Optimization algorithm for diesel engine operating parameters based on a vehicle driving test cycle

For compliance with stringent exhaust emissions regulations, diesel engines have been equipped with electronically controlled components. Hence, there are various engine operating parameters that must be optimized, however optimization of these parameters is complicated. The objective of this research is to provide a new optimization algorithm for the diesel engine operating parameters with consideration of the vehicle control strategy. To optimize engine operating parameters, the concept of the vehicle-based optimization has been introduced. The engine response functions for performance and emissions were determined using the design of experiments, the response surface method and regression method with various engine operating parameters. Then, the engine operating points of the vehicle during the test cycles were analyzed, and the fuel consumption and emissions were estimated. Consequently, the engine operating parameters at each operating point were optimized to reduce the fuel consumption and the emissions such as NOx and PM by using the gradient method. Moreover, a new optimization algorithm enables to optimize engine operating parameters in various test cycle without additional engine experiment.     

公共交通车辆在解决环境污染方面的对策

本文分析了公共交通车辆排放对环境影响，并对目前及今后使用的各种能源和相关的新技术进行了分析和比较。据此提出了改善排放和减少矿物燃油消耗的各种途径和策略。     

重度混合动力汽车油耗和排放多目标实时最优控制

混合动力汽车在模式切换过程中发动机频繁起停造成三元催化器温度下降,催化效率降低,排放恶化。以重度混合动力汽车在NEDC循环工况下的燃油消耗与三元催化器出口处的HC/CO排放为多目标优化函数,依据庞特里亚金极小值原理,建立包含蓄电池荷电状态和三元催化器温度两个状态变量的目标泛函并对其求极值,得到最优控制策略。在此基础之上,将制动、停机工况的控制策略进行简化,以分析比较有、无发动机起停最优控制对整车油耗和排放的影响。基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台建立整车动力学仿真模型,对得到的最优控制策略进行仿真验证,并与规则控制策略进行比较。结果表明,上述方法能对发动机起停进行优化控制以显著加快三元催化器起燃,整车燃油经济性和三元催化器出口处的排放也得到全局优化,相对于规则控制,Pareto解集各项指标均有明显改善。     

混合动力汽车动力合成及工况分析

混合动力汽车是综合了电动机和发动机两大动力优点的新一代节能汽车。它高水平地满足了现代汽车对低油耗、低尾气排放量的要求。电动机在低转速下可以产生大扭矩,而发动机则在高转速下具有良好的输出功率。混合动力系统通过最佳控制两种动力资源,使得无论是在低速还是高速时都能实现灵敏、顺畅、平稳的加速感觉。根据行驶条件的变化,可以仅靠电动机驱动力来行驶,也可以利用发动机和电动机共同驱动行驶。     

基于随机动态规划的混合动力履带车辆能量管理策略

混合动力履带车辆采用发动机—发电机组和电池组混合供电,必须设计满足车辆动力性和燃油经济性约束的能量管理策略。针对串联式混合动力履带车辆,提出一种基于随机动态规划的能量管理策略设计方法。以实车行驶试验数据为目标工况,将驾驶员功率需求抽象为随车速变化的马尔科夫过程。建立发动机—发电机组、电池组以及直流母线功率平衡动态模型。以目标工况中燃油消耗及电池最终荷电状态的偏差作为车辆的优化控制成本函数,建立车辆能量管理最优控制问题。采用策略迭代法求解以发动机转速、电池组荷电状态、车速和驾驶员功率需求为输入、发动机电子节气门为输出的最优控制策略。所得控制策略通过基于前向车辆模型的仿真以及行驶试验验证。结果表明,相对于原发动机多点控制策略,所得最优控制在满足目标工况同时,燃油经济性明显提高。     

Engine oil contribution to diesel exhaust emissions

The reduction of harmful pollutant emissions as well as CO₂ emissions emanating from motor vehicles will be of considerable interest in the coming decades. Emissions legislation will be the guiding principle in the development of new technologies and vehicles. More attention will have to be paid to off‐road vehicles, especially tractors, if the production of healthy food and the maintenance of a cleaner environment are not to be compromised. Therefore, one the biggest challenges facing the automotive industry is to improve fuel economy, both to conserve natural resources and to limit pollutants and CO₂ emissions. Better fuel efficiency and consequently lower emissions will require new materials, new lubricants and low‐emission fuel. Engine lubricants help to improve vehicle efficiency but contribute engine exhaust emissions. This paper deals with the influence of engine lubricants on diesel exhaust emissions. Investigations have shown a clear effect of lubricant oil on emissions, which depends on lube oil characteristics, especially sulfur content, metal content, volatility and density. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

发动机油耗优化研究

随着经济水平的提高,国家节能减排政策的收紧,后续对汽车油耗的要求也将越来越严格.通过对接近国家鼓励油耗的汽车进行油耗分析验证,并寻找措施降低油耗,从而减少投入成本,提高产品的竞争力.     

The effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion stability, engine performance and exhaust emissions in a gasoline engine

The EGR system has been widely used to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission, to improve fuel economy and suppress knock by using the characteristics of charge dilution. However, as the EGR rate at a given engine operating condition increases, the combustion instability increases. The combustion instability increases cyclic variations resulting in the deterioration of engine performance and emissions. Therefore, the optimum EGR rate should be carefully determined in order to obtain the better engine performance and emissions. An experimental study has been performed to investigate the effects of EGR on combustion stability, engine performance, NOx and the other exhaust emissions from 1. 5 liter gasoline engine. Operating conditions are selected from the test result of the high speed and high acceleration region of SFTP mode which generates more NOx and needs higher engine speed compared to FTP-75 (Federal Test Procedure) mode. Engine power, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are measured with various EGR rate. Combustion stability is analyzed by examining the variation of indicated mean effective pressure (COV_imep) and the timings of maximum pressure (P_max) location using pressure sensor. Engine performance is analyzed by investigating engine power and maximum cylinder pressure and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC).     

纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在柴油发动机中的应用效果研究

通过柴油发动机台架实验和行车实验,分析了不同工况下自制纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在柴油发动机中的应用效果。结果表明,在FC2000柴油发动机台架上应用时,纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在不同转速和不同负载下均能在一定程度上降低发动机油耗率,减少发动机尾气中NOx含量和颗粒物含量,并且当发动机转速为1 700r/min,负载为70N.m时,节油率最高为9.95%,颗粒物减排率最高为49.3%,而当发动机处于低速、高速、低载和高载等工况时,NOx减排率较高,最高达到36%;在柴油机大客车上应用时,纳米WS2车用机油添加剂使其耗油量下降约14.4%,并能在一定程度上降低发动机的运行噪声,使发动机的有害气体(NOx)排放减少34.8%～51%。综合表明纳米WS2车用机油添加剂具有良好的节能减排效果。     

Specific engine performance and gaseous emissions characteristics of European test cycle and worldwide harmonized driving cycle for a heavy-duty diesel engine

This study compares the engine operating behavior and regulated gaseous emissions characteristics between the reference European cycles (ESC/ETC) and the worldwide harmonized driving cycles (WHSC/WHTC), which will be applied in the Euro VI heavy-duty diesel engine emissions regulations, for the diesel particulate filter (DPF) equipped Mercedes 12 L diesel engine. The speed and load distribution for two additional representative harmonized cycles which cover a more realistic operating range for a heavy duty engine were established to verify the engine performance over wide range of the cycle work, fuel consumption, and exhaust system temperature as well as engine coolant temperature for repeated validation tests. The WHTC, including an additional test with cold start and transient operation before the hot start, had a substantial influence on the THC, CO, NOx, and PM exhaust emissions levels because of the engine heat-up time and temperature rising characteristics of aftertreatment device. Moreover, the different engine operating conditions of the WHSC influenced on the specific engine performance and gaseous emissions behavior unlike those of the ESC. Finally, the statistical analysis results through repeated tests validated the stationary and transient cycles running at the fully warm-up condition, however, those of WHTC were closely dependent on the inclusion of cold start condition or aggressive acceleration gradient of engine speed and load trace.     

发动机燃料润滑性的研究进展

为适应汽车排放对燃料品质提出的严格要求,研究提高燃料润滑性是当务之急,中报道了测试柴油,汽油润滑性的HFRR和SBOCLE方法,以及组成对燃料润滑性质的影响和规律。     

Investigation of combustion and emission characteristics of n-hexane and n-hexadecane additives in diesel fuel

One of the most important basic requirements of diesel-powered vehicles that they have lower pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. In diesel engines, combustion and engine performance are influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the used fuel. Engine design studies are not enough to increase engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions alone. By adding fuel additives in diesel fuel, the physical and chemical properties of the fuel can be improved. Fuel additives affect engine performance, combustion and emissions positively by exerting catalyst effect during combustion. In this study, n-hexane and n-hexadecane were added in diesel fuel (D0) by volume of 4, 12 % and 20 %. With respect to D0 fuel, in DHD20 and DHX20 fuels engine torque increased by 1.60 % and 1.32 %, respectively, while the brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 3.12 % and 1.98 %, respectively. Maximum cylinder pressures and heat release rate values of the ingredient added fuels increased. It was seen that NO_x emissions increased while HC, CO and soot emissions decreased with increasing contribution ratio.

     

汽车排放检测技术与方法研究现状

汽车排放检测方法有传统检测法、遥感检测法、车载排放检测法。传统检测法是将底盘测功机和气体分析仪结合的一种实验室测试法,受测功机测工范围和实验场地的限制,不能真实地反映实际工况的排放情况。遥感检测法在汽车正常行驶过程中利用紫外线和红外光谱技术测出汽车排放的各组分含量,检测速度快,但对安置地点和交通状况较为苛刻。车载排放检测技术应用便携式尾气检测技术检测尾气中各组分的含量,方便快捷,具有发展前景。     

并联式液压混合动力公交车能量管理控制策略研究

针对城市公交车存在燃油经济性较差且排放污染高的问题,基于复合蓄能器的并联式液压混合动力公交车构型,提出了一种基于逻辑门限值的能量管理控制策略,实现工作模式的动态切换,并完成整车参数匹配,基于AMESim与MATLAB,搭建联合仿真平台,利用AMESim软件搭建整车液压系统模型,在MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow环境下基于整车运行状况、高低压蓄能器压力与整车需求转矩搭建整车控制策略模型。在中国典型城市公交循环下对车辆经济性以及尾气排放情况进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明:在中国典型城市公交循环工况下,并联式液压混合动力公交车燃油消耗量为19.79 L/100 km,相比传统燃油公交车减少了31.2%,使车辆燃油经济性得到提高,并减少了排放,尾气中碳氧化合物、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物的排放量分别减少了47.7%,34.9%,22.3%。     

Torque-based optimal acceleration control for electric vehicle

The existing research of the acceleration control mainly focuses on an optimization of the velocity trajectory with respect to a criterion formulation that weights acceleration time and fuel consumption. The minimum-fuel acceleration problem in conventional vehicle has been solved by Pontryagin＇s maximum principle and dynamic programming algorithm, respectively. The acceleration control with minimum energy consumption for battery electric vehicle（EV） has not been reported. In this paper, the permanent magnet synchronous motor（PMSM） is controlled by the field oriented control（FOC） method and the electric drive system for the EV（including the PMSM, the inverter and the battery） is modeled to favor over a detailed consumption map. The analytical algorithm is proposed to analyze the optimal acceleration control and the optimal torque versus speed curve in the acceleration process is obtained. Considering the acceleration time, a penalty function is introduced to realize a fast vehicle speed tracking. The optimal acceleration control is also addressed with dynamic programming（DP）. This method can solve the optimal acceleration problem with precise time constraint, but it consumes a large amount of computation time. The EV used in simulation and experiment is a four-wheel hub motor drive electric vehicle. The simulation and experimental results show that the required battery energy has little difference between the acceleration control solved by analytical algorithm and that solved by DP, and is greatly reduced comparing with the constant pedal opening acceleration. The proposed analytical and DP algorithms can minimize the energy consumption in EV＇s acceleration process and the analytical algorithm is easy to be implemented in real-time control.     

新型节能环保汽车——液驱混合动力汽车

静液驱动混合动力作为混合动力技术的一个重要分支,正逐渐引起各国政府的重视.它利用液压蓄能器功率密度大和二次元件工况可以互逆的优点,回收汽车的制动动能并用于车辆的起动和加速,使发动机工作在最佳燃油经济区,降低油耗,减少有害气体排放,提高车辆动力性能.     

Work and speed based engine operation condition analysis for new European driving cycle (NEDC)

In order to evaluate fuel consumption and tailpipe emission of a vehicle, standard driving cycles are used to prescribe vehicle driving condition such as speed, gear shift, fluid temperature and so on. New european driving cycle (NEDC) has prevailed as the only driving cycle for emission and fuel consumption while Federal Test Procedure 75(FTP-75) mode is used in the United States. In South Korea, NEDC is applied for emission certification and FTP-75 mode is used for fuel consumption of a vehicle powered by diesel engine. Because these driving cycles are mixed of static phase (cruising and idle) and transient phase (acceleration and deceleration), they need to be transformed to static engine operation condition so that optimization is possible using engine dynamometer for each representative engine operation condition. This study set up two models to convert vehicle driving conditions to engine operation condition based on work which the engine should produce to follow the driving cycle and based on representative vehicle speed of NEDC. Accuracy of each model was compared with actual vehicle test result on a chassis dynamometer and the characteristics of each model were analyzed.     

The effect of water emulsified fuel on a motorway-bus diesel engine

In this study, the combustion characteristics and durability of a diesel engine using emulsified fuel was investigated. Water was used in oil type emulsified fuel. In order to understand the effect of emulsified fuel in a wide range of engine running conditions, D-13 mode was selected as a test condition, and a durability test was included to understand the long-term effect of water. Combustion pressure in a cylinder, exhaust emissions, specific fuel consumption, sound level and maximum torque were measured. NOx and PM were simultaneously reduced and the specific fuel consumption was increased and decreased at low and high loads, respectively. There was no trouble and any damage on the parts of the cylinder during a 500 hour durability test.     

小型通用汽油机燃用甲醇/汽油排放研究

在168F通用小型汽油机上,按照EPA制定的排放法规中的6工况方法,测量了燃用汽油与甲醇汽油混合燃料M15、M25的HC、NOx、CO常规排放和甲醛、乙醛非常规排放污染物随负荷的变化规律。结果表明:甲醇作为一种含氧燃料,其低热值及高汽化潜热使得HC、CO排放量会随着甲醇掺入量的增加而降低,NOx排放量则随着甲醇掺入量的增加而增加;甲醛、乙醛的排放量均随甲醇掺入量的增加而降低。汽油机能耗率随着甲醇掺入量的增加而降低。     

基于遗传算法的半履带气垫车多参数优化

在分析半履带气垫车行驶阻力的基础上,建立了百公里油耗的理论模型,讨论了砂壤土条件下风机转速和车辆前进速度对百公里油耗的影响。在MATLAB环境下设计了基本遗传算法模型以优化百公里油耗及相应的参数,得到了较理想的优化结果,但优化过程存在着一定的问题。通过分析基本遗传算法的缺陷性,明确了优化过程中问题的主要来源,并有针对性地改进了算法。此改进遗传算法优化过程和结果表现出寻优的有效性和稳定性。