Developing Biotechnology Clusters in Non-high Technology Regions—The Case of Austria

This paper explores the role of distant knowledge links and policy actions for the development of biotechnology clusters. It seeks to challenge the prevailing view that the birth and early development of high technology industries are always spontaneous phenomena which are mainly based on local knowledge. Departing from the theoretical concept of regional innovation systems (RIS), a distinction between “RIS with strong potentials for high technology industries” and “RIS with weak potentials for high technology industries” will be drawn. It will be argued that in the latter case the development of biotechnology clusters is more dependent on distant knowledge sources and proactive policy efforts to create a favourable environment for high technology activities. Furthermore, it will be shown that a far-reaching transformation of the regional innovation system is crucial for catching-up processes of regions which are latecomers in high technology sectors such as biotechnology.     

The Business Governance of Localized Knowledge: An Information Economics Approach for the Economics of Knowledge

Information economics provides important tools to articulate an economics analysis of the governance mechanisms for the generation and exploitation of localized technological knowledge. A variety of hybrid forms of knowledge governance ranging from coordinated transactions and constructed interactions to quasi-hierarchies can be found between the two unrealistic extremes of pure markets and pure organizations. The notion of localized technological knowledge as a highly heterogeneous dynamic process characterized by varying levels of appropriability, tacitness, unpredictability and indivisibility, which take the forms of complementarity and modularity, cumulability, compositeness, fungibility, helps to grasp the logic behind the variety of knowledge governance mechanisms at work. The analysis of transaction, agency and communication costs provides basic guidance to elaborate an integrated framework able to understand the matching between types of knowledge and modes and mechanisms of knowledge governance both in generation and exploitation.     

Knowledge in Regional Economic Growth—The Role of Knowledge Accessibility

This paper analyzes the role of knowledge in regional economic growth by focusing on knowledge accessibility. The research question is the following: can the variation in knowledge accessibility between regions in a given period explain the variation in growth performance of regions in subsequent periods? A main assumption in the paper is that knowledge accessibility transforms into potential knowledge flows. Our results show that differences in growth of value-added per employee across regions can be explained by differences in knowledge accessibility. Intra-municipal and intra-regional knowledge accessibilities are significant and capable of explaining a significant share of the variation in growth of value-added per employee between Swedish municipalities. However, inter-regional knowledge accessibility turned out to be insignificant. This is interpreted as a clear indication of spatial dependence in the sense that the knowledge resources in a given municipality tend to have a positive effect on the growth of other municipalities, conditional on that the municipalities belong to the same functional region. Thus, the results of the analysis indicate that knowledge flows transcend municipal borders, but that they tend to be bound within functional regions.     

知识互动共享视角——区域创新环境机理研究

创新本质上是知识再创造的动态过程。知识既是创新不可缺少的投入要素，又是创新的最终目标和产出。在介绍隐性知识传播障碍的基础上，分析了区域创新优势，从知识互动共享视角阐释了区域创新环境机理。     

A Knowledge Based Approach to Integrated Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Analysis

1IntroductionBDARanalysisisacomPlexworkaildakindofanalysistechniquewhichcanbeusedtodetenninebattledaInagemodeanditsrecoverysotgyHavingnoeffectivewaysfordeteninningBDARinfonnationcurrently,wehavetodirechytakeoraPplysomeresearchmethodswhichareuscdinreliabilitymaintainability,survivability,vulnerability,weaponefficiencyandsoon,suchasFMEA/DMEA,MA,FTA,andvulnerabilityanalysis.Theseinfonnationandanalysisresultscomefromtheexperienceandki1owledgeofthedomainexpertS.Therefore,thispaPerprovides…     

Leveraging Lead User Knowledge in Software Development—The Case of Weblog Technology

Firms increasingly rely upon information technology (IT) to manage organizational knowledge, though this does not inevitably result in increased knowledge sharing. In contrast, we know that in the case of non-commercial open software development, IT plays a central role in knowledge sharing between software developers. This paper acknowledges the impact of a blogosphere—a system of connected weblogs (i.e. personalized and informal publications on the Internet in reverse chronological order)—on the motivation of lead users to develop commercial software together with the employees of a large for-profit organization. On the basis of multi-method data, collected over a 28-month period, our results indicate parallels to the field of open source software: we argue that weblog technology and its features evoke intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to engage in knowledge sharing within a commercial software development project.     

知识发现——创新的源泉与保障

文章在简述了创新的基本概念及其重大意义与作用后，从知识在创新中的地位作用和获取应用的角度，把知识分为显性知识与隐性知识两大类，进而，把隐性知识划分为主观隐性知识、客观隐性知识和主客观交叉的隐性知识等三种，并分别进行了论述。从实现创新的过程及其对知识的需求，论证了知识发现是创新的源泉与保障，针对三种不同的隐性知识积压自的特质，阐述了知识挖掘、知识显化和知识提炼等三种相应的知识发现的概念，特征及其研究的现状与趋势。     

The Value of Information in Aggregate Production Planning—A Behavioral Experiment

The effects of demand forecast reliability and forecast horizon length on human aggregate production planning decisions relative to mathematically derived Linear Decision Rules (LDRs) were examined in this behavioral experiment. The cost performance of human decisions, although inferior to the LDRs, improved with more reliable forecasts, and increased forecast horizons. The percent difference between human performance and the LDR's, however, decreased as forecasts became increasingly uncertain, but increased as forecast horizon lengthened. The theoretical and practical implications of the results for decision making are discussed.     

Sharing Tacit Knowledge Online: A Case Study of e-Learning in Cisco's Network of System Integrator Partner Firms

This paper contributes to an ongoing debate about the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the interpersonal sharing of tacit knowledge. Drawing upon the philosophical writings of Michael Polanyi and an original case study of e-learning in Cisco Systems, the paper challenges the widespread argument that ICT-mediated communication is inadequate for the sharing of tacit knowledge. The main conclusion is that advanced e-learning systems—particularly remote laboratories—make possible efficient sharing of tacit knowledge between internationally dispersed technicians. However, successful knowledge-sharing depends crucially on the degree to which the users are motivated to acquire new knowledge online. Motivation can be facilitated through the participation in online networks of practice, but in order to access and benefit from these networks people require a certain threshold level of technical relevant knowledge, which is the most easily generated in local communities of practice.     

知识创新随机过程最大熵模型

根据创新知识的形成受已有相关知识影响的假设，综合运用概率统计、最优化、最大熵原理构建了知识创新随机过程最大熵模型，给出了以已有知识x∈X为约束的新知识y∈Y的条件概率p(y|x)。模型具有随机性与因果性对立统一的特点。     

The regional network capital index in Mexico from 2012 to 2016

Based-off the regional development theory developed from knowledge and innovation, Huggins & Thompson [1] have proposed the concept of Network Capital, which aims to explain the importance of knowledge flow, knowledge absorptive capacity and investments on associations between firms and Universities or Scientific Centers or other firms in order to increase regional development. This paper used empirical data from Mexico for the period 2012–2016 to propose an alternative to the calculation of Network Capital at State level as an alternative to the Huggins and Thompson proposal. The data used cover all the 32 Mexican States about innovation activities. On this paper is shown the deep differences between Mexican States about the knowledge qualities, the absorptive capacity of knowledge and the investments on strategic associations, it that might be typical at non-innovation Nations. Although the proposal on this paper cannot be directly compared to that of Huggins and Thompson, both shows evidence that, the greater network capital, the greater the potential development based on knowledge.     

Cluster-Based Technology Policy—The German Experience

The German Federal Government has undertaken a series of particularly interesting policy experiments in the field of technology policy in recent years, a major policy innovation being the explicit recognition of regional clustering aspects in federal support programmes. The paper provides a categorization and assessment of these policy experiments and tries to shed some new light on two fundamental policy questions that are important beyond the German context: (i) can clusters be built by national government policy action? and (ii) is regionalization of technology policy a suitable means of achieving goals at the national level? We find that utilizing the regional level to boost national innovation and competitiveness can—under certain conditions explicated in the paper—indeed be seen as a promising means of achieving national goals. More specifically, we find that InnoRegio type programmes might be particularly useful in regions with distinctive structural problems such as the Central and Eastern European countries, whereas BioRegio type models might be a suitable means of policy‐making at the level of the European Union.     

The Evolution of Knowledge Organization and the Emergence of a Platform for Innovation in the Car Industry

The paper aims at explaining the changes in how economic actors and their organizations acquire and coordinate innovative and productive capabilities. Using the illustrative evidence from organizational change in the automobile industry in Piedmont over the last 50 years, the paper describes how transformations in the structure of interactions between firms are steered by changes in the pattern of specialization and differentiation in the capabilities and technological skills of economic actors. The system is characterized by the emergence of a platform for the coordination of productive and technological activities, which can be seen as a major change in the organization of innovation in the system.     

Modeling and Monitoring Ecological Systems—A Statistical Process Control Approach

Statistical process control monitoring of nonlinear relationships (profiles) has been the subject of much research recently. While attention is primarily given to the statistical aspects of the monitoring techniques, little effort has been devoted to developing a general modeling approach that would introduce ‘uniformity of practice’ in modeling nonlinear profiles (analogously with the three‐sigma limits of Shewhart control charts). In this article, we use response modeling methodology (RMM) to demonstrate implementation of this approach to statistical process control monitoring of ecological relationships. Using 10 ecological models that have appeared in the literature, it is first shown that RMM models can replace (approximate) current ecological models with negligible loss in accuracy. Computer simulation is then used to demonstrate that estimated RMM models and estimated data generating ecological models achieve goodness‐of‐fit that is practically indistinguishable from one another. A regression‐adjusted control scheme, based on control charts for the predicted median and for residuals variation, is developed and demonstrated for three types of ‘out of control’ scenarios. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

开放度、关系网络及知识共享对企业创新绩效的影响

从知识流动方向的视角,将开放度分为内向型开放度和外向型开放度。基于长三角地区制造业企业232份调查问卷所获得的数据,用结构方程模型实证研究了开放度、关系网络及知识共享对企业创新绩效的影响。研究结果表明:1开放度对关系网络和知识共享都有直接的正向影响,且关系网络在开放度对知识共享的影响中发挥了重要的中介作用。2开放度和知识共享对创新绩效具有直接的正向影响。3关系网络对创新绩效没有显著的直接正向影响,但可以通过知识共享间接影响创新绩效。     

基于因特网的知识管理工具的设计

基于因特网的知识管理工具能够支持企业有效、快速地识别、获取、开发、分解、储存和传递知识 ,从而使每个员工在最大限度地贡献出其积累的知识的同时 ,也能享用他人的知识 ,实现知识共享 .本文主要介绍了一个基于因特网知识管理工具的设计思想、框架及所用的知识管理模型等 .知识管理模型包括知识结构图、知识利用图、知识分布图以及知识传递图等     

Effective Utilization of Industrial Robots—A Job and Skills Analysis Approach

The comparative abilities and limitations of industrial robots and humans are reviewed. This comparison leads to the development of a robot oriented job and skills analysis method with a two-fold objective: 1) to optimize a robot's task-performance, and 2) to guide the specification of the appropriate robot for given tasks. An example of water pump assembly by a robot is used to illustrate the proposed method and its usefulness.     

展望服务科学

阐述服务及服务过程的特点、服务业的重要性.指出人是组成服务系统的核心要素.基于人的"有限理性"特征,论述服务科学的基础理论体系是"行为运筹学"、"行为统计学'和"行为信息学".同时,提出现阶段应开展研究的若干关键科学问题.     

基于协同设计的老年知识社群构建策略探究

目的 在积极老龄化的背景下,分析社区中老年知识社群的形式内容,并探究其构建策略,使得社群的知识内容能更符合老年人多样化的学习需求,社群的组织发展能获得其他社会力量的资源支持。方法 分析协同设计方法的理论文献,研究老年人协同设计项目的创新案例,挖掘现有可借鉴的实践经验。结论 在中国老龄化的语境下,提出了四个老年知识社群的构建策略,即建立相互信任的设计团队、构建本土化的设计主题、提供共享理解的设计工具、吸收多元化的社会力量。