Cu基板表面镀镍浸金保护层对无铅焊点可靠性的影响

结合Sn-3.5Ag和Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu两种无铅钎料研究了镀镍浸金层(Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold,ENIG)表面层对焊点界面反应以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,钎焊后在Sn-3.5Ag/ENIG/Cu界面主要生成(Ni_yCu_(1-y))_3Sn_4,在Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/ENIG/Cu界面主要生成(Cu_xNi_(1-x))_6Sn_5。在Sn基钎料/ENIG(Ni)/Cu界面处生成金属间化合物的种类及形貌由焊点中Cu原子含量决定。在时效过程中,ENIG表面层中Ni层有效抑制了焊点界面处金属间化合物的生长,减缓了焊点剪切性能的下降。在钎焊过程中ENIG表面层中的Au层不参与界面反应而是进入钎料基体与Sn反应,但是在时效过程中Au原子向界面迁移并造成焊点界面金属间化合物成分和焊点剪切强度的明显变化。     

等温时效对新型Sn-Ag基复合钎料显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了等温时效对Sn-3.5Ag共晶钎料及其复合钎料的力学性能和显微组织变化的影响。为了弥补传统复合钎料制备和服役中强化颗粒容易粗化的问题, 制备了不同种类最佳配比的具有纳米结构的有机无机笼型硅氧烷齐聚物(POSS)颗粒增强的Sn-Ag基复合钎料。对钎焊接头在不同温度（125、150、175℃）下进行时效,通过SEM和EDAX分析了钎料与基板间金属间化合物层(IMC)的生长情况。结果表明, 经过不同温度时效,复合钎料钎焊接头界面处金属间化合物的生长速率比Sn3.5Ag共晶钎料慢, 复合钎料的IMC生长的激活能分别为80、97和77kJ/mol,均高于Sn3.5Ag共晶钎料。经过150℃时效1000h后,复合钎料钎焊接头的剪切强度分别下降了22%、13%和18%,下降幅度相当或明显小于Sn-3.5Ag钎料钎焊接头。      

液态Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu钎料与Cu、Fe及Co基板界面反应研究

研究了在固定温度380℃和不同钎焊时间条件下,液态Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu钎料与Cu、Fe、Co等3种金属基板的界面反应及其界面化合物(IMC)。研究结果表明,随着钎焊时间的增加,三者界面金属间化合物的平均厚度逐渐增加。Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu界面IMC主要由Cu_6Sn_5和Cu_3Sn组成,经过长时间钎焊后界面化合物大部分是Cu_3Sn。Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Fe界面化合物成分是FeSn2,相比另外两种界面,IMC在钎焊过程中生长最慢,形成的厚度最小。Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Co界面在短时间钎焊时(1min)会出现分层现象,认为是少量CoSn2和Sn原子在靠近钎料一侧反应生成CoSn3,靠近基板一侧生成CoSn2。长时间钎焊后观察到界面化合物只有CoSn3。通过对数据拟合可得到Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu、Fe、Co 3种液固反应界面的IMC层的生长率常数分别为9.55×10-6t 0.34,1.51×10~(-6)t~(0.18),0.85×10~(-6)t~(0.45)。比较3种基板,液态Sn基钎料与Cu基板的界面反应速率最快,IMC平均厚度也更厚。     

合金元素对Cu/Sn-/Cu回流焊焊点界面微观结构及剪切性能的影响

选用Sn64Bi35Ag1、Sn64.7Bi35Ag0.3和Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7三种不同的钎料进行回流焊焊接试验,研究高Bi元素、低Ag元素钎料及低Ag钎料对Sn基钎料焊点微观组织及剪切性能的影响.结果表明:各焊点界面处均生成了 一层扇贝状的Cu6Sn5金属间化合物,在含Bi元素的钎料焊点中,Bi元素在焊点界面及内部聚集,导致界面处金属间化合物层的厚度增加,大量富Bi相呈脆性,降低钎料中的Ag含量对焊点中Bi元素的富集现象有减弱作用.Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7钎料焊点界面处的金属间化合物层厚度最小,且焊点内部形成了细小的Ag3Sn相颗粒,共晶组织呈均匀分布,使得焊点剪切性能最优,其剪切强度达20.4 MPa.     

纳米Cr颗粒对Sn-Zn-Bi-In/Cu钎焊焊点性能的影响

通过向Sn-Zn-Bi-In钎料中添加不同含量的纳米Cr颗粒制成新型复合钎料Sn-5Zn-10Bi-10In-xCr(x=0％,0.1％,0.3％,0.5％,质量分数),探讨纳米C r颗粒对时效前后钎焊焊点的组织形貌、元素分布、物相组成和力学性能的影响.结果表明:纳米Cr颗粒的添加能够抑制焊点金属间化合物(IMCs)的生长,随着纳米Cr颗粒含量的增加,IMCs扩散层厚度逐渐降低;界面处IMCs扩散层靠近母材Cu一侧为Cu5 Zn8相,靠近钎料区一侧为Cu6 Sn5相;随时效时间的增加,钎料侧部分Cu5 Zn8化合物长大分解,Cu3 Sn相形成;纳米Cr颗粒抑制了时效过程中IMCs扩散层的进一步长大;随着纳米Cr颗粒含量的增加,焊接焊点的剪切强度和显微硬度均先增加后下降,Sn-5Zn-10Bi-10In-0.3Cr/Cu焊点的剪切强度和硬度最高;时效后焊件的剪切强度比时效前均有所下降,但纳米Cr颗粒的添加使焊点保持了良好的剪切强度,时效后焊点钎料区显微硬度比时效前有所上升,但也始终保持在30HV0.1以下.     

Ag颗粒增强复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变断裂及强化机理研究

测定了不同应力和温度下Ag颗粒增强复合钎料及基体钎料63Sn37Pb钎焊接头蠕变寿命,分析了Ag颗粒增强复合钎料及基体钎料钎焊接头蠕变断裂机理.表明:Ag颗粒增强复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命优于基体钎料;Ag颗粒表面Ag-Sn金属间化合物形成及Ag颗粒对富Pb层阻碍作用是复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变性能提高的主要因素;钎焊接头Cu基板上一薄层富Pb相区形成是蠕变裂纹主要原因.     

Sn2.5Ag0.7CuxRE钎料时效焊点界面IMC研究

以Sn2.5Ag0.7CuxRE/Cu钎焊为研究对象,借助于扫描电镜和X衍射检测手段,研究了二硫化钼介质下时效焊点界面IMC组织结构特征及生长行为。实验结果表明:时效焊点界面Cu6Sn5IMC呈现由波浪状→扇贝状→层状的形态变化。焊点界面Cu6Sn5和Cu3Sn IMC的生长厚度与时效时间平方根呈线性关系,Cu6Sn5IMC具有较小的生长激活能、较大的生长系数。添加0.1%(质量分数)RE时,界面Cu6Sn5和Cu3Sn IMC的生长激活能最大,分别为81.74 kJ/mol和92.25 kJ/mol,对应焊点剪切强度最高。     

时效对平面接触型铜/铝设备线夹组织结构及性能的影响

采用超声波浸锡-铅合金钎焊技术制备平面接触型铜/铝设备线夹。通过150℃长时间保温(直至720h)的人工时效,研究线夹在高温运行条件下的显微组织结构变化及其对线夹结合性能、电学性能产生的影响。结果表明:时效导致线夹铜板与锡-铅合金钎料界面间形成由Cu6Sn5和Cu3Sn构成的金属间化合物(IMC)层,同时在IMC层前沿的锡-铅钎料中形成富铅层。时效过程中,IMC层遵守抛物线生长规律,生长系数k=3.5×10-17 m2/s。随着时效的进行,线夹的剪切强度持续降低,时效720℃后,剪切强度下降近20%。线夹的断裂机制也由沿钎料内部的韧性断裂向沿富铅层的脆性断裂转变;同时线夹的电阻率也明显升高。     

回流冷却与等温时效过程中Sn-35Bi-1Ag/Ni-P/Cu焊点组织演变

通过回流焊接方法,采用水、炉两种冷却方式分别制备了Sn-35Bi-1Ag/Ni-P/Cu快、慢冷钎焊接头。利用等温时效法对两种焊点界面IMCs层的生长动力学进行研究。采用SEM和EDS对界面层的微观结构和物相组成进行表征。结果表明:快冷条件的钎焊界面为(Ni,Cu)3Sn4+Ni3P的复合结构;慢冷条件下界面结构为(Ni,Cu)3Sn4+Ni3P+(Cu,Ni)6Sn5。等温时效过程中Ni-P层逐渐消耗,(Ni,Cu)3Sn4生长变慢,(Cu,Ni)6Sn5生长遵循时间的平方根动力学,界面IMCs的生长表现为扩散机制控制。两种焊点界面层最终均演化为(Cu,Ni)6Sn5+(Ni,Cu)3Sn4+(Cu,Ni)6Sn5的复合结构。钎焊时效中慢冷焊点IMCs层厚度均大于同等条件的快冷IMCs层,慢冷时界面层IMCs生长速率为4.670×10-18 m2/s,快冷时为3.816×10-18 m2/s,表明钎焊冷却速率影响钎焊及服役过程中焊点的老化行为。     

耐高温瞬时液相连接无铅钎焊接头的时效稳定性

通过瞬时液相(TLP)连接的互连工艺,采用Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag复合钎料,制备Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag复合钎料/Cu接头.采用SEM观察恒温时效过程中接头的组织,结合EDS对比不同工艺下试样接头组织,并对接头性能进行对比分析.结果表明:随着Ag颗粒含量的增加,Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag/Cu接头耐高温(300℃)服役性能随之提高;Ag含量为25％(质量分数)时接头在高于基体钎料熔点(217℃)83℃下服役15天未断裂,且抗拉强度为25.74 MPa,达到了低温焊接、高温服役的目的;与Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu/Cu接头相比,随着时效的进行,Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag复合钎料/Cu接头焊缝组织中残余的Ag颗粒不断溶解,并在接头界面附近产生大量Ag3 Sn化合物,而大量的块状Ag3 Sn化合物可以有效抑制焊缝中Sn元素向Cu基板扩散,达到抑制Cu3 Sn层生长的目的;在200℃服役温度条件下,随着时效的进行,Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag复合钎料/Cu接头力学性能先下降后上升,然后再下降并趋于稳定,且力学性能稳定性比Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu/Cu接头要好.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...