基于契约治理的建筑业企业间技术合作与创新绩效研究

建筑业的技术创新与制造业不同,具有组织临时性和分散性的特征,阻碍了知识的交流与创新绩效的提高。基于国内建筑业企业的技术合作实践调查,从契约治理的视角探讨了技术合作对创新绩效的影响机制。研究结果显示,建筑业企业间的技术合作会显著促进创新绩效的提高,但在不同的治理机制下对创新绩效产生不一样的影响:正式契约治理会倒U 型调节建筑业企业间的技术合作对创新绩效的正向影响,关系契约会线性强化建筑业企业间的技术合作对创新绩效的正向影响。建筑业企业间的技术合作应与特定形式的契约治理机制相配合,才能取得更好的创新绩效。     

Globalization and construction industry development: implications of recent developments in the construction sector in Asia

Recent developments in the construction sector in the Asian region demonstrate three trends: (1) larger private sector participation in infrastructure projects, (2) increasing vertical integration in the packaging of construction projects, and (3) increased foreign participation in domestic construction. This paper attributes the trends to the globalization and deregulation of markets necessitated by fiscal, technological and managerial constraints. Although these trends present intra-Asian opportunities, there are also areas of concern. The trends have helped polarize the financial and technical superiority of the developed countries and the corresponding inferiority of the developed countries in the region of the developing ones. In the long term, this gap could be filled through technology transfer. In the short term, however, there are concerns that imported construction services could grow at the expense of the indigenous sectors of the developing countries. This paper illustrates this dilemma with the case of Japan as a world leader in international construction services. Its dominance has apparently come through the orchestration of industrial and corporate policies, implemented in a highly regulated and protected domestic market. However, construction industries in other Asian economies (such as China) will have to leapfrog in technology, finance and management know-how (e.g. through joint ventures with developed countries' construction companies) before they can become formidable powers in an environment that has become much more global, more de-regulated, more open and more competitive than before.     

The effect of Six Sigma projects on innovation and firm performance

The paper develops a theoretical base for the effect of Six Sigma projects on innovation and firm performance. It has been proposed that Six Sigma projects enhance technological innovation of the firms; however, they are beneficial for firms in stable environments. Since Six Sigma programs are focused on variance reduction and efficiency, these initiatives are not very effective in dynamic environments, where the rate of technological change is dramatic. With their emphasis on variance-reduction and efficiency Six Sigma programs can be effective in enhancing incremental innovation. In addition, due to the focus of Six Sigma projects on existing customers, they may impede innovation for new customers. Accordingly, implementing Six Sigma projects in fast pace environments with high level of innovation and change may be a challenge, and may not result in the expected outcome. Building upon theories form process management and quality management the paper proposes several propositions to address the effect of Six Sigma projects on innovation and firm performance.     

Disassembling Bike-Sharing Systems: Surveillance,Advertising, and the Social Inequalities of a Global Technological Assemblage

The rapid expansion of bike-share systems worldwide has been praised as a sign of the environmental movement, with positive consequences for transportation, the economy, and health in urban areas. But is it really possible that politicians, information-technology companies, and global players such as banks and advertising firms have suddenly joined the ranks of those advocating bicycle use for the sake of the environment and a better quality of life in cities? Bike-share systems, like any other artifact, are a technological assemblage formed by technical, cultural, economic, and social factors and actors. When this assemblage stabilizes and is socially accepted, debate cools down and some unresolved features are put aside. We argue that disassembly of the bike-share system, highlighting the use of electronic keys, credit cards, and the strategic location of docks in upmarket urban areas, may enable us to unveil some of its features and reveal a more complex sociotechnical assemblage.     

助推本地研发创新——伊顿中国创新中心实验室落成

2012年7月中下旬，伊顿公司宣布其中国创新中心实验室正式落成，将致力于研发能效管理技术，为本地市场服务，进一步推进公司在中国的发展。     

基于本土企业创新集群的城市创新体系研究——以深圳市为例

本文从城市创新体系理论出发,以深圳市为例,对城市创新体系的演进过程和特征进行了分析。认为构建城市创新体系的关键在于以本土企业为主体,增强城市区域内企业的自主创新能力,促进城市高新技术产业的创新集群。     

Advanced communications and employment creation in rural and peripheral regions: a case study of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland

Over the last decade, the potential of Advanced Communications (ACs) to contribute to regional economic development has been of increasing interest to policy makers. Recent policy in Europe has focused particularly on how ACs can contribute to job creation in peripheral or less favoured regions, through various forms of teleworking. This paper argues that most policy initiatives in this area have been underlain by a conceptual model which assumes that advanced infrastructure and services will contribute to job creation (or preservation) through improving the competitiveness of existing regional firms, particularly SMEs, through enhancing access to core markets. The paper questions the empirical validity of this model and proposes, on the basis of a case study of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, that in reality employment growth is more likely to result from inward investment — from exogenous firms accessing under-utilised regional attributes such as labour supplies — than through growth in indigenous firms.     

新时期下建筑行业物业管理的技术创新研究

指出无论从行业内部的变革、竞争还是信息时代的社会大环境来看,传统建筑行业物业管理的技术创新是必然的大趋势,通过分析建筑行业物业管理技术创新的内涵,阐明了我国物业管理必须走技术创新之路,并提出了建筑企业技术创新战略选择的建议.     

基于社会资本理论的建筑企业技术创新机制和模式研究

从社会资本视角分析建筑企业技术创新的新机制与新模式,即信任、沟通协调、激励、学习与推广机制,以及"技术密集与资本密集"叠加型、技术创新战略联盟、虚拟组织等新的创新模式。     

Regional geographies of intercity corporate networks: The use of exponential random graph models to assess regional network-formation

Drawing on the ‘local buzz and global pipeline’ perspective on the geographies of production in knowledge-intensive industries, our analysis associates observed network patterns with exogenous city characteristics (e.g., GDP and population) and endogenous local network structures (e.g., ‘star’ network structures) through exponential random graph models (ERGMs). Our analysis contributes to the quantitative analysis of urban systems and locational strategies of producer service firms, as we: (i) perform a direct two-mode network analysis of intercity corporate networks; (ii) explore the association between macro network patterns and local formation processes; and (iii) identify regional dynamics in network formation.     

Knowledge Structures of City Innovation Systems: Singapore and Hong Kong

Cities are naturally the center of attention when innovation and its geography are discussed. This paper seeks to elucidate the knowledge structures of the city innovation systems of Hong Kong and Singapore, and shed light on the performance of knowledge production, networks, and features in accordance with: (1) patent portfolios and fields of technology; (2) the patent landscape; and (3) the correlation map between fields and entities that produce patents. Findings indicate that private firms dominate the patenting landscape for the selected economies. Scientific activities performed by universities and public research institutions are converging with technological knowledge performed by firms. Hong Kong and Singapore sought to attain a co-evolution process for science-based industrial development.     

Green regions and local firms' innovation

Technological innovation is essential to achieve simultaneously economic, environmental and social goals (i.e., the green growth). Indeed, many studies found that environmental innovation spurs overall innovation. However, this topic has not been investigated by taking into account the geographical context. Therefore, our paper seeks to investigate whether ‘green regions’, with an increased public and private commitment in environmental issues, are related to innovation of local firms. Using data on Spanish manufacturing firms and regions, we find that environmental technologies (especially in green energy), environmental investments, and environmental management at the level of regions are positively associated to local firms' innovation.     

Can regional policy affect firms' innovation potential in lagging regions?

The initiation of innovation in lagging regions has become one of the most pressing issues in regional policy. Several studies have attempted to identify the factors that influence the creation and development of product innovation in firms located in lagging regions. The identification of these factors could assist regional decision-makers in promoting technological innovation in such regions.  The research question investigated in this study is whether the effectiveness of such regional policies is related to the degree of regional innovation potential and innovativness. This paper tries to deal with this central question by implementing an extended empirical model developed by the author. The Extended Model combines two prevailing probability models: LOGIT and Bayesian decision theory.  The data analyzed in the paper were collected from a field survey of a sample of 211 industrial firms located in the northern region of Israel. In the first stage of the analysis, the model was used to identify variables influencing product innovation; the second stage investigates changes in the probability of producing innovations in the defined region. The results of the analyses point to the effectiveness of a regional policy that could promote and support the creation of factors fostering technological innovation in selected industries in lagging regions. Received: March 1998 / Accepted: July 1999     

建筑业企业转型升级模式研究

随着经济发展进入新常态,建筑业也步入增速换挡、结构调整、动力转换的攻坚期。新常态下,伴随建筑业变革而来的工程总承包、全生命周期管理等模式,为行业转型升级注入强大活力。对建筑业企业转型升级的典型模式及影响因素进行归纳,从资源、技术创新、资本积累、战略管理和文化品牌5 个层面建立了企业转型升级指标体系并运用模糊层次分析法（FAHP）为指标赋权。引入灰色关联-TOPSIS 模型选择适合于企业的转型升级模式。并运用实例分析验证了模型的适用性,以期为企业的战略规划制定和高质量发展提供指导。     

Innovation in High-Technology SMMEs: The Case of the New Media Sector in Cape Town

Creative industries are increasingly attracting the interest of academics and policymakers around the world. Policy enthusiasm is also directed in many countries towards developing knowledge-intensive or high-technology sectors. The new media sector is considered an innovative growth sector which holds potential for emerging countries. This case study examines innovation in new media firms situated in Cape Town. Theoretically, creative industries are linked to post-industrial and knowledge-based economies and the growth of services, and innovation in high-technology small and medium enterprises is also considered. This paper provides micro data regarding the innovation activities of new media firms based on purposive interviews. The study found that these firms are dynamic in terms of technological innovation. However, their innovation activities tend to be incremental and localised. Furthermore, various barriers limit their innovation enhancement and growth prospects. Public policy can support new media firms in terms of access to new business development funding and programmes supporting small enterprise innovation, improved design education and network opportunities.     

Industry and location effects on UK plants' innovation propensity

This paper uses UK plant-level survey data to examine the relative importance of industry concentration, technological opportunity and locational factors in determining innovation propensity.  The results suggest no evidence that industry concentration has any significant positive effect on innovation. Industries' technological characteristics are important, however, with the potential for industry-specific spill-over effects. Plants' own technological activities in terms of undertaking R&D and having an R&D department were also important determinants of innovation propensity as were plants' participation in technology transfer and inter-firm networks. Strong locational effects were identified relating to industrial composition, the level of R&D activity, external ownership, the preponderance of small firms and the general level of regional prosperity. In addition, strong interactions were evident between plants' R&D activity and their regional environment. Undertaking R&D enabled plants to take advantage of any environmental benefits for innovation and insulated them from potential negative effects. Received: February 1998/Accepted: August 1999     

Enterprise Resource Planning in a large construction firm: implementation analysis

In most large Dutch construction firms, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems have replaced non‐integrated information systems with integrated and maintainable software. The implementation of ERP systems in such firms is a difficult task. So far, ERP implementations have yielded more failures than successes. This study tries to understand the factors that lead to the success or failure of ERP in large construction firms by focusing on the fits between the following pairs of elements in ERP implementations: business and IT strategy, maturity of the IT infrastructure and the strategic role of IT, and the implementation method and organizational change. The premise of this study is that for an ERP implementation to be successful these elements must somehow fit together. Empirical research was conducted through a case study of three ERP implementations in different business units of a Dutch‐based construction firm. Implementing different systems within one company is typical of the way large construction firms in the Netherlands have dealt with ERP. The study shows that the success of ERP implementations depends on consistent patterns between: IT strategy and business strategy, IT maturity and the strategic role of IT, and the implementation method and organizational change.     

建筑业产业成长发展轨迹的回归分析

采用横向研究方法,利用44 个国家的截面数据为样本,建立了关于建筑业产业成长发展轨迹的回归模型。回归结果表明,国内生产总值中建筑业增加值的比重与人均国民生产总值之间呈现倒U 型,符合库兹涅茨倒U 形曲线假说。基于该回归模型,对我国“十一五”期间建筑业产业发展现状进行了评价,分析了我国建筑业发展水平高于回归预测值的原因,并提出为实现我国建筑业理性、可持续的发展,应从人才、企业、投资、科技创新几个方面实现产业升级。     

Innovative regional milieux,small firms,and regional development: Evidence from Mediterranean France

The purpose of this article is to critically examine key factors that have been involved in the remarkable economic turnaround of Mediterranean France, which until recently was always considered to be a peripheral zone within the national economy. Particular attention is given to the role of noneconomic factors that condition the location choices of households and firms and to the roles of technological innovation, service activities, and small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in the regional development process. With increasing vertical disintegration, Mediterranean France has been realizing external economies from the expansion of the entire system of production. SMEs, which are especially prevalent in this region — and which have behavior patterns that follow a logic that is more spatial than sectoral in nature — have contributed significantly to endogenous regional development through their growth as an ensemble. The new regional organizational paradigm transcends older forms of industrialization.     

The city and high-tech startups: The spatial organization of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship

Research on Schumpeterian entrepreneurship identifies new high-growth startup companies as key factors in technological innovation and economic growth. While economists have tended to focus on high-growth, high-tech startup firms as the unit of analysis, economic geographers and urbanists have examined the geographic dimensions of entrepreneurship, particularly the rise of entrepreneurial clusters and eco systems. We focus here on a particular type of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship associated with high-tech startup companies, or what we refer to as “tech-startup entrepreneurship.” We contend that the organization of such Schumpeterian entrepreneurship occurs at two spatial scales. At the macro-geographic level, it is highly clustered and concentrated in a relatively small number of global cities or metro areas. At the micro-geographic level, it is highly concentrated in distinct districts or micro-clusters within these leading cities and metro areas. To examine the geographic dimensions of tech-startup entrepreneurship across these spatial scales, we use previously unused data on venture capital-financed startups at the metropolitan and district levels. Our findings support the hypothesis that tech-startup entrepreneurship is organized across two distinct but related spatial scales, which act on entrepreneurial activity through different mechanisms. These findings suggest that local diversity and local specialization can simultaneously potentiate innovation, and that a multi-scalar approach to the geography of entrepreneurship is prudent.