破碎带小岩体三轴试验方法探讨

在工程实践中,岩体的抗剪强度参数是评价工程稳定性的重要依据,三轴试验则是获取岩体抗剪强度参数最重要的方法之一。然而有些大型工程地基岩体中存在大量破碎带,该区域既无条件进行现场三轴试验,也没有办法取得足够岩样在室内进行常规三轴试验。在这种特殊情况下,需要寻找一种新的试验方法获得破碎小岩体的抗剪强度参数。本文对取自某水电站坝基破碎带小岩体进行了室内多点三轴试验（常规三轴试验）和单点三轴试验,利用莫尔库伦强度理论,计算小岩体的抗剪强度参数内聚力C值和内摩擦角φ值。通过对两种试验结果的分析和比较,得出单点试验方法是可行的,试验结果是可用的。本文研究结果对用室内方法获得破碎带小岩体的抗剪强度参数进行了有益探索,丰富了室内岩石试验方法。     

A dynamic punch method to quantify the dynamic shear strength of brittle solids

Shear strength is an important material parameter for brittle solids. This parameter has been extensively used in material failure models. Although a few methods have been proposed to quantify this parameter under the static loading condition, there is no such a method available to measure it under dynamic loading conditions. This paper presents a punch shear device to measure the dynamic shear strength of brittle solids. In this method, a split Hopkinson pressure bar system (SHPB) is used to exert the dynamic load to a thin disc sample, which is placed in a specially designed holder to minimize the bending stress induced by punching. The sample holder also allows the punch head to load the sample directly and in combination with momentum-trap technique in SHPB, it enables soft recovery of the rock plug and rock ring produced by the punching test. The flexibility and applicability of this method is demonstrated by the application of an isotropic and fine-grained sandstone. Within the theoretical framework of the classical Mohr-Coulomb failure model, the obtained dynamic shear strengths are consistent with the dynamic tensile strengths for the same rock from the literature.     

点荷载强度试验在水电工程中的应用

点荷载强度试验是岩石强度分类的一种指标试验,可用来预估单轴抗压强度等岩石强度参数,并服务于岩体风化分类和围岩的分级。点荷载强度试验适用于各类规则或不规则的岩石,特别适合于破碎、强度低及易风化岩样的强度试验,试验设备轻便,操作简单快捷。作者在国外某水电工程实例中,严格按照相关试验规程进行了各种岩性在多种风化程度下大数量的点荷载强度试验数据累积,本文将点荷载强度试验数据推算的单轴抗压强度与取岩芯样在试验室进行的各状态下单轴抗压强度试验数据进行比对,偏差均不大,故认为在水电工程初期的勘察设计中,简单、经济的点荷载强度试验是一种非常实用且有效的岩石试验手段。     

O形圈剪切破坏的可靠性分析

首先利用商业有限元软件ABAQUS建立了O形密封圈的有限元模型,采用非线性有限元方法计算了O形橡胶圈的剪应力的分布,分析了间隙、初始压缩量、密封槽1:7圆角半径、流体压力以及摩擦系数等设计参数对剪应力的影响.最后计算了以剪切破坏为失效模式的O形密封圈的可靠性指标.     

基于离散元的模拟月岩切削负载特性数值模拟及试验验证

钻取采样是人类获取月球岩石类样品的重要手段,钻进负载的稳定性是确保月岩采样任务成功的关键因素。由于岩石属性直接决定其可钻性等级,并影响钻进负载,有必要在地面环境中,分析岩石本构模型与钻进负载之间的关系,构建不同可钻性等级的岩石样本模型,开展模拟钻进试验,获知不同钻进参数下岩石采样的钻进载荷变化情况。据此,将地面条件下大理岩样本选作模拟月岩切削特性的研究对象,基于二维颗粒流程序(Particle flow code 2 dimensions,PFC2D),建立小切削深度下仿真分析模型。利用Plackett-Burman试验(PB试验)和中心组合设计(Central composite design,CCD)方法,确定影响岩石切削特性的微观参数,开展不同切削深度下的模拟月岩切削负载试验验证。经仿真分析与试验验证能得到与岩石切削特性相对应的离散元模型,试验结果表明该仿真模型在较小切削深度条件下的切削负载变化规律与实际情况一致。通过研究获得了一种建立模拟月岩离散元切削模型的建模方法,为后续分析钻头/切削刃构型参数对钻进/切削负载的影响提供了研究条件。     

一种磁流变液性能测试用的凹字型磁路结构设计与研究

剪切屈服应力是反映磁流变液流变特性的主要参数之一,稳定可控的磁场直接影响磁流变液剪切屈服应力的测量精度,因此磁场设计是否合理对磁流变液的流变性能测试具有重要的影响。针对外置式线圈产生的磁场强度较低且存在漏磁现象、对称式线圈中磁流变液装载不便导致测量过程持续性差等问题,设计了一种凹字型磁路,通过调整线圈位置来改变磁场结构,使磁力线垂直穿过磁流变液流动方向,同时可拆卸的组合式磁路设计在保证磁场强度需要的前提下实现了磁流变液的连续性测量。此外,还分析了不同电流下的磁场强度分布规律,并基于优化的磁路开展了磁流变液剪切屈服应力等力学性能参数的测试。与主流标准测试仪器相比,具有凹字型磁路结构的磁流变液测试系统所测得的剪切屈服应力平均相对偏差值约为10%,重复误差在6.34%以内,说明该磁路结构是磁流变测试中磁场装置设计的一种可行方法。     

晶须增强Ag-18Cu复合钎料钎焊氧化锆增韧氧化铝陶瓷接头组织试验研究

采用硼酸铝晶须增强的Ag-18Cu复合钎料对氧化锆增韧氧化铝陶瓷进行钎焊,根据钎料润湿和铺展性能的变化得出合理的晶须加入量。通过扫描电镜进行钎焊接头组织形貌观察,并通过能谱仪进行元素分析,研究钎焊接头微观结构及晶须对接头的强化机理。在改变焊接温度、焊接时间等工艺参数的情况下,进行多次钎焊试验。通过微机控制电子万能试验机及专用夹具,对钎焊后的试验件进行抗剪强度测试。通过测试得到工艺参数对钎焊接头组织及力学性能的影响规律,进而得出最优的工艺参数。     

Measurement of unsaturated shear strength parameters of silty sand and its correlation with unconfined compressive strength

Compressive strength and direct shear testing parameters on unsaturated soil are often used in analysis and design of several geotechnical infrastructures. Rarely, any attempt has been made to quantify shear strength of unsaturated soil under different net normal stress conditions. The objectives of this study are to quantify shear strength parameters of unsaturated silty sand and to establish a simple correlation of it with unconfined compressive strength. Consolidated drained direct shear tests and unconfined compressive strength tests were performed to determine shear strength of unsaturated completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil. To interpret this, a series of typical soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) of CDG soil under different net normal stresses were also measured. Experimental results show that the unsaturated shear strength significantly increases with increase in net normal stress and matric suction. A new model for prediction of unconfined compression strength of unsaturated soil from shear strength and initial suction was proposed. The predictions from newly proposed model were found to be consistent with the measured unconfined compressive strength. This correlation can be useful in economical and rapid design/analysis of geotechnical infrastructure.     

线性液动压抛光流场的剪切特性研究

以动压润滑理论为基础,推导了线性液动压抛光的流场剪切力数学模型。借助FLUENT软件研究了流场底面的剪切力分布,通过单因素控制变量试验探究了各参数对剪切力的影响规律,灵敏度从高到低依次为：抛光间隙、抛光液黏度、抛光辊子转速、抛光辊子半径。以正交试验结果为训练集,建立了基于支持向量回归（SVR）的剪切特性预测模型,相关系数为98.35%、均方误差为3.44×10-3。最后计算了剪切力理论值。对比发现,数值模拟和理论计算误差在15%以内;不同参数组合下剪切力分布趋势相同;SVR预测模型可信度高。     

基于HyperWorks 的不同铺层方式复合材料剪切强度有限元分析

剪切强度和剪切韧性是反映复合材料构件在复合受力状态下承载能力及耗能能力的重要指标,不同铺层方式的单向玻璃纤维与短切玻璃纤维混杂增强复合材料层合板的层间剪切性能有明显差异。文中基于HyperWorks 商用有限元软件建立了精确的复合材料层合板模型,通过数值模拟分析不同铺层方式复合材料层合板的层间剪切性能。研究结果表明,铺层材料对复合材料层合板的层间剪切性能影响较大,而铺层顺序对复合材料层合板的层间剪切性能影响较小。     

球压痕试验法评价金属材料的强度

通过单次压痕试验与有限元模拟相结合的方法,结合反向分析方法与模拟退火粒子群算法,从获得的载荷-深度曲线加载部分提取材料的塑性参数,基于Ludwig硬化模型预测了不同金属材料的强度,并与单轴拉伸试验结果进行对比。结果表明:模拟得到的载荷-深度曲线与试验得到的几乎重合,二者的相对误差小于0.5%,说明模拟退火粒子群算法可有效地从压痕载荷-深度曲线中提取出金属材料的塑性参数;基于Ludwig硬化模型,利用反向分析方法从压痕载荷-深度曲线中提取的真应力-真塑性应变曲线不是唯一的,但从真应力-真塑性应变曲线计算得到的强度具有明显的收敛趋势;采用压痕试验得到不同金属材料的强度均接近于由拉伸试验得到的,屈服强度与抗拉强度的最大相对误差分别为5.9%,4.3%,说明采用压痕试验法可以准确地评价金属材料的强度。     

三维编织C/SiC复合材料剪切和弯曲性能的实验研究

对三维编织C/SiC复合材料进行剪切试验和两种弯曲试验,得到材料的剪切性能和弯曲性能以及相应的失效规律.在剪切试验中发现两种剪切试验的剪切模量相差较大,但由于两种剪切的破坏面相同,所以剪切强度相差不大.通过分析得到由两种弯曲试验获得的弯曲模量不同的原因.通过分析还得到拉压模量不同的材料的四点弯曲模量计算公式,发现计算值在试件上下表面应变相差不大时与均质材料的计算结果相差不大.     

The correlational design method of the dimension tolerance and geometric tolerance for applying material conditions

In this paper, the rheological behaviors of a silicone rubber used in sheet metal flexible-die forming were analyzed experimentally and numerically. Firstly, six silicone rubber samples with different molecular weights were subjected to three tests: oscillation, creep recovery, and shear viscosity test by using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Then, the responses of the silicone rubber to the load were categorized into three groups as elasticity, viscoelasticity, and viscoplasticity depending on whether they were time dependent and recoverable during the unloading period. By applying Perzyna’s theory, a visco-elasto-plastic model was proposed to simulate the rheological behaviors of the silicone rubber numerically. Finally, a finite element-element-free Galerkin (FE-EFG) code was implemented on the basis of this numerical model. Employing the program into polymer extrusion and sheet metal flexible-die forming process, on the substation of parameters obtained from experiments, good matches were found between numerical results and experimental ones.     

层压复合材料剪切疲劳寿命预估

将Iosipescu剪切强度测试方法推广到剪切疲劳试验.以碳纤维/树脂基T300/QY8911复合材料层压板为研究对象,对三种多向铺层试件进行剪切疲劳试验.用一种疲劳损伤累积模型和自行开发的有限元/疲劳寿命分析程序预测被试多向层压板的剪切强度,模拟局部疲劳失效演变的过程,给出疲劳寿命和剩余强度预估结果,比较两种静强度准则(Tsai-Hill准则和Puck修正准则)对预估结果的影响.寿命预测结果与试验结果基本相符.     

加载方式对深部人工冻结粘土力学参数影响试验研究

采用自行研制的W3Z-200型冻土三轴试验机,试验研究了加载方式对深部人工冻结粘土力学特性的影响,结果表明,加载方式不同对冻土的强度及力学参数影响明显,其中CTC试验所获得的冻结粘土剪切强度、内聚力及内摩擦角都比RTC试验所获得的相应指标大。无论何种试验加载方式,冻结粘土的剪切强度都与围压关系不大,只随着温度的降低而增大,而内摩擦角则有随着温度的降低而减小的趋势。     

Correlation of physico-mechanical properties of granitic rocks with Cerchar Abrasivity Index in Turkey

During the last decades, the rapid developments in mining operations and tunnel construction have lead to a rapid increase in the number of excavation machines. In order to achieve the expected benefits of mechanical excavation machines, these machines should be selected in accordance with the characteristics of rocks. Tool abrasion is an important factor in hard rock tunnelling, mining, and it is highly affected by rock abrasivity. There are several methods to identify the rock abrasivity. One of the commonly used abrasion test in rock is the Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI). Before selection and implementation of excavating machines, physical and mechanical properties of the rocks should be determined. It’s known that, physical-mechanical properties of granitic rocks are generally better than those of many rock types although they cause some difficulties (tool wear, lost time, etc.) in excavation and increase the cutter costs. The purpose of the present study is to determine empirical relationships between CAI and physical-mechanical properties of different granitic rocks using regression method. In this study, some laboratory experiments were conducted on samples collected from granite quarries in different parts of Turkey, particularly from the Marmara Region. Firstly, petrographical, mineralogical and physical-mechanical characteristics of the collected granitic rocks were determined. Then, empirical relationships between these properties and CAI were determined using method of regression analysis. According to the results obtained, a strong correlation is found between CAI value, quartz content and quartz size of the granitic rocks. In addition, the uniaxial compressive strength and indirect tensile strength of the studied granitic rocks increase as CAI increases. Surface roughness, waviness and peak number of granitic rocks lead to an increase in CAI. On the contrary, Bohme abrasion resistance increases while CAI decreases.     

聚合物熔体微尺度剪切黏度测量方法与黏度模型

研究微尺度效应下聚合物熔体黏度时,发现不同入口修正方法获得的剪切黏度随特征尺寸变化的规律不同,这对于聚合物微成型理论和技术尤为重要。采用直径分别为1 000μm、500μm、350μm的毛细管口模,在相同试验条件下分别用零口模法和Bagley法两种入口修正方法,研究高密度聚乙烯(High density polyethylene,HDPE)、短链支化的聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(Polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA)和聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene,PS)四种材料的剪切黏度变化规律。结果发现,两种方法获得的PMMA和PS黏度随口模直径变化的规律相反,指出传统入口修正方法在测量微尺度黏度时存在局限。基于入口收敛流动特征,提出一种考虑微尺度效应下压力影响的测量方法,并用该方法给出四种材料剪切黏度随口模直径变化的真实规律。试验剪切速度范围内,四种材料剪切黏度均随口模直径的减小而减小,平均变化幅度为9.9%～38.3%,并从分子结构角度揭示四种材料黏度变化程度不同的机理。基于黏度变化规律,采用唯象性方法建立适用于宏—微观尺度下的黏度模型。试验结果表明该模型的理论预测结果与试验结果平均误差小于3.7%,验证了模型的正确性和有效性。     

剪切修正GTN模型在小冲杆试验中的应用研究

小冲杆试验作为一种非标准的微试样测试技术,能有效地获取薄板结构的材料参数。而选用合适的损伤模型对准确表征材料变形到断裂的整个过程有着重要影响。基于NAHSHON提出的含剪切修正项的Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)模型,通过有限元软件ABAQUS及用户自定义子程序VUMAT考察不同应力三轴度对断裂失效的影响。采用有限元模拟和拉伸试验获得冷轧硅钢材料的无损伤弹塑性力学参数以及GTN损伤演化模型中的形核参数和临界断裂参数,通过纯剪切试验和数值模拟的对比确定出材料中微孔洞的剪切变形对材料损伤演化的贡献。运用剪切修正的GTN模型对小冲杆试验进行模拟,结果表明,由于修正GTN模型考虑了微孔洞剪切畸变的对材料损伤影响,模拟结果比原GTN模型更接近于试验数据,可更好地应用于小冲杆试验的研究。