沈抚同城化建设的若干思考

辽中城市群一体化是一个复杂的系统工程,七城市联系的紧密程度和发展重点各不相同。沈抚同城化是辽中城市群一体化的重要组成部分。本文主要论述沈抚同城化的条件、思路以及同城化建设内容,尤其强调了联合大都市区构建、沈抚城市空间重构、基础设施同建、生态环境协同治理、统一开发旅游资源和消除行政壁垒等,并就沈抚连接带地区开发的规划结构和功能区布局进行了论述。     

日常交通出行时间管理悖论

第一部分介绍扎哈维假设,随后指出城市交通出行时间预算管理假设的悖论;鉴于在低密度城市中,交通出行速度的加快导致机动性提高,第二部分将就城市密度对城市交通的影响(特别是对中等密度城市的交通影响)进行分析.最后,对中国的城市发展提一些想法.     

The Context Of Radical Populism In Us Cities: A Comparative Analysis

ABSTRACT: During the 1980s, urban scholars detected a tendency in certain US cities, called progressive, to make investment in housing and office space construction socially accountable. This paper compares five progressive cities to three booster cities which continue to promote unlimited growth. It employs cultural analysis to interpret these exceptions to the logic of growth politics. It is argued that the diffusion of higher education, changing gender roles, the replacement of traditional religious faith with secular or non-Western beliefs, the growth of nontraditional household arrangements, and the rising importance of human services employment combine to generate countercultural enclaves in urban areas. These adversarial subcultures reject the dominant culture's emphasis on growth promotion in favor of more socially responsible policy outcomes. Under certain other conditions, such as a strong, diversified regional economy, culturally innovative cities may successfully implement a progressive policy agenda. By comparison, booster cities such as Las Vegas and Phoenix display high levels of cultural traditionalism even in comparison to much smaller urban areas. The paper concludes by discussing this argument's implications for urban policymaking.     

基于改进引力模型的成都城市圈引力格局划分研究

通过研究区域内各个城市之间的引力关系,能够探索城市之间的经济关系,这是合理划分城市圈内城市组团,实现城市组团协同发展的基础。基于城市竞争力和矢量的城市引力模型,通过加入心理距离相关理论对模型进行了改善,并以成都城市圈为例,阐述成都城市圈引力格局现状及经济联系。结果表明:通过改进后的城市引力模型计算的引力结果,反映出城市相对引力现状基本符合客观事实;成都城市圈明显呈现出“一家独大”的经济格局,成都市的城市竞争力和引力远远超出平均水平,整个城市的经济联系过于分散,区域内各城市发展不均衡,有待未来改善。     

The Electric City as a Solution to Sustainable Urban Development

Comprehensive frameworks for sustainable urban development have been advanced by many scholars and global institutions in recent years. These frameworks are broad and overlapping in nature, but each has its own structure and emphasis. We review a cross-section of these frameworks, examining their foundations and general predictions for an urban future. From this review, we cultivate an argument that continued progress toward sustainable urban development hinges on low-carbon electrification. Our position for electric cities is supported by the sustainability literature and by empirical evidence gathered from the world's largest cities, which shows that economy, physical environment, and basic service delivery improve with per capita electricity consumption. We close with an overview of the challenges associated with urban electrification.     

旧城更新过程中存在的主要问题与解决方案探析

由于城市发展的需要,目前我国许多城市都在进行大规模的旧城改造与旧城更新。针对旧城区更新过程中出现的主要问题,应该从加强城市设计理论和改进工作方法两方面着手。如重视保留城市原有的多样性,设计同居民需要相结合,采取小规模的开发模式,符合城市景观的总体要求,鼓励居民参与设计以及建立使用评价体系等,以期更好地满足使用者的需要,创造出优美的有活力的城市空间。     

Beyond the School Fence: Rethinking Urban Schools in the Twenty-first Century

Schools have traditionally been black-boxed in urban planning, in Australia and elsewhere. During the twentieth century, the shaping of a “community within a community” that informed liberal educational thought materialised in campus-style schools that were exempted from local planning laws, contributed to sprawl and car dependency, and duplicated facilities provided by local authorities. Advocacy of compact city forms underpinning recent urban policy calls for a rethink by education and planning authorities of how schools engage with their urban surrounds. Focussing on Melbourne, Australia, this article discusses some challenges for the provision of schools and schooling in twenty-first century cities.     

Situating Fortaleza: Urban space and uneven development in northeastern Brazil

The academic literature on Brazilian cities focuses overwhelmingly upon the metropolises of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. While fruitful in its own right, this research confronts scholars of Latin American cities elsewhere with two ongoing limitations: (1) Despite estimates that nearly one quarter of Brazil’s urban population inhabits the conurbation of Rio and São Paulo, at least 75% of urban space in Brazil, an area populated by roughly 120 million people, is consistently overlooked; and (2) the findings from these two megacities are often (and unfairly) extrapolated across other urban contexts in Brazil, perpetuating lingering misgivings about the overall ‘nature’ of Brazilian cities.In this paper, I consider the Northeast of Brazil, drawing upon my own research from the favela (slum) community of Pirambu, located in the city of Fortaleza, to help understand urban development outside of the Rio/São Paulo corridor. By considering historical circumstances, geographic specificity, theoretical implications, and the course of Brazilian development, I highlight informal urban growth in an oft-overlooked region of Latin America while, at the same time, revealing many of the geographic attributes that give Rio and São Paulo their truly exceptional character. My goal in this work is not to refute the work of others, but rather to underscore the importance of geographic context to socio-spatial processes of urban development.     

Urban Density, Meteorology and Rooftops

In recent years, there has been a recognition in Australia and elsewhere of the many favourable aspects of denser urban development, and a corresponding move towards promoting it in urban plans such as Melbourne 2030. The many appealing aspects of denser cities are summarised. Some of the negative impacts of dense urban development on the climate and hydrology of a city are set out and examples of these are provided. Strategies to minimise these adverse effects are proposed, including the widespread use of rooftop gardens.     

The forest and the city: interpretative mapping as an aid to urban practice in sub-Saharan Africa

Many African cities remain predatory centres of consumption lacking the infrastructure that makes cities work elsewhere. Research in Freetown, Sierra Leone, indicates that latent, local topographical and institutional resources can strengthen civic infrastructure in the process of place-making and thereby build confidence in city scale institutions. The paper asks what part cultural memory, embedded in the forested topography, contributed to the foundation and resilience of three urban settlements and whether this contribution can be sustained in the face of urban infrastructure developments such as rapidly expanding road networks. It describes how place-based resources are used by local residents to mediate the impact of city-scale initiatives. However, they are fragile, hidden from a wider view and often ignored by city-scale practitioners. The paper concludes that in order to provoke a more fine-grained debate about civic infrastructure provision, urban practitioners should employ local survey and interpretive drawing techniques to explore place-based memory in support of a more inclusive and interconnected, non-predatory African city.     

The ‘Infrastructure Turn’ in Australian Metropolitan Spatial Planning

This paper argues that a recent resurgence in Australian spatial planning has been superseded by a resort to infrastructure to address urban problems. The paper uses case studies of the Melbourne and South East Queensland (Brisbane) metropolitan regions to chart the renewal of new spatial planning, after a period of neglect. This paper then shows this spatial planning renewal has given way to a new emphasis on urban infrastructure planning as the primary mode of intervention in these cities. The infrastructure turn raises important questions about the spatial planning and infrastructure of cities within a new era of global strategic challenges.     

转型发展与未来城市的思考

从工业城市转型发展路径入手,基于工业城市转型发展理论和美国城市的三次转型实践,就中国城市可能出现的转型城市类型进行比较深入的探讨,特别注重第三波和第四波城市类型的概括和归纳,它们是后福特主义城市、边缘城市、网络城市和旅游休闲度假城市、文化城市、创意城市、生态城市、低碳城市、科技城市和智慧城市等。     

城市历史景观的启示——从“历史城区保护”到“城市发展框架下的城市遗产保护”

联合国教科文组织于2011年采纳了《关于城市历史景观的建议书》,在保存遗产和管理历史名城的创新方式上,城市历史景观方法被认为具有重要意义。城市历史景观是在近年世界各国城市所面临的城市发展挑战下而产生的新的城市遗产保护理念,它以所有城市遗产为保护对象,特别强调城市发展框架下的城市遗产保护,提出了将城市历史景观纳入地方发展进程和城市规划的手段和对策。城市历史景观方法为中国现在所面临的大量普通历史城区的保护提供了非常有益的参考。本文首先阐述城市历史景观的产生背景及其特点,之后以日本的景观法及东京都内某地区保护为例,论述城市遗产景观规划新实践的具体措施和特色。     

基于GDP规模分布的中国城市等级变化研究——等级结构扁平化抑或是等级性加强

基于规模分布的观点,对1990-2006年市辖区GDP排序前200位的中国地级以上城市进行分析,以此来判断中国城市等级变化的趋势,并对其进行影响因素分析。发现:第一,中国城市体系的等级性仍处于逐年加强的趋势中,这不同于当代发达国家的城市等级扁平化的趋势,但这种加强的趋势有减弱的势头;第二,二次模型相对于一次模型可以更好地拟合城市GDP规模的分布情况;第三,近年来中国城市体系等级性的加强趋势在较大程度上受到以下因素正方向的作用力:第三产业产值、货物周转量、研究生毕业生数、城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入、利用外资金额;而受到以下因素负方向的作用力:财政收入、进出口总额、第一产业产值、全社会固定资产投资、旅客周转量、第二产业产值。     

From diversity to justice – Unraveling pluralistic rationalities in urban design

For Jane Jacobs, the city is a fundamental unit of diversity; she develops her ideas in the city around this key axiom. Diversity provides an ethical orientation and thus defines what a just city should achieve. For Jacobs, justice is represented by peoples' inherent right to ‘make cities’. According to Jacobs, cities become just places by their ability to facilitate the spontaneous dynamics among social fabrics and urban spaces to generate the beauty and value of cities. This contribution picks up this claim for diversity and develops a theoretical lens to explore how diversity is incorporated in urban design. We use a theory on pluralism—Cultural Theory—to analyse forms of managing urban space in different types of goods. This is applied to analyse four idealistic urban spaces in the city of Leipzig.     

Integrated Development Planning,Supportive Public Policies,and Corporate Commitment: A Recipe for Thriving Major Cities in Aichi,Japan

In spite of Japan’s economic slowdown during the 1990s, major cities in Aichi Prefecture have continued to thrive. Nevertheless, these, and others in Japan, have largely been ignored by Western scholars as successful models of how to maintain vibrant cities elsewhere. As a result, little has been written in English, and few lessons have been learned in the U.S. from urban planning efforts in Japan. From literature research, field observations, and qualitative interviews with 40 local land use and economic development planners in the prefecture, this article chronicles how well integrated national, prefectural, and municipal development planning, supportive public policies, and corporate commitment have produced thriving major cities in Aichi, Japan.     

城市空间组织研究的回顾与展望

城市空间组织是城市中各种人类活动和功能组织在地域空间上的投影,是城市发展程度、阶段与过程的空间反映,因而成为城市科学各分支学科研究的重要内容之一。着重回顾了城市地理学和城市规划学对城市空间组织的研究历程及其理论成果,并根据当前社会经济和城市发展的新特点,对未来的研究方向和研究重点进行展望。     

城市组群及相关概念的界定与辨析

鉴于目前城市规划和城市地理界在社会经济实践领域承担的关于城市群和都市区的应用研究任务愈来愈多,而相关的理论尚不完善、认识尚不统一的实际情况,论文对城市组群、城市群、城镇密集区、都市区、都市连绵区、大都市带、城市带等相关概念及其内涵和外延,进行了深入的辨析和进一步的界定,尤其强调了相关概念的关联和区别。论文认为,城市群是城市群体发育到高级阶段的一种表现形式,而城市组群是城市群形成演化的中间形态,同时也是城市群地域结构的构成单元;"城市单体→城市组群→城市群→都市连绵区"是城市空间相互作用的有序发展过程。     

CHINESE URBANIZATION,STATE POLICY,AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

ABSTRACT: The usual Third World pattern of urbanization does not apply to Chinese urban development. China has not experienced the overurbanization and imbalances that often accompany growth in cities elsewhere. China's unique urban pattern results from national policies aimed at shaping urban growth. When those policies were relaxed, there was a tendency for Chinese urban patterns to conform with those of other Third World nations. Periods of less control corresponded with periods of experimentation with elements of a market economy and China's entry in the world economy. The authors explore the debate between urban bias theory and world system theory by considering how global structures and processes interact with local or national policies.