体稳定，采用地质力学模型进行了试验研究，全面模拟了江口大坝基础的不连续岩体条件，岩石力学性质和基础处理方案，揭示拱坝和坝肩从加荷开始到破坏的整个进程和机理，测出了坝体及坝肩软弱构造面各部位的和变形，试验结果表明，所有夹层在不断超载情况下，没有出现明显的相对滑动，基础处理效果较好，拱坝的弹性极限达到设计荷载的4倍，其最终承载能力达到设计荷载的6.5倍。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。