Behaviour and strength of hollow flange channel sections under torsion and bending

Hollow flange channel section is a cold-formed high-strength and thin-walled steel section with a unique shape including two rectangular hollow flanges and a slender web. Due to its mono-symmetric characteristics, it will also be subjected to torsion when subjected to transverse loads in practical applications. Past research on steel beams subject to torsion has concentrated on open sections while very few steel design standards give suitable design rules for torsion design. Since the hollow flange channel section is different from conventional open sections, its torsional behaviour remains unknown to researchers. Therefore the elastic behaviour of hollow flange channel sections subject to uniform and non-uniform torsion, and combined torsion and bending was investigated using the solutions of appropriate differential equilibrium equations. The section torsion shear flow, warping normal stress distribution, and section constants including torsion constant and warping constant were obtained. The results were compared with those from finite element analyses that verified the accuracy of analytical solutions. Parametric studies were undertaken for simply supported beams subject to a uniformly distributed torque and a uniformly distributed transverse load applied away from the shear centre. This paper presents the details of this research into the elastic behaviour and strength of hollow flange channel sections subject to torsion and bending and the results.     

Experimental studies of the shear behaviour and strength of lipped channel beams with web openings

Cold-formed steel members are increasingly used as primary structural elements in the building industries around the world due to the availability of thin and high strength steels and advanced cold-forming technologies. Cold-formed lipped channel beams (LCB) are commonly used as flexural members such as floor joists and bearers. However, their shear capacities are determined based on conservative design rules. Current practice in flooring systems is to include openings in the web element of floor joists or bearers so that building services can be located within them. Shear behaviour of LCBs with web openings is more complicated while their shear strengths are considerably reduced by the presence of web openings. However, limited research has been undertaken on the shear behaviour and strength of LCBs with web openings. Hence a detailed experimental study involving 40 shear tests was undertaken to investigate the shear behaviour and strength of LCBs with web openings. Simply supported test specimens of LCBs with aspect ratios of 1.0 and 1.5 were loaded at mid-span until failure. This paper presents the details of this experimental study and the results of their shear capacities and behavioural characteristics. Experimental results showed that the current design rules in cold-formed steel structures design codes are very conservative for the shear design of LCBs with web openings. Improved design equations have been proposed for the shear strength of LCBs with web openings based on the experimental results from this study.     

Cross-sectional flexural capacity of cold-formed laterally-restrained steel rectangular hollow flange beams

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive experimental-numerical study aimed at determining the flexural performance of cold-formed laterally-restrained steel rectangular hollow flange beams (RHFBs). Two RHFBs of different dimensions were considered as representative of typical secondary beams in small steel-framed houses. Results of the experimental study that consisted of (i) material characterisation and (ii) tests on full-scale specimens are thoroughly presented. Moreover, a numerical work was performed in order to develop a model able to reproduce the experimental outcomes and used to expand the available findings over a wider slenderness range through parametric studies.     

FRP strengthening of lean duplex stainless steel hollow sections subjected to web crippling

This paper presents the experimental and numerical investigations of lean duplex stainless steel hollow sections subjected to web crippling. The test specimens were strengthened with different fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP). The web crippling tests were conducted under end-two-flange, interior-two-flange, end-one-flange and interior-one-flange loading conditions. A series of web crippling tests was conducted. The investigation was focused on the effects of surface treatment, web slenderness, different adhesives and FRPs for the strengthening of lean duplex stainless steel hollow sections against web crippling. The lean duplex stainless steel type EN 1.4162 was used in the investigation. Two different surface treatments, three different adhesives and six different FRPs were investigated in this study. The tests were performed on five different sizes of square and rectangular hollow sections that covered a wide range of web slenderness ratio from 8.1 to 57.3. Three different failure modes were observed in the tests of the strengthened specimens, namely the adhesion, interlaminar failure of FRP plate and combination of adhesion and interlaminar failure of FRP plate. Finite element models have been developed and verified against the test results of the specimens subjected to two-flange loading conditions.     

Direct strength method of design for shear including sections with longitudinal web stiffeners

The paper describes the recently balloted Direct Strength Method (DSM) of design for shear of the North American Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members NAS S100. The method requires the shear buckling load V_cr of the complete section to be computed. Shear buckling examples of channel sections in pure shear using both the semi-analytical and spline finite strip buckling analyses are presented. Recent work on the buckling and strength of channel sections in pure shear with rectangular and triangular web stiffeners is also described.     

Behaviour,failure and DSM design of cold-formed steel beams: Influence of the load point of application

This work presents and discusses the results of an ongoing numerical investigation on the buckling, post-buckling, collapse and design of cold-formed steel beams subjected to non-uniform bending due to transverse loadings acting away from the shear centre (either at the top or bottom flange). These results consist of (i) elastic buckling loads and modes, obtained through analyses based on Generalised Beam Theory (GBT), and (ii) elastic–plastic equilibrium paths and collapse loads, yielded by Ansys geometrically and materially non-linear shell finite element analyses. The numerical ultimate strength values are compared with their estimates provided by the current Direct Strength Method (DSM) strength curves and, on the basis of this comparison, it is possible to assess the merits of the DSM approach to design beams subjected to transverse loadings acting away from the shear centre – moreover, novel features that may improve the performance of this approach are identified.     

钢丝网复合砂浆加固RC梁二次受力受弯试验研究

本文对用钢丝网复合砂浆薄层加固的二次受力钢筋混凝土梁进行了正截面受弯试验研究。通过对加固形式为U形三面加固的5根钢筋混凝土加固梁和1根未加固的对比梁的二次受力正截面受弯试验,研究了这种加固技术对二次受力钢筋混凝土梁受弯承载力的影响和作用。试验中测量了构件加固后的开裂荷载、极限荷载、钢筋应变和钢丝网应变,对比了加固与未加固构件的裂缝开展情况、跨中挠度以及极限荷载,并研究了用钢丝网复合砂浆薄层加固的梁在二次受力情况下可能产生的破坏形式等。试验结果表明,钢丝网复合砂浆薄层可以明显地提高二次受力钢筋混凝土梁的受弯承载力,提高抗裂性能,增强构件的刚度。在平截面假定的基础上求出试件的极限承载力,与试验结果吻合较好。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of cold-formed stainless steel tubular sections subjected to concentrated bearing load

Experimental and numerical investigations of cold-formed stainless steel square and rectangular hollow sections subjected to concentrated bearing load are presented in this paper. A total of 124 data are presented that include 64 test results and 60 numerical results. The tests were performed on austenitic stainless steel type 304, high strength austenitic and duplex material. The measured web slenderness value of the tubular sections ranged from comparatively stocky webs of 6.2 to relatively more slender webs of 61.4. The tests were carried out under end and interior loading conditions. A non-linear finite element model is developed and verified against experimental results. Geometric and material non-linearities were included in the finite element model. The material nonlinearity of the flat and corner portions of the specimen sections were carefully incorporated in the model. It was shown that the finite element model closely predicted the web crippling strengths and failure modes of the tested specimens. Hence, the model was used for an extensive parametric study of cross-section geometries, and the web slenderness value ranged from 52.0 to 206.7. The test results and the web crippling strengths predicted from the finite element analysis were compared with the design strengths obtained using the American, Australian/New Zealand and European specifications for stainless steel structures. A unified web crippling equation with new coefficients for cold-formed stainless steel square and rectangular hollow sections subjected to concentrated bearing load is proposed. It is demonstrated that the proposed web crippling equation is safe and reliable using reliability analysis.     

简支槽形钢-混凝土组合梁的试验研究

槽形钢-混凝土组合梁是近年来提出的一种新型下承式桥梁结构。对截面尺寸几何比例为1∶3、构件长度比例为1∶4的简支单线槽形组合梁模型进行两点对称加载的静力试验。对槽形组合梁的抗弯承载力、刚度、应力和裂缝分布特征等基本受力性能开展研究。试验结果表明,通过栓钉连接,试验模型中钢板与混凝土的协同工作性能良好,最终破坏时,表现出较明显的弯曲破坏形态。梁上翼缘的侧向水平位移整体形态为支座处外张,中部内收,但其最大值远小于梁跨中的竖向挠度,表明该模型截面具有良好的抗扭性能。钢梁底板纵向应力沿板宽的分布表现出一定的剪力滞现象,混凝土底板的剪力滞效应不及前者明显。采用截面分析法对模型梁的承载力和变形进行计算分析,其结果与试验结果吻合良好。此外,通过抗弯承载力分析表明,槽形钢-混凝土组合梁的极限抗弯承载力不能套用全截面应力的矩形图分布模式进行计算,应考虑适当折减。     

超高强混凝土型钢组合长柱静力性能试验研究

为解决目前规范中缺乏超高强混凝土型钢组合柱设计方法和静力受压试验研究不够深入的问题,开展了5个轴心受压和4个偏心受压的立方体抗压强度为120 MPa超高强混凝土型钢长柱的静力试验,通过考察其破坏形态、轴力-挠度曲线、轴力-竖向位移曲线和轴力-应变曲线,研究了长细比、相对偏心距和箍筋间距对其静力性能的影响.试验结果表明:...     

负弯矩区腹板开洞钢-混凝土组合梁承载力试验研究与理论分析

通过外挑钢-混凝土组合梁的单调加载试验和有限元分析,研究负弯矩区腹板开洞对其受力性能的影响,并基于弯剪承载力相互作用的准则,提出承载力理论计算方法。结果表明：截面开洞显著降低了组合梁的承载能力和刚度;最终破坏形式为洞口上方混凝土板的剪切破坏;组合梁承载能力随着截面削弱的加大而降低;洞口补强板可减轻洞口区域应力集中,进而提高组合梁的承载力;承载力随着洞口中心线与支座距离减小（即弯剪比的增大）而减小。应用建议的负弯矩区腹板开洞组合梁承载力计算方法得到的承载力计算结果与试验及有限元分析结果吻合较好。     

高强冷弯薄壁型钢卷边槽形截面轴压柱畸变屈曲试验研究

本文对550MPa高强冷弯薄壁型钢卷边槽形截面轴压构件畸变屈曲性能进行了试验研究,17根试件的试验结果表明:由于试件局部屈曲一般发生在畸变屈曲之前,促使畸变屈曲提前出现,这种相关作用减弱了构件整体刚度,降低了构件承载力;澳洲规范AS/NZS 4600:1996及北美规范NAS 2004中关于发生畸变屈曲构件承载力的计算方法没有考虑局部屈曲和畸变屈曲相关作用的不利影响。依据试验结果本文提出了一种修正直接强度法的建议计算方法,该法计算结果与试验结果较为接近且偏安全。     

腹板开矩形孔复杂卷边冷弯槽钢梁局部屈曲性能及直接强度法研究

为了研究腹板开孔复杂卷边冷弯槽钢梁的局部屈曲性能，以及探究北美冷弯型钢结构设计规范(AISI S100-2016)中腹板开孔冷弯槽钢梁局部屈曲直接强度法计算公式的可靠性，对孔高比(孔洞高度与腹板高度的比值)分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8的10个腹板开矩形孔复杂卷边冷弯槽钢梁纯弯试件进行了静力试验研究。试验结果表明，开孔和不开孔试件均发生以局部屈曲为主的屈曲破坏模式，与不开孔试件相比，开孔试件的受弯承载力下降，且下降幅度随孔高比的增大而增大。利用ANSYS有限元程序对试验进行了模拟分析，分析结果与试验结果吻合良好；在此基础上，采用经试验验证的有限元模型，通过变换腹板高度、板厚和孔高比开展了有限元参数分析，并根据有限元参数分析结果对已有腹板开孔冷弯槽钢梁的弹性局部屈曲临界应力近似计算公式进行了修正。基于试验结果、有限元参数分析结果以及修正的弹性局部屈曲临界应力近似计算公式，对AISI S100-2016中开孔冷弯槽钢梁发生以局部屈曲为主破坏时的直接强度法计算公式进行了修正。     

General behaviour and effect of rigid and non-rigid end post in stainless steel plate girders loaded in shear. Part II: Extended numerical study and design proposal

After the deep analysis and evaluation of the experimental and numerical results obtained during the described experimental campaign [Estrada I, Real E, Mirambell E. General behaviour and effect of rigid and non-rigid end post in stainless steel plate girders loaded in shear. Part I: Experimental study. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2005 [submitted for publication]], an extended numerical analysis in code ABAQUS [Hibbit, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc., ABAQUS/Standard, Version 6.3. User’s manual. Rhode Island (USA); 2002] has been carried out dealing with the evaluation of the postbuckling strength in stainless steel plate girders. Finally, a proposal of design expressions for predicting their ultimate shear capacity is made since current design specifications dealing with shear resistance included in Eurocode 3, Part 1-4 [European Committee for Standardisation. ENV 1993-1-4. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1.4: General rules—supplementary rules for stainless steel. Brussels; 1996] have been demonstrated to be overly conservative.Taking special attention of the material non-linearity and the rigid or non-rigid condition of the end post, specimens covering a wide range of slenderness and aspect ratios (a/d from 0.5 to 3.0) have been numerically tested. Austenitic and Duplex stainless steel grades, which are the most commonly used in construction, have been evaluated during the whole analysis development.Finally, a new design proposal based on the Rotated Stress Field model developed by Höglund [Höglund T. Shear buckling resistance of steel and aluminium plate girders. Thin-Walled Structures 1998;29(1-4):13-30], adequately adapted to the particular features of stainless steel is presented in order to reach a more optimum use of this relatively modern resistant material in construction.     

Web buckling study of the behaviour and strength of perforated steel beams with different novel web opening shapes

This paper presents an experimental and analytical study on the behaviour of perforated steel beams with closely spaced web openings. Seven specimens including two typical cellular beams (i.e. circular web openings) and five perforated beams with novel web opening shapes were tested to investigate the failure mode and load strength of the web-post between two adjacent web openings. Fourteen numerical test specimens were developed and analysed by the finite element method and the results were compared with the full scale experiments. The effect of web opening spacing/web opening depth of web-posts was studied to investigate the effective ‘strut’ action of the web-post buckling. The effect of the web opening depth/web thickness was also studied to investigate the stability (slenderness) of the web-post subjected to vertical shear load. Two hundred and twenty-fine elastic-plastic finite element analyses were then employed in a comprehensive parametric study to propose an empirical formula which predicts the ultimate vertical shear load strength of web-posts formed from the particular web opening shapes.Perforated beams with standard circular, hexagonal and elongated web openings are mostly used nowadays. Various non-standard web opening shapes are introduced through this paper for first time. These new pioneering web opening shapes improve the structural performance of the perforated beams when examined under the web-post buckling failure mode. In addition, the manufacturing procedure of these non-standard web openings show great advantage in comparison with the manufacturing way of the more popular cellular beams.