基于初始基准态的FAST反射面索网结构性能优化分析研究

500m口径射电望远镜FAST反射面索网结构,由短程线型面索网和下拉索构成,采用高强度预应力钢绞线束索,主动变位工作是其最大特点。索网优化设计采用容许应力法,基于索网为形控结构,提出标准球面基准态优化分析方法：根据主动变位工作基本要求和主动变位引起的面索应变变化幅值一定,首先确定下拉索初张力值和面索初应力上、下限值,通过找力分析确定面索初张力后,以初应力接近上限为原则确定面索截面规格。分析若干关键因素对索网结构性能的影响,结果表明：为避免工作态出现过低下拉索力,在面索弹性模量和容许应力一定的条件下,只能通过维持面索初应力水平,增大面索截面积来提高下拉索和面索初张力;周圈钢桁架宜采用滑动支座和较低刚度,并可采取周圈钢桁架沿径向预偏安装、边缘下拉索张拉固定后不参与主动变位的措施;钢索安全系数从2.5调低至2.0,可提高容许应力和面索初应力上限、减少材料和改善内力状况。另外,通过对比碳纤维索和钢索的力学特性,高强、低弹模、轻质量、抗疲劳的碳纤维索适合FAST索网结构。     

Zum zuverlässigkeitstheoretischen Konzept der Verbundträgerbemessung

The application of the structural reliability theory for composite beams. This paper deals with the structural safety concept for composite structures. In the actual design codes for steel‐concrete composite structures, e.g. Eurocode4, the partial safety factors for the different materials were mainly calibrated by statistical evaluations of structural steel or concrete members. It will be shown that appropriateness and validity of these factors have to be discussed for hybrid structures. For the sample of composite beams in sagging bending with full shear connection some probabilistic calculations for the ultimate and serviceability limit state are made taking into account the First Order Reliability Method FORM. As result of the sensitivity factors α_i the different partial safety factors γ_M for the material parameters are discussed. The focus of these investigations was put on the representation of the reliability theory so that certain model inaccuracies at the cross‐section were tolerated.     

基于有限元可靠度反分析的钢管混凝土拱稳定设计方法

提出了一种基于有限元可靠度反分析求解钢管混凝土拱稳定安全系数的方法,并通过自编程序和通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS相结合将其实现。上述方法将拱的稳定安全系数引入稳定设计的极限状态方程,进而在给定目标可靠指标的前提下基于可靠度反分析求解该系数。对于已有的钢管混凝土拱模型试验,分别基于上述方法求解面内稳定和面外稳定对应的安全系数。计算结果表明,该方法具有较高的效率和较好的适用性;计算得到的拱面内稳定安全系数受加载方式的影响很小;采用弹性理论计算得到的拱面外稳定安全系数约为非线性理论计算结果的2倍;抗力不确定性和荷载不确定性对钢管混凝土拱稳定安全系数的影响均较大,且不考虑抗力和荷载不确定性影响的稳定安全系数偏于不安全。     

大土木的混凝土结构设计原理教学探讨

混凝土结构设计原理是土木工程专业的核心课程,具有很强的实践性,特别是土木工程专业合并之后,教学时要涉及到三部规范。为使学生掌握三部规范的主要计算方法,在教学安排上应着重讲解容许应力法和极限状态法的概念以及它们计算时所依据的应力阶段,这将为后续专业课的学习打下坚实的理论基础。     

Reliability analysis of roof wedges and rockbolt forces in tunnels

The ambiguous nature of the factor of safety is first discussed in the context of a symmetric roof wedge of a circular tunnel, where two different definitions of the factor of safety are shown to be reconcilable when using the reliability index computed with the first-order reliability method (FORM). The probabilities of failure based on the second-order reliability method (SORM) are also obtained for comparison with those of FORM and Monte Carlo simulations. The FORM and SORM analyses are then applied to a circular tunnel supported with elastic rockbolts in a homogeneous and isotropic elasto-plastic ground with the Coulomb failure criterion. The similarities and differences between the ratios of mean values to design-point values, on the one hand, and the partial factors of limit state design, on the other hand, are discussed. Finally, all this is used to show how a reliability-based design can be performed to obtain the length and spacing of rockbolts for a target reliability index.     

地铁高架车站型钢混凝土组合框架设计方法研究

为提出型钢混凝土构件的承载力计算的计算方法,选取实际工程案例中的一榀型钢混凝土组合框架,按照《建规》(GBJ 68-84)中的极限状态概率设计法进行设计并利用本文提出的容许应力法进行验算,确定最终截面设计。在ABAQUS有限元软件中建立型钢混凝土组合框架三维有限元实体模型,并施加对应设计荷载,进行有限元分析。根据计算结果可知本文提出的容许应力法的截面设计流程具有较好的合理性,可以有效计算型钢混凝土框架中混凝土、钢筋和型钢应力。     

复合桩基的承载力安全度与可靠度分析

本文分析了沉降控制复合桩基的承载特点和设计方法,针对目前工程界普遍关心的设计条件下的整体安全度与承载能力可靠度的计算问题进行了研究。在提出沉降控制复合桩基安全度计算方法的基础上,运用可靠度理论建立了相应的可靠性指标计算方法。结合工程实例,对现行沉降控制复合桩基设计方法的安全度进行了校核,对各随机变量在复合桩基可靠度计算中的敏感性进行了分析,明确了各随机变量变异性对可靠性指标的影响程度。同时,对设计容许沉降量、安全系数和可靠性指标之间的关系进行了探讨,取得了一些规律性的结果。为进一步建立基于概率极限状态的可靠性设计方法打下了基础,对实际工程中的复合桩基设计也有一定的指导意义。     

Reliability-based design of wind turbine blades

Reliability-based design of wind turbine blades requires identification of the important failure modes/limit states along with stochastic models for the uncertainties and methods for estimating the reliability. In the present paper it is described how reliability-based design can be applied to wind turbine blades.For wind turbine blades, tests with the basic composite materials and a few full-scale blades are normally performed during the design process. By adopting a reliability-based design approach, information from these tests can be taken into account in a rational way during the design process. In the present paper, a probabilistic framework for design of wind turbine blades are presented and it is demonstrated how information from tests can be taken into account using the Maximum-Likelihood method and Bayesian statistics.In a numerical example, the reliability is estimated for a wind turbine blade in both ultimate and fatigue limit states. Information from tests is used to formulate the stochastic models used in the limit state equations. Partial safety factors for use in traditional deterministic design are estimated using the stochastic models.     

Untersuchungen und theoretische Modelle von druckbeanspruchten Stahlstützen in Verbundbauweise

Experimental and analytical modelling of steel columns reinforced by concrete encasement. Experimental investigations of steel‐concrete axially compressed columns that were tested in the Laboratory of the Institute of Building Structures of the Warsaw University of Technology are presented. The results of conducted experimental work created a basis for the detailed investigations into the appraisal of the influence of different factors associated with the behaviour of tested elements. Analytical modelling was done with use of the finite element method and the ABAQUS software. In the analysis, the emphasis was put on the influence of those factors that have the most important effect on strength and deformability of composite columns. As to the authors' knowledge, the investigated factors have not been accounted for accurately enough in current design codes. The factors such as the load application to the composite column end and the restraining conditions at the supports are among those most important from the design point of view. The investigations have a great practical aspect at this particular moment when in Poland there is an ongoing discussion associated with the proposed new national code on design of composite steel‐concrete structures. The said codification proposal is an attempt to harmonize the national design rules with those applied in the Eurocode 4. The experimental part was concerned with testing of 16 composite columns that were made as completely encased steel I‐type elements (HEA160 section used). The main sectional dimensions were 260 mm × 260 mm, and the column length – 2500 mm. In addition, the reference steel column of HEA160 section was tested. The parameters that were being changed during experiments consisted of the following ones: the way of the load application to the column end face, compressive strength of the concrete encasement and the restraining effect at the supports that reproduced that of assumed in the numerical studies. The behaviour of composite columns with fibre‐reinforced concrete heads was also investigated. The comparison of load deflection curves from the experiments and those from the computer modelling was carried out. In addition, failure loads from the laboratory tests were compared with those calculated according to some chosen design codes. The analysis carried out proven that both the way at which the load is applied to the element end face and the type of end restraints had a great influence on the strength of composite columns. It is clear from the experiments that in case of load application directly through the steel section, the attainment of the limit state of cracking was much earlier than the strength ultimate limit state, so that it controlled the design of composite columns. In this case, an increase in strain of steel sections was observed. In addition, the rigid restraining conditions at the column ends resulted in a decrease of the load bearing capacity because of the stress concentration in the concrete encasement within the support zones. The failure of composite columns was controlled by the combined stress state in the concrete encasement. The study carried out has shown that the load bearing capacity of composite columns can be substantially increased by the applications of fibre‐reinforced column heads at their end supports. The strength of such columns increased by 30–48% if compared with the same composite columns but made without fibre‐reinforced ends.     

Analytical investigation of hybrid composite precast beams with modified strain compatibility for entire history of nominal flexural capacity

The strain compatibility documented in Chapter I of the American Institute of Steel Construction 360‐10 (AISC, 2010) was modified to provide accurate analytical solution for hybrid composite precast beams. In the proposed method, locations of neutral axis of the section are investigated to formulate all possible equilibrium equations of stress fields of composite sections. The only neutral axis satisfying all stress fields is then found for composite sections for entire loading history including yield and maximum load limit state and between those limit states. Finally, the nominal moment capacity of hybrid composite precast beam is calculated based on the correct neutral axis. Experimental study was conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The test results for hybrid composite precast beams agreed very well with the analysis results. The capacity difference between them is less than 4.8%. This study also compares the proposed design method with the conventional strength addition method, showing that the conventional method underestimated structures leading to over‐design. It was found that the new approach predicted the behaviors of hybrid composite precast beams more accurately than the conventional methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于可靠度分析的锚杆抗拔安全系数取值标准研究

现行规范中关于锚杆抗拔安全设计标准，通常是从锚杆杆体的抗拉强度、注浆体与杆体的黏结强度以及注浆体与周围岩土体的黏结强度这 3 方面来定义抗拔安全系数，并建议采用统一的取值标准。实际上由于力学机理、材料性质等方面的不同，这 3 种定义下的安全系数取值标准应有所不同。基于这一背景，应用可靠度分析理论，探讨锚杆抗拔在同一可靠度（失效概率）条件下，这 3 种定义的安全系数的差别，并为相关规程的修订工作中的锚杆抗拔安全系数取值标准的确定提供科学依据。     

Reliability of composite steel bridge beams designed following AASHTO''s LFD and LRFD specifications

Composite steel beam bridges designed following AASHTO's Load Factor Design (LFD) method and the newly developed Load and Resistance Factor Design method (LRFD) are proportioned for different loading conditions. They need to satisfy these conditions at maximum design load, an overloading condition, and fatigue load. The ultimate strength of compact composite steel beams is based on the fully plastic stress distribution. The capacity of non-compact beams is based on the yield or partially-plastic moment, depending on whether the beam violates all or few of the compactness or ductility requirements. In this paper, the reliability for the ultimate flexural capacity limit state of composite steel beams is investigated. The structural reliability is measured in terms of the reliability index. The statistical data on strength are generated starting from statistics on material properties and using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Statistical data on load components are compiled from the available literature. The scope of the study covers a wide range of rolled beams, span lengths, beam spacings, and two yield strengths. The deterministic study showed that the design of composite steel beams is usually not governed by the maximum design load combination, but rather by the overloading condition. The results of the reliability study indicate non-uniformity in the safety of steel bridges that are designed by the AASHTO LFD code. This is also true for AASHTO's LRFD code since it is not calibrated for the overloading condition. The value of the reliability index is a function of the compactness classification, method of design, beam spacing, span length, and section size.     

采用逆可靠度方法的隧道支护抗力计算

 从风险水平的角度初步量化分级安全储备,提出在给定可靠性水平下直接计算隧道支护抗力的方法。该方法首先基于室内和现场试验的数据,利用广义3倍标准差准则得到参数的统计特征;遵循利用围岩应变值作为隧道支护设计基础的理论,采用极限状态函数建立功能函数方程;然后基于一次逆可靠度算法,结合Nataf变换和Cholesky分解构建详细计算程序;最后计算局部安全系数。以经典软岩参数为例,通过一次二阶矩法(FORM)验证该方法精度;分析相关性和初始应力场对隧道支护抗力的影响。最后计算确定在可接受风险水平下的隧道支护抗力及相应局部安全系数。     

Deterministic and probabilistic assessment of margins of safety for internal stability of as-built PET strap reinforced soil walls

The paper demonstrates deterministic and reliability-based assessment of strength limit states (tensile resistance and pullout) and the service limit state for soil failure for mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls constructed with polyester (PET) strap reinforcement. The general approach considers the accuracy of the load and resistance models that appear in each limit state equation plus uncertainty in the estimate of nominal load and resistance values at time of design. Reliability index is computed using a closed-form solution that is easily implemented in a spreadsheet. Three PET strap MSE wall case studies are used to demonstrate the reliability-based assessment approach and to compare margins of safety using different load and resistance model combinations. In some walls using the Coherent Gravity Method to compute loads, the recommended nominal factors of safety for tensile strength and pullout limit states were not satisfied. However, reliability analyses showed that the walls satisfy recommended minimum target reliability index values for the limit states investigated, usually by large amounts. The most critical limit state is the soil failure limit state which is used in the Simplified Stiffness Method to keep the reinforced soil zone at working stress conditions assumed for geosynthetic MSE walls under operational conditions.     

Reliability based determination of material partial safety factors for cast iron beams in jack arched construction exposed to standard and natural fires

Cast iron beams were extensively used in many 19th century structures, especially in fireproof flooring systems (such as jack arch). Many such structures are still in use today and it is important that they fulfil the current requirements of fire resistance when there is a change of use. These structures are out of scope of modern design codes and old design codes do not provide guidance for fire resistance design. Furthermore, cast iron is a brittle material weak in tension, and there are many uncertainties in its mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures due to material flaws. It is necessary to quantify the probability of structural failure and to introduce safety factors to reduce the probability of structural failure in fire to an acceptable level. This paper presents the results of a detailed study whose purpose is to derive appropriate safety factors to achieve different levels of reliability, for fire safety design of cast iron beams. In this study, a fibre analysis method has been used to calculate the moment capacity of four different types of cast iron cross section. Using randomized stress-strain-temperature relationships, based on variability of the different governing parameters (under tension: maximum stress, 0.2% proof stress, corresponding strains at maximum stress (strength) and failure; under compression: Young's modulus, proportional limit, 0.2% proof stress and the maximum stress), the probability distribution of moment capacity has been calculated. Based on the criterion of cast iron beam failure not exceeding probabilities of 10⁻¹, 10⁻² and 10⁻³, material safety factors of 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 respectively have been obtained.     

高层建筑施工附着整体升降钢管脚手架的设计计算

附着升降脚手架涉及脚手架、钢结构、机械、电气和自动控制等技术领域,是一项具有综合性和复合性的施工机具和专项技术。附着升降脚手架的设计计算包括主要承重结构和升降设备、吊具、索具分别在使用、升降和坠落三种工况条件下的设计计算。作为推荐,给出主要承重结构按概率理论为基础的极限状态设计方法的基本表达式,明确各关键系数的取值,列表给出两种荷载附加计算系数的取值方法。还给出各主要构件的强度、刚度、稳定、抗倾覆的验算方法,并指出架体构架(即脚手架架板部分)与其他主要承重结构计算的不同特点。对升降结构中的升降设备、吊具、索具的设计,建议按容许应力设计法进行计算。     

影响钢-混凝土组合梁挠度计算的几个因素

组合梁在正常使用阶段的挠度设计一般采用线弹性计算方法和挠跨比允许值进行验算 ,容易忽视组合梁钢梁屈服的影响。分析了影响组合梁挠度计算的钢梁底部应变、钢梁翼缘与混凝土之间的滑移、残余应力、钢梁的局部屈服等因素 ,讨论了挠跨比允许值、跨高比、滑移以及残余应力和施工荷载对挠度计算的影响 ,在进行组合梁的挠度验算中 ,必须考虑钢梁潜在屈服的因素     

FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥设计与试验

为适应我国桥梁建设环境友好转型发展的需要,并针对传统木-混凝土组合梁自重大、长期变形大及耐久性不足,难以应用到中等跨径桥梁的问题,提出一种可整体预制、整跨吊装的FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥。对20m、30m跨径的FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥试设计,并与同等跨径的传统木 混凝土组合梁桥和预应力混凝土梁桥进行材料用量和经济性的对比;对30m跨径的试设计桥梁进行荷载组合效应计算,根据计算结果以中国桥梁设计规范为基础,同时参考欧洲规范5,基于弹性设计法对FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥的承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态进行设计计算;对30m跨径的试设计桥梁按照纵向1∶5的比例缩尺,设计制作了2根试验梁模型,并进行试验研究。研究结果表明：20m跨径的试设计桥梁的自重分别减至传统木-混凝土组合梁和预应力混凝土梁的72.7%和48.0%,全寿命造价分别为二者的79.1%及106.4%;30m跨径的试设计桥梁的自重减至预应力混凝土梁的49.3%,全寿命造价为它的134.0%;试设计FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥具有足够的抗弯与抗剪承载力,活载作用下的结构挠度小于限值,满足工程受力要求;按照欧洲规范5进行设计,结构具有较大安全储备,理论计算偏安全;FRP的植入使组合梁的极限承载能力提高了约8.6%,并能改善其破坏形态、提高延性。     

混凝土结构碳化耐久性的分项系数设计法

混凝土结构耐久性设计中的一个重要方法就是概率极限状态设计法,这种方法根据描述耐久性劣化过程的数学模型,首先建立耐久性极限状态方程,再将环境作用与抗力作用的某个特征值与相应的分项系数代入极限状态方程,经验算就可在一定可靠度水准上得到耐久性设计参数的设计值。选用合适的设计参数是混凝土结构耐久性设计的关键问题,设计参数应具有明确的物理意义和容易掌握的统计规律,且易为设计人员所接受。根据理论与经验相结合的碳化深度模型,建立了考虑保护层厚度与混凝土强度两个随机变量的碳化耐久性的分项系数设计方法,提出了碳化寿命准则极限状态的目标可靠指标的建议值,计算确定了保护层厚度与混凝土抗压强度满足目标可靠指标的分项系数,由此给出了碳化寿命准则的耐久性设计表达式。该耐久性分项系数设计法适用于一般大气环境下任意设计使用年限的不允许出现钢筋锈蚀的混凝土结构,根据设计表达式可直接确定满足耐久性要求的保护层厚度与混凝土强度。     

A proposal on load combination for level I formats

This paper completes and makes operative results of previous investigations on the problem of calibrating the load enhancement factors to be applied in level I design processes. Some restrictive aspects of the previous approach are then removed by introducing a suitable piecewise linear idealization for the actual safety domain. The problem is also formulated in a dimensionless way. The results of such calibration studies are values of the load safety factors to be introduced directly in present semi-probabilistic structural codes. These values depend on the assigned target reliability level.