Noise and interference in measured NMR images

This article describes the measurement and evaluation of noise and interference in experiments with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Their presence in experimental results causes irreversible artefacts in measured images or errors in the calculated values of investigated quantities. Noise in the signal also reduces the sensitivity of the measuring instrument. From the point of view of results, there is no significant difference between noise and interference. Both signals are multi-frequency or have a changing frequency, meaning that they must be characterised using their power or root mean square (RMS) values of voltage or current. The RMS voltage at the output of the NMR receiver with a receive coil in its input was measured using an NMR console and compared to thermal noise voltages of known sources, e.g. resistors with known resistivity in the input of their receiver. The comparison indicates the possible inherence of interference. The noise measurement using the console was performed in two ways: using an acquisition only and using a complete measuring NMR sequence, which resulted in an image. The results served to test the quality of the hardware used for NMR experiments. It has been proven that the presented method is suitable for testing and improving the signal-to-noise ratio of NMR scanners without the need for the accumulation of seldom-used expensive instrumentation.     

新型纳米阻抗显微镜前置放大器的设计

基于扫描隧道显微镜的新型纳米阻抗显微镜（STM-NIM）能够测量材料表面的纳米微区阻抗性质并具有分辨率高的突出优点，但传统STM前置放大器的频率带宽不能满足STM-NIM测量模式的要求，因而需要设计新型前置放大器。STM-NIM前置放大器必须在噪声和频率带宽两方面同时具有非常优良的性能。本文利用STM及NIM信号的特点，通过将信号一分为二并对电路进行优化，研制出了满足STM-NIM测量要求的新型前置放大器。测试表明，该前置放大器能同时用于NIM阻抗测量和STM形貌扫描；其NIM信号的频率带宽达到300kHz；其STM信号的噪声约为0．8mV，能满足原子级分辨成像的要求。     

光纤光栅微弱信号检测的解调电路

为了在光纤光栅匹配解调系统中实现对光纤光栅微弱信号的检测与处理,在应用微弱光电信号检测原理的基础上设计一种高信噪比、高检测精度的解调电路,该解调电路采用低噪声电路元件参数选取原则和前置放大器设计的一般方法,在雪崩光电二极管与信号数模转换之间采用互阻放大器、巴特沃斯滤波电路和多级放大电路,实现了电路的最佳噪声匹配,有效地抑制了电路的噪声和干扰。该解调电路在光纤光栅匹配解调系统中具有很高的信噪比和测量精度,且具有很好的灵敏度,在测量低频率振动信号试验中具有优异的性能。实验表明:该电路解调系统在25～200 Hz正弦激励振动信号下具有很好的低噪声性能,精确的测试出振动信号,同时该电路所采用的方法与措施对其他测量系统也有借鉴意义。     

降低传感器调理电路噪声的研究

本文通过对高精度表面轮廓传感器调理电路的研究,总结出降低传感器调理电路噪声的分析方法和具体措施。选用同步积分器代替ＲＣ有源带通滤器,并配以同步解调器构成窄频带测量系统,有效地抑制了电路的噪声和干扰。提出电路参数选取原则和前置放大器设计的一般方法。在传感器与放大器之间采用输入变压器作为阻抗匹配,获得前置放大器的最佳源电阻,实现电路的最佳噪声匹配,所研究的调理电路与自制表面轮廓传感器配合,成功地检测出１ｎｍ的微小位移。本文给出的分析方法与措施,对其它测量系统有借鉴意义。     

基于小波变换的低场脉冲核磁共振系统高斯白噪声估计

介绍了以小波分析理论为基础，结合小波阈值去噪算法找到一种有效的噪声分离方法。采用该方法从实际低场脉冲核磁共振系统噪声信号中分离出高斯白噪声并对其进行了参数估计。该方法还可以用于其它信号处理领域高斯白噪声的估计。     

提高光纤传感测量精度的方法研究

采用激光干涉原理实现了微位移光纤传感测量.通过对光学系统和光电检测系统的研究,总结出提高光纤传感测量精度的方法,文中对微弱光信号的相位调制,数字解理过程,给出了低噪声设计的理论依据,电路参数的选取原则和预放级设计的一般方法.系统微位移测试精度约0.05nm.     

Wide-band current preamplifier for conductance measurements with large input capacitance

A wide-band current preamplifier based on a composite operational amplifier is proposed. It has been shown that the bandwidth of the preamplifier can be significantly increased by enhancing the effective open-loop gain. The described 10(7) V/A current gain preamplifier had the bandwidth of about 100 kHz with the 1 nF input shunt capacitance. The measured preamplifier current noise was 46 fA/Hz at 1 kHz, close to the design noise minimum. The voltage noise was found to be about 2.9 nV/Hz at 1 kHz, which is in a good agreement with the value expected for the particular operational amplifier used in the input stage. By analysing the total produced noise we found that the optimal frequency range suitable for the fast lock-in measurements is from 1 kHz to 2 kHz. To obtain the same signal-to-noise ratio, the reported preamplifier requires ～10% of the integration time needed in measurements made with a conventional preamplifier.     

磨削温度信号的测量与分析

在磨削力的研究和磨削加工过程监控中都需要测量磨削温度。通过试验和理论计算,研究了磨削区的最高磨削温度及热电偶测温技术。试验采用对合金钢38MnSiVS6进行平面磨削加工,使用人工热电偶测量磨削接触区的最高温度。通过对测量温度值与理论计算值进行比对分析研究,发现试验结果与采用热模型理论的计算结果基本一致。研究结果还表明,热电偶结的大小对信号的可靠性和准确性有很大的影响。影响测量精度的其他因素还包括热电偶时间常数,高速流动的冷却液,信噪比的改善等。     

高性能LVDT位移传感器调理电路设计

通用型LVDT信号调理电路在弹性体试验机中存在信噪比低,带宽不能满足高频闭环位移控制的要求。文章通过预放大和外置四阶低通滤波器设计并实现了一种改进型LVDT位移调理电路,使用结果表明,该改进型设计满足弹性体试验机这类特殊应用对于高性噪比和高带宽的要求。     

Measuring information signal parameters under additive non-Gaussian correlated noise

Issues related to measuring the information parameters of signals reflected from an object under correlated additive non-Gaussian noise are considered. It is shown that in the presence of correlated non-Gaussian noise, increasing the correlation coefficient increases the generalized signal/noise ratio, which, in turn, improves the measurement accuracy of signal parameters. The obtained dependences confirm that the measurement error of signal information parameters is affected not only by the generalized signal/noise ratio, but also by accounting for the non-Gaussian nature of the additive noise, which leads to a significant improvement in the measurement accuracy of these parameters.     

基于支持向量回归的小尺寸零件精密测量

为提高小尺寸零件测量精度和速度,提出了基于支持向量回归(SVR)的小尺寸零件精密测量方法。系统以齿形链板为研究对象,对其主要参数进行测量。系统采用透射照明方式,使用A102FCCD数字摄像头采集齿形链板的图像,经过IEEE1394数字接口卡传输到计算机。对含有噪声的原始数字图像实施中值滤波降噪、二值化,轮廓提取及图像旋转等处理,使图像转变成易于检测的单像素宽边缘信息。然后根据齿形链板长度与宽度比例确定待检测区域,以待检测区域内的边缘轮廓上的各像素点构成对应线段的训练集,进行支持向量回归,获得具有亚像素表示的各检测线段的回归函数,并据此对齿形链板的主要参数进行测量。最后,对测量误差进行了分析。测量结果满足零件的公差要求,测量精度可达2 μm。理论分析及实验结果表明,该方法测量速度快,测量精度高,同时对图像平面内旋转、尺度变化、噪声等具有较强的鲁棒性。     

A gain and bandwidth enhanced transimpedance preamplifier for Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

The nature of the ion signal from a 12-T Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer and the electronic noise were studied to further understand the electronic detection limit. At minimal cost, a new transimpedance preamplifier was designed, computer simulated, built, and tested. The preamplifier design pushes the electronic signal-to-noise performance at room temperature to the limit, because of its enhanced tolerance of the capacitance of the detection device, lower intrinsic noise, and larger flat mid-band gain (input current noise spectral density of around 1 pA/√Hz when the transimpedance is about 85 dBΩ). The designed preamplifier has a bandwidth of ~3 kHz to 10 MHz, which corresponds to the mass-to-charge ratio, m/z, of approximately 18 to 61 k at 12 T. The transimpedance and the bandwidth can be easily adjusted by changing the value of passive components. The feedback limitation of the circuit is discussed. With the maximum possible transimpedance of 5.3 MΩ when using an 0402 surface mount resistor, the preamplifier was estimated to be able to detect ~110 charges in a single scan.     

Adaptive parameter identification of servo control systems with noise and high-frequency uncertainties

When identifying the parameters of practical servo systems, the high-frequency system modes are frequently neglected in order to simplify the model. Additionally, avoiding measurement noise in physical experiments is virtually impossible Therefore, selecting an appropriate excitation signal is essential. Specifying white noise, or other such signals, as the input signal may cause the excitation of high-frequency uncertainties, which affects the reliability of the parameter identification process. The current study proposes a novel approach in which a particular class of chaotic signal is employed as the excitation signal in an adaptive parameter identification process. Since chaotic signals typically have stationary, continuous, and band-limited power spectra, they are suitable for on-line parameter identification. The present numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the use of a chaotic excitation signal in the identification process causes the estimated system parameters to converge within identifiable ranges, even when the system includes measurement noise and high-frequency uncertainties. The current results also show that there is good agreement between the dynamics of the real system and those of the estimated model within the operation bandwidth.     

Ultra-low-noise preamplifier for condenser microphones

The paper presents the design of a low-noise preamplifier dedicated for condenser measurement microphones used in high sensitivity applications, in which amplifier noise is the main factor limiting sensitivity of the measurements. In measurement microphone preamplifiers, the dominant source of noise at lower frequencies is the bias resistance of the input stage. In the presented solution, resistors were connected to the input stage by means of switches. The switches are opened during measurements, which disconnects the resistors from the input stage and results in noise reduction. Closing the switches allows for fast charging of the microphone capacitance. At low frequencies the noise of the designed preamplifier is a few times lower in comparison to similar, commercially available instruments.     

四极质谱检测中复合放大器的低噪声高带宽设计

四极质谱峰信号是10-11A到10-6A级的微弱电流,并且快速变化,所以在大动态范围内实现低噪声和高带宽是设计关键。设计一种开环增益(ac)可调整的同相输入复合跨阻抗放大器,分析ac对信号和噪声的作用。在较低放大倍率时,改变ac后同相输入复合放大器会降低自身产生的噪声,实现低噪声;在较高放大倍率时,改变ac后同相输入复合放大器能扩展被极高阻值的反馈电阻和寄生电容降低的信号带宽。实验结果表明：与反相输入复合放大器相比,同相输入复合放大器在106-107V/A放大时能降低5-30%噪声,在108V/A放大时扩展带宽1.8倍并提高10-15%质谱峰强度,提高了质谱峰的信噪比。     

Precision of light intensity measurement in biological optical microscopy

Standardization and calibration of optical microscopy systems have become an important issue owing to the increasing role of biological imaging in high‐content screening technology. The proper interpretation of data from high‐content screening imaging experiments requires detailed information about the capabilities of the systems, including their available dynamic range, sensitivity and noise. Currently available techniques for calibration and standardization of digital microscopes commonly used in cell biology laboratories provide an estimation of stability and measurement precision (noise) of an imaging system at a single level of signal intensity. In addition, only the total noise level, not its characteristics (spectrum), is measured. We propose a novel technique for estimation of temporal variability of signal and noise in microscopic imaging. The method requires registration of a time series of images of any stationary biological specimen. The subsequent analysis involves a multi‐step process, which separates monotonic, periodic and random components of every pixel intensity change in time. The technique allows simultaneous determination of dark, photonic and multiplicative components of noise present in biological measurements. Consequently, a respective confidence interval (noise level) is obtained for each level of signal. The technique is validated using test sets of biological images with known signal and noise characteristics. The method is also applied to assess uncertainty of measurement obtained with two CCD cameras in a wide‐field microscope.     

舰船显控台冷却风扇噪声控制与仿真优化研究

显控台是舰船电子信息系统的重要组成部分。为研究舰船显控台冷却风扇噪声特性,有效控制冷却风扇噪声值,首先对冷却风扇噪声源进行理论分析,采用频谱试验方法对显控台冷却风扇噪声进行识别;然后从冷却风扇的结构参数、性能参数和空间匹配参数优化入手,提出冷却风扇优化设计和噪声控制方法;最后运用声学仿真的方法对比分析优化后冷却风扇与原冷却风扇的气动声学性能,得出优化后的冷却风扇的噪声声压级比原风扇降低了6.6 dB。该研究降低了舰船显控台冷却风扇的噪声,可为风扇的声学降噪设计提供可靠的分析和指导。     

杂散电容对交流法微电容测量电路噪声特性影响的分析

对电容成像交流法微电容测量电路由杂散电容导致的测量噪声进行了研究.利用运算放大器的噪声模型,对运算放大器输入电压噪声、输人电流噪声以及周边电阻元件的热噪声通过杂散电容作用于交流法微电容测量电路输出的影响进行了理论分析,给出了测量电路输出中噪声峰峰值的理论计算公式并进行了实验验证.理论分析及实验结果表明:交流法微电容测量电路前级运算放大器输入电压噪声通过测量端与地之间的杂散电容形成的噪声是该微电容测量电路输出噪声的主要来源.最后给出了电容成像系统前级运算放大器选型的指导原则.     

基于虚拟仪器的超声波高精度测时系统

提出了一种基于相位法测量超声波信号时间延迟的测量技术,建立了超声波信号飞行时间测量的数学模型。针对超声波测量要求响应速度快、单次测量精度高的要求,依据信号相位匹配原理对超声波信号时延估计的理论和方法进行了理论推导与仿真,得出基于相位法的时间测量精度受接收信号信噪比的影响。通过虚拟仪器平台的实验,表明该测量系统的信号传播时间测量具有ns级的测量精度。     

Broadband transmit/receive circuit for NMR

This note describes a circuit being used in a 5-60 MHz pulsed FT NMR system to deliver the transmitter pulse efficiently to the sample probe and then with good signal-to-noise ratio to couple the resulting NMR signal from the probe into the preamplifier.