电解锰渣制备微晶玻璃正交实验研究

将煅烧后的电解锰渣作为单一的实验原料,采用烧结法,制备微晶玻璃,通过正交实验对锰渣微晶玻璃的热处理方案及性能进行探讨。实验通过DSC、XRD、SEM等方法对样品的性能进行表征,并测试了样品的体积密度、抗弯强度等性能。结果显示:不同的热处理条件下的锰渣微晶玻璃的主晶相均为透辉石(含铁),次晶相为普通辉石相。在800℃/0.5 h+980℃/1 h的热处理条件下得到的锰渣微晶玻璃的综合性能最优,其抗弯强度为106.82 MPa;体积密度为2.68 g/cm^3;维氏硬度为4.43 GPa;耐酸度为0.71%;耐碱度为0.07%。此外,锰渣微晶玻璃用作建筑材料,有非常大的应用潜力。     

利用工业废渣制作β-CaCO_3/Cr_2O_3双相微晶玻璃

以冶金铬渣、花岗岩尾矿、玻纤废丝等工业废渣为主要原料,经制备配合料、熔制玻璃液、成型、晶化处理制成β-CaCO_3/Cr_2O_3双相微晶玻璃,再以差热分析、x射线衍射分析等手段,研究制成双相微晶玻璃的规律。研究表明,以工业废渣为原料熔制成的玻璃,经四段恒温,可制备β-CaCO_3和Cr_2O_3两种主晶相共存的双相微晶玻璃,并且两种晶相形成过程互相促进。     

硅锰渣一步法制备微晶铸石的热处理工艺及性能

硅锰渣是硅锰合金生产中产生的主要固废,对环境产生巨大威胁,现行处理工艺消纳能力有限,亟需探索新的处置方法。以硅锰渣为原料、不外加成核剂,采用Petrurgic烧成法制备硅锰渣微晶铸石,讨论了晶化温度、晶化时间对成品物相组成及性能的影响规律,从而得到最佳热处理制度。结果表明：将热熔渣冷却至950℃保温60 min和760℃退火处理,能够制备出性能优良的微晶铸石。所得微晶铸石结构致密,析出的晶相主要为辉石族矿物,包括透辉石和铝透辉石,其次是钙长石和硅灰石,具有较好的综合性能,其体积密度可达3.11×10³ kg·m^–3,显微硬度达8.77×10³ MPa,抗折强度和抗压强度分别为86 MPa和222.9 MPa。     

酸洗硼镁渣微晶玻璃的研究

对以酸洗硼镁渣为主要原料制造微晶玻璃进行了研究,利用ＤＴＡ,ＸＲＤ,ＳＥＭ等手段研究了组成对析晶性能的影响,并测试了部分性能。结果表明,在酸洗硼镁渣利用率达６０％,添加适量的长石,方解石等原料情况下,可获得主晶相为透辉石和透辉石与钙长石固溶体的性能良好的微晶玻璃。     

利用钡渣生产玻璃瓶罐的研究

介绍了以化工钡渣为原料制造玻璃瓶罐，包括钡渣的研究、玻璃配方设计、熔制、成型等工艺     

玻璃配合料中铬渣最大允许用量研究

研究配合料中铬渣最大允许用量,以提高铬渣在玻璃化过程中的处置效率。利用CaO-Al2O3-SiO2相图分析玻璃形成规律及铬渣掺入比例,采用X射线衍射分析仪判断玻璃化程度。研究表明,以铝矾土为成分调节原料时,理论上配合料中铬渣掺入比例可达到89.11%（质量分数）;考虑到熔制条件对熔窑寿命的影响,掺入比例为57%（质量分数）左右为宜;如果加入助熔性组分、极化率高的阳离子等,掺入比例可达到65.6%（质量分数）。     

用铬渣为主要原料制备微晶玻璃

本文介绍了用铬渣为主要原料制备微晶玻璃的方法，用ＤＴＡ、ＸＲＤ和ＯＭ观察和分析了该材料的晶相和显微结构，并对其主要理化进行了测试。     

硅锰渣基沸石的合成及其表征

硅锰渣是生产硅锰合金时产生的一种工业副产物，年排放量巨大，综合利用水平低，已经成为冶金业绿色发展急需解决的难题。为实现硅锰渣的高值化利用，将硅锰渣通过“酸洗—碱熔—陈化—晶化”水热合成反应来制备沸石。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、比表面积及孔径分析仪对沸石的晶相、形貌、官能团等进行表征；探究了碱度、温度、时间等因素对合成沸石的物相组成及微观形貌的影响。实验结果表明，原料酸浸后MnO、Fe₂O₃、CaO含量均有所减少，碱熔后体系中生成了合成沸石所需的硅酸盐。在最优条件(碱度为0.5 mol/L、温度为80℃、时间为8 h)下合成了纯度及结晶度较好的沸石；与传统的工业固废制备沸石相比，该实验晶化所需的碱度更低，且采用了硅锰渣为原料制备沸石，为硅锰渣的高值化利用提供了新思路。     

铬渣玻璃化固化铬离子

以铬渣为主要原料,加以石英砂等矿物原料制成玻璃,采用X射线衍射仪判断玻璃化程度;采用粉末法制成玻璃水浸溶液,并用原子吸收分光光度计测定玻璃中铬离子浸出率;分析温度、硅氧比fSi对浸出率的影响。研究表明:铬渣玻璃化后,常温状态下,玻璃中铬离子浸出率为3.4×10-7/h左右,溶液中Cr6+浓度为2.5×10-10左右,固化效果突出,能较好地解决环境污染问题;铬离子浸出率与玻璃中硅氧比有关,较小的硅氧比有利于减少Cr6+浸出率,并提高铬渣使用量,使用中fSi宜小于0.25。     

一步直接烧结制备全固废煤气化渣微晶玻璃的性能变化研究

以煤气化渣为原料，采用一步直接烧结法制备了全固废煤气化渣微晶玻璃，并研究了烧结温度和时间对全固废煤气化渣微晶玻璃晶相演变、机械物理性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明，煤气化渣具有较强的析晶能力，得到的微晶玻璃主晶相为钙长石相。在800～1 150℃,随烧结温度的升高，微晶玻璃结晶度先增高后有所降低。过高的烧结温度会使微晶玻璃内部出现片状结构，理化性能下降。烧结温度在1 110～1 120℃,微晶玻璃晶粒细小且分布密集，表现出较好的物理性能。烧结时间对样品性能的影响较小。在烧结温度1 120℃、烧结时间2 h条件下，微晶玻璃维氏硬度为6.92 GPa,抗折强度为38.29 MPa,抗压强度为432.72 MPa,体积密度2.618 g/cm³,吸水率为0.21%,耐酸碱性分别为3.13%和0.92%,力学性能较优，但吸水率及化学稳定性方面还有较大提升空间。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.